Optical fiber wavelength division multiplexing

During flight, aircraft avionics transmit and receive RF signals to/from antennas over coaxial cables. As the density and complexity of onboard avionics increases, the electromagnetic interference (EMI) environment degrades proportionately, leading to decreasing signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and potential safety concerns. The coaxial cables are inherently lossy, limiting the RF signal bandwidth while adding considerable weight. To overcome these limitations, we have investigated a fiber optic communications link for aircraft that utilizes wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) to support the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals (including RF) over a single optical fiber. Optical fiber has many advantages over coaxial cable, particularly lower loss, greater bandwidth, and immunity to EMI. In this paper, we demonstrate that WDM can be successfully used to transmit multiple RF signals over a single optical fiber with no appreciable signal degradation. We investigate the transmission of FM and AM analog modulated signals, as well as FSK digital modulated signals, over a fiber optic link (FOL) employing WDM. We present measurements of power loss, delay, SNR, carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), total harmonic distortion (THD), and bit error rate (BER). Our experimental results indicate that WDM is a fiber optic technology suitable for avionics applications.     

Role of BIT in support system maintenance and availability

The role of built in test (BIT) in electronic systems has grown in prominence with the advances in system complexity and concern over maintenance lifecycle costs of large systems. In an environment where standards drive system designs (and provide an avenue for focused advancement in technology), standards for BIT are very much in an evolutionary state. The reasons for advancing the effectiveness of BIT include reduced support overhead, greater, confidence in operation, and increased system availability. The cost of supporting military electronic systems (avionics, communications, and weapons systems) has driven much of the development in BIT technology. But what about the systems that support these end items that contain test and measurement instrumentation - such as automatic test equipment (ATE), simulators and avionics development suites? There has also been a beneficial effect on the maintenance and availability of these systems due to the infusion of BIT into their component assemblies. But the effect has been much more sporadic and fragmented. This paper looks at the state of BIT in test and measurement instruments, explain its affect on system readiness, and present ideas on how to improve BIT technologies and standards. This will not provide definitive answers to BIT development questions, since the factors that affect it are specific to the instrument itself. The topics covered in this paper are: definitions of built-in test, instrument BIT history, importance of BIT fault coverage and isolation in support systems, overview of BIT development process issues that limit the effectiveness of BIT Standards related to instrument BIT, making BIT more effective in support system maintenance and availability and conclusions.     

航空电子设备研制的测试性设计考虑

测试性是航空电子设备基本设计特性,测试性设计的好坏直接决定了航空电子设备感知自身状态(正常、故障和降级)并自动隔离内部故障的能力。从全寿命周期费用探讨了民用飞机航空电子设备开展测试性设计的必要性,给出了民用飞机研制过程中航空电子设备通用测试性设计、机内测试设计和电路及元器件的测试性设计考虑。实践证明航空电子设备开展测试性设计能有效提高民用飞机的功能安全性和维修经济性。     

典型飞机燃油量指示系统故障分析

针对某综合航电系统飞机燃油量指示故障,从油量系统的结构、原理、功能、走线、软件及配置等方面分析油量采集、信号处理和输出显示子系统,按故障树的方法重点对综合航电系统的硬件、软件及配置和线路,最后查找出故障原因并针对该机群5年来该组件的故障次数及原因进行了统计和分析。     

机载光纤通信网——B－777OLAN

计算机局域网及光纤技术在新一代的Ｂ７７７客机上已成功应用。本文分析了Ｂ－７７７客机上的光纤通信网的组成及特点，对主要接口的工作情况作了研究，为了解新型电子系统提供了一个新的视野     

基于时间应力分析的机内测试系统综合降虚警技术

 虚警率高是困扰机内测试（BIT）系统得到广泛应用的主要原因。针对该问题,从机电系统所承受时间应力的角度构建了机内测试系统综合降低虚警技术的总体模型。首先采用双支持向量机（SVM）的方法将实时应力信息与机内测试诊断结果相互关联。在此基础上,提出了基于核主元模糊聚类的虚警识别方法将机电系统多源信息进行综合分析,并通过优化决策实现多级降低机内测试系统虚警的目的。最后,针对某型直升机航空地平仪的机内测试系统进行了试验验证与分析。     

机载FDDI高速数据通信系统

 为了满足航空电子通信技术发展的需求,提出了基于 FDDI标准的机载高速光纤通信网络体系结构,论述了该通信系统的总体设计思想和硬软件实现方案,最后简述了机载 FDDI高速数据通信系统的测试与应用情况。     

某型发动机压气机转子叶片叶尖裂纹故障排除方案试验验证

针对某型发动机压气机转子叶片叶尖裂纹故障,制订了4种排故方案。进行了振动特性、应力分布测量及台架动频动应力测量对比试验,对各排故方案作出了评价,从而确定了最终的排故方案。试验表明4种排故方案均能有效降低振动应力,但方案4优于其它3种方案,能使振动应力水平降低60．6％,频率提高11．5％。     

Smart BIT: a plan for intelligent built-in test

A major factor influencing the readiness of today's highly electronics-driven weapons systems is the amount of time spent maintaining them. The attainment of a better understanding of the causes for intermittent and other ill-defined failure modes and development of a greater appreciation for the effect of both external and internal environmental factors on the fault behavior of electronic systems will help to improve the BIT (built-in test) performance. Smart BIT is the name applied to a program of research and development sponsored by Rome Air Development Center (RADC) to investigate, develop, and apply artificial-intelligence (AI) techniques to effect BIT improvement. An overview of that program, its contents and purposes is provided. Deficiencies in current BIT implementations and potential benefits of the Smart BIT program are presented. Components of this approach are discussed and supporting technology areas highlighted. The current plan for implementing this approach is given along with a scenario describing its potential form     

航空电子的故障预测与健康管理技术

分析了引发航空电子设备故障的各种因素;详细讨论了航空电子设备全寿命周期内的故障预测与健康管理（PHM）技术,包括故障检测与健康监测、健康信息处理、故障预测和余寿评估;还介绍了基于健康信息综合管理的航空电子PHM系统的设计。     

改善电子系统故障诊断能力的神经网络虚警过滤器技术

分析了现代电子系统机内测试 (BIT)技术存在的虚警问题 ,提出运用神经网络虚警过滤器(NNFAF)技术来降低虚警、改进BIT能力 ;并介绍了NNFAF的原理和网络开发方法 ;最后分析了NN FAF技术的特点、应用及发展方向。     

Design issues for MIL-STD-1773 optical fiber avionics data buses

In this paper, several design issues on highly reliable MIL-STD-1773 (or 1553B) optical fiber avionics data buses are investigated. Two optical modulation techniques are proposed for avionics data buses, and they can be used to efficiently solve the problems associated with the fast identification of correct operation states for optical transmitters while maintaining less complexity of transceivers. The implementation of the proposed techniques is discussed. We also deal with the selection of optical devices and fibers to improve the reliability and power budget of optical fiber avionics data buses. Furthermore, some future improvements on avionics data bus systems are pointed out     

Evaluation of built-in test

Built-in test (BIT) provides fault finding as a means to aid in system assembly, test, and maintenance. An investigation to evaluate BIT of a particular electronics board used in the in-flight entertainment system for Boeing 777s is described. We found BIT proved useful when failure occurrences were uniquely associated with the operating environment, situations which can result in no-fault found, or could-not duplicate (CND) failures upon test. We also observed cases where the BIT failed to observe failures, and in some cases pointed to the wrong cause of failure. These and other advantages and disadvantages of BIT implementation are discussed     

光传飞控系统实现的关键技术

在总结国外光传飞控系统研究动态基础上，分析了光电器件的选择、带状光缆、光纤传感器、光纤连接器和接头、电光结构、光纤数据总线、系统演示验证等实现光传飞控系统的关键技术。研究结果对国内开发光传飞控技术具有一定的参考价值。     

飞行控制计算机模拟接口BIT电路设计及仿真

随着航空电子设备维修性要求的提高以及设备本身要求具备检测隔离故障的能力以缩短维修时间,机内测试(BIT)在测试领域研究中将越来越重要。功能电路BIT系统是航空电子设备整机BIT系统的重要组成部分,因此从解决实际问题出发,针对飞行控制计算机中的模拟输入和输出接口电路,提出了几种BIT的设计方法,并使用Multisim软件对所设计的BIT监测电路进行仿真,仿真结果表明,所设计的BIT电路是可靠及有效的。     

面向风险均衡的AFDX虚拟链路路径寻优算法

为确保综合模块化航空电子系统的安全性需求能够在全双工交换式以太网中得到一致性保证,提出了一种面向风险均衡的路径规化（RBPP）算法,以满足各航电功能间的安全隔离要求,同时分散风险,避免局部物理链路的风险集中,提高系统安全性。以民机失效状态类别划分为基础,建立了航电功能、分区、端系统、虚拟链路（VL）风险模型;RBPP以均衡各物理链路风险为目标,同时综合考虑网络实时性、链路负载能力等因素,采用粒子群算法进行优化目标求解。利用仿真优化方法对RBPP算法进行了实现,在典型工业航空电子全双工交换式以太网（AFDX）网络架构及A380AFDX网络架构下进行仿真分析,结果显示多播VL的简化处理的会使网络风险增加;在1 000条VL配置下与负载均衡（LB）算法和最短路径（SP）算法进行了分析对比,结果显示RBPP算法在满足各航电功能间的隔离需求的同时,链路风险均衡能力在两种网络拓扑下分别比负载均衡算法提高了10.7%和23.4%,比最短路径算法分别提高了35.4%和47.9%。     

Test results judgment method based on BIT faults

Built-in-test(BIT) is responsible for equipment fault detection, so the test data correctness directly influences diagnosis results. Equipment suffers all kinds of environment stresses, such as temperature, vibration, and electromagnetic stress. As embedded testing facility, BIT also suffers from these stresses and the interferences/faults are caused, so that the test course is influenced,resulting in incredible results. Therefore it is necessary to monitor test data and judge test failures.Stress monitor and BIT self-diagnosis would redound to BIT reliability, but the existing antijamming researches are mainly safeguard design and signal process. This paper focuses on test results monitor and BIT equipment(BITE) failure judge, and a series of improved approaches is proposed. Firstly the stress influences on components are illustrated and the effects on the diagnosis results are summarized. Secondly a composite BIT program is proposed with information integration, and a stress monitor program is given. Thirdly, based on the detailed analysis of system faults and forms of BIT results, the test sequence control method is proposed. It assists BITE failure judge and reduces error probability. Finally the validation cases prove that these approaches enhance credibility.     

基于高速串行总线的电路交换开关模块的设计与实现

电路交换开关模块是新一代航空电子系统中实现数字信号并行处理的关键模块,为数字信号并行处理系统中的各个数据处理模块、信号处理模块提供高速数据传输与交换。从新一代航空电子系统并行处理的发展趋势及需求的角度出发,介绍了电路交换开关模块的设计和实现。电路交换开关模块采用M21131交叉开关构成交换结构,能够快速交换高速信号,支持重配置和重构,能够满足新一代航空电子系统中数字信号并行处理高速率、高可靠性和低延迟等需求。     

Decentralized Filtering and Redundancy Management for Multisensor Navigation

Failure detection and redundancy management is discussed for avionics applications of integrated navigation involving coordinated use of multiple simultaneous sensor subsystems such as GPS, JTIDS, TACAN, VOR/DME, ILS, an inertial navigation system (INS), and possibly even Doppler AHRS. A brief high level survey is provided to assess the status of those techniques and methodologies advertized as already available for handling the challenging real-time failure detection, redundancy management, and Kalman filtering aspects of these systems with differing availabilities, differing reliabilities, differing accuracies, and differing information content/sampling rates. Following the status review, a new failure detection/redundancy management approach is developed based on voter/monitoring at both the raw data and at the filtered-data level, as well as using additional inputs from hardware built-in-testing (BIT) and from specialized tests for subsequent failure isolation in the case of ambiguous indications. The technique developed involves use of Gaussian confidence regions to reasonably account for the inherent differences in accuracy between the various sensor subsystems. Online estimates of covariances from the Kalman filter are to be used for this purpose (when available). A technique is provided for quantitatively evaluating both the probability of detecting failed component subsystems and the probability of false alarm to be incurred, which is then to be traded off as the basis for rational selection of the thresholds used in the automated decision process. Moreover, the redundancy management procedure is demonstrated to be amenable to pilot or navigation operator prompting and override, if necessary.