极区F层不规则结构的分形模型

本文利用1986年9—12月期间17个电离层吸收事件的Riometer资料计算了电离层闪烁强度的Fourier谱和Bessel谱。求出了谱遵从的k~(-β)型函数的β值,1.8<β<2.5,平均为2.1;求出了不规则结构的漂移速度平均为129m/s。计算了各个事件的闪烁指数S_4<0.4。求出相位涨落空间谱,且指出其也遵从幂型函数k~(-α)规律。根据上述结果,本文提出极区F层不规则结构为分立的分形,不是分立的“斑块”。利用β值求出分形的分数维D=2.45。给出了不规则结构的近似分形模型。     

行星际闪烁功率谱的Fresnel现象与太阳风速度

讨论了弱散射条件下行星际闪烁(IPS)功率谱的Fresnel现象。数值计算结果表明,无行星际扰动存在时,IPS功率谱的膝点频率仍是Fresnel频率,在日张角。ε≤35°的范围内,Fresnel振荡现象仍然存在,极小值所在频率与太阳风电子密度为一维结构薄屏近似的解析结果相差不大。行星际扰动存在时,功率谱的膝点频率并未改变,扰动区太阳风速度决定着Fresnel振荡出现的频率。     

高纬极区离子速度分布函数多项式解及非相干散射谱计算

为更准确描述高纬极区电离层离子分布函数, 分别采用弛豫碰撞模型和麦克斯韦分子碰撞模型描述玻耳兹曼方程的碰撞项, 通过求解两种模型下的输运方程, 分别得到两种模型基于麦克斯韦分布下离子分布函数的13矩近似和基于双麦克斯韦分布下离子分布函数的16矩近似. 进一步根据Sheffield理论, 利用两种模型下离子分布函数的13矩和16矩近似, 计算了非相干散射谱, 并对结果进行对比分析. 结果表明, 相对于弛豫碰撞模型, 麦克斯韦分子碰撞模型能更好地描述电离层E层中离子与中性成分的相互作用. 相对于离子分布函数的13矩近似, 16矩近似更适合描述由于电场增加导致的离子温度各向异性特征.     

一枚Chaff火箭观测到的湍流谱

在一个异常强水平风速和极端大风切变层内, 垂直速度扰动谱表明几个相当重要特征:(1)垂直速度扰动谱有二个区域, 一个在低频区, 有谱斜率一1.65, 这个谱斜率接近于惯性子区内-5/3谱斜率, 另一个在高频区, 有谱斜率-7.11, 它接近于粘性子区内-7谱斜率.(2)垂直速度扰动谱有一个崩溃点, 约位于70m, 这与计算的内尺度有好的一致.(3)由垂直速度扰动谱计算的湍流能量耗散率是0.087m²·s^-3, 这比MAP/WINE试验中得到的值约大一个数量级.     

ESF大尺度湍谱分布特性

本文从考虑磁剪切效应的电子连续性方程出发,直接进行两点重正化,建立并解析求解了电子密度涨落关联函数<δn(1)δn(2)>的演化方程.得到的谱<(δn)2>k在谱形,强度变化和最小方差拟合的谱指数等方面均与赤道扩展F大尺度湍谱分布实验结果符合较好.统一解释了通常分为Medium,Intermediate两区的实验结果,同时说明了F峰上、下的谱形相似和垂直与平行于地面的两个方向上的谱形相似问题.     

麦克斯韦分子碰撞下的离子分布函数及其非相干散射谱的计算

采用麦克斯韦分子碰撞模型描述玻耳兹曼方程的碰撞项, 基于双麦克斯韦分布函数得到的输运方程包含了粘滞和热流的影响, 通过求解输运方程得到了离子漂移速度, 平行和垂直磁场的离子温度, 应力张量以及平行和垂直能量的热流矢量的表达式. 进而得到了麦克斯韦分子碰撞模型下离子分布函数的16矩近似. 利用非相干散射理论, 计算得到了非相干散射谱. 相对于简单的驰豫碰撞模型, 麦克斯韦分子碰撞模型能更准确地描述非麦克斯韦分布的电离层E 层的碰撞过程.     

大气波动监测仪在岩石圈-大气层-电离层研究中的应用

针对北京大学空间物理与应用技术研究所研制的两台大气波动监测仪近三年的观测数据,对这一时段内所观测到的重力波和次声波周期尺度扰动的形态特征、谱结构特征及其在时间分布上的统计特征进行了分析. 给出了几例雷暴、地震等事件中观测到的大气扰动,并揭示了这些事件期间观测到的与地面大气扰动周期尺度相类似的电离层扰动. 结果表明,北京大学研制的大气波动监测仪可有效记录到地面的微弱大气扰动,观测数据可用于进行岩石圈-大气层-电离层之间的耦合研究.     

中高层大气对低层大气脉冲扰动的响应

从基本的大气运动方程出发,采用二维全隐欧拉格式(FICE)建立极坐标下二维声重波传播的数值模式.对小振幅高斯形态声重波传播过程的模拟结果表明,该数值模式能够再现声重波波包向上的稳定传播过程.应用此数值模式模拟了在没有背景风场和存在背景风场条件下中高层大气对10km高空处近似脉冲点源扰动的响应过程,获得了中高层大气对低层大气脉冲扰动响应的图像.结果表明,电离层高度对重力波扰动的响应不但出现在激发源激发之后,还与激发源具有较大距离,扰动的幅度随高度的增大而增大;有背景风时,顺风情况下重力波波动传播路径较逆风情况下平缓,且传播的水平距离比逆风情况下远,波动的振幅较逆风情况下弱,逆向背景风场能够加速重力波向上传播.同时,模拟还表明脉冲扰动正上方可以激发产生一种以6 min为主要周期,具有声学分支特性的快速波动.本文模拟的扰动结果与2004年12月26日苏门答腊-安达曼地震引起的电离层TEC扰动具有类似的图像.     

带电粒子在中性线磁场中运动的解析轨道

本文我们计算了带电粒子在中性线磁场中运动的解析轨道。其结果是:(1)带电粒子在中性片磁场中的运动是粒子在中性线磁场或在具有北向分量的中性片磁场中的第一级近似形式。(2)带电粒子在中性片磁场中的解析轨道的第三级近似形式与电子计算机计算的数值轨道基本相同。它们仅仅在小扰动区与非小扰动区的交界线上出现一些偏差。(3)带电粒子在整个中性片磁场的运动可以分成三种形式。粒子一方面在垂直于磁场的平面上作闭合的周期性轨道运动, 同时闭合轨道的中心还沿着垂直于磁场平行于中性线方向漂移。另一方面粒子还沿磁力线方向做等速运动。(4)在小扰动区中粒子的闭合轨道是一个圆轨道, 但在非小扰动区中却是一个“8”字形轨道, 其漂移速度与小扰动区漂移方向相反, 其大小也比小扰动区漂移大很多。以上结果本文都给出一个完整的解析形式。      

一个湍流谱的进一步研究

一枚Chaff火箭在87.4km高度测量到高达0.33s^-1的风切变剖面,相信这个切变值是中层大气曾经测量到的最大切变值.在这个异常大风切变层内,垂直速度扰动谱在浮力子区,惯性子区,和粘性子区有谱斜率-3.10,-1.65,和-7.11,这个观测与中性密度扰动一致.计算的内尺度和浮力尺度与扰动谱中的崩溃点不一致,这个结果与中性密度扰动不一致.讨论了湍流和重力波之间的关系,结果表明,增强湍流与波场饱和有好的联系.     

Statistical characteristics of locally generated ESF during equinoctial months over Sanya

Understanding the local generation rate of equatorial spread-F (ESF) is important for forecasting ionospheric scintillation. Using the GPS ionospheric scintillation/TEC and VHF radar data during March-April and September-October from 2010 to 2014, the occurrence of ionospheric scintillation, TEC fast fluctuation, and backscatter plume were studied. Through analyzing the simultaneous occurrence of ionospheric scintillation, TEC fast fluctuation and backscatter plume, the local generation rate of ESF over Sanya was investigated. The results show that the monthly generation rate varies between 0% and 68%. A significant equinoctial asymmetry of local generation rate of ESF can be found in 2010, 2013 and 2014. The local generation rate of ESF increases from 2010 to 2014 during March-April, while it does not have similar trend during September-October. The plasma vertical drift influenced by solar activity has a significant impact on the monthly generation rate. The equinoctial asymmetry of plasma vertical drift may contribute a lot to the equinoctial asymmetry of the generation rate of ESF.     

论赤道扩展F的密度不规则体(Ⅰ)

本文从等离子体二流体方程组出发,导出适于描述晚间赤道F层现象的DFA模型。证明该模型存在大量偶极涡解。它们可望用于解释赤道扩展F过渡区和中小尺度两区域内存在的大量密度不规则体事实。      

Characteristics of equatorial nighttime spread F – An analysis on season-longitude,solar activity and triggering causes

To understand global variability and triggering mechanisms of ionospheric nighttime equatorial spread F (ESF), we analyzed measurements from satellite and a ground-based GPS station for the years between 2010 and 2017. In this study we present seasonal-longitudinal as well as monthly variability of ESF occurrence for solar minimum and yearly variations of ESF occurrence for solar maximum and minimum periods. One of the long standing open questions in the study of ESF is what exactly initiates the Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) plasma instability growth. This question is the focus of the present work. Zonal background eastward electric field and E × B upward plasma drift speed patterns are found to be critically important in understanding plasma irregularity formation. In addition to particular patterns observed on these parameters, the background plasma density in the local evening hours just before the onset of ESF occurrence is very important. Stronger plasma densities just before the onset of irregularities resulted in stronger plasma irregularities, while relatively less dense plasma just before the onset of irregularities resulted in relatively lower plasma irregularities. Seasonal variations in ESF activity between March and September equinox seasons with comparable plasma densities can be defined in terms of the rate of change of solar flux F10.7 (dF10.7/day) index. Strongest ESF occurrence and strongest dF10.7/day are measured in the same month out of all other months in 2016 and 2017. Longitudinal variations of ESF activity in our measurements are related to longitudinal variations of plasma densities. We also found that ESF occurrence is better correlated with rate of change of F10.7 index for months in equinox seasons than for months in solstice seasons for the years between 2013 and 2016.     

太阳风中动力论Alfven波的湍流谱(a)朗道衰减

提出一个太阳风中Alfven脉动湍流的新模式,动力论Alfven波是Alfven波和离子声波非解耦的新波模。由太阳向外传播的各种波长的动力Alfven波的非线性相互作用推导出动力论Alfven脉动湍流功率谱P_k,在Alfven半径以外,P_k∝k^-3/2,而在Alfven半径以内,由太阳附近的P_k∝k^{-1变化成P_k∝k-3/2动力论Alfven脉动在Alfven半径以内完成朗道衰减。新模式克服了以前理论模式遇到的困难。}     

Equatorial ionosphere–thermosphere system: Electrodynamics and irregularities

The equatorial ionosphere and thermosphere constitute a coupled system, with its electro dynamical and plasma physical processes being responsible for a variety of ionospheric phenomena peculiar to the equatorial region. The most important of these phenomena are: the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) current system and its instabilities, the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA), and the plasma instabilities/irregularities of the night ionosphere (associated with the plasma bubble events – ESF). They constitute the major topics of investigations having both scientific and practical objectives. The tidal wind interaction with the geomagnetic field is responsible for the atmospheric dynamo electric fields, that together with the wind system, drives the major phenomena, under quiet conditions. Drastic modifications of these phenomena can occur due to magnetospheric forcing under solar-, interplanetary- and magnetospheric disturbances. They can also undergo significant modifications due to forcing by atmospheric waves (such as planetary- and atmospheric gravity waves) propagating upward or from extra tropics. This article will focus on the ambient conditions of the ionosphere–thermosphere system and the electro dynamics and plasma instability processes that govern the plasma irregularity generation. Major emphasis is given to problems related to the structuring of the equatorial night ionosphere through plasma bubble/ESF irregularity processes. Specific topics to be covered will include: equatorial electric fields, thermospheric winds, sunset electrodynamic processes, plasma drifts, EEJ plasma instability/irregularity generation, nighttime/post sunset plasma bubble irregularity generation, and very briefly, disturbance electric fields and winds and their effect on the ionization anomaly, the TEC and ESF/plasma bubble irregularities.     

ESF强散射理论初探

本文研究了高频寻常波在均匀等离子体中垂直均匀背景磁场传播时,由于在传播方向上有限区域内存在等幅密度扰动驻波引起共振折反射的理论.认为这种共振反射理论可能解释ESF条件下VHF/UHF雷达强散射和卫星与地面通讯中断等现象.      

Scale analysis of pre- and post-midnight ESF bubbles at storm time and quiet time

This paper adopts a scale analysis technique to investigate the properties of intermediate-scale plasma structures observed by ROCSAT-1 in the equatorial F-region. A procedure of scale analysis that is developed via the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method of Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) technique allows the mutually correlated components in velocity, density and relative density gradient to be identified and extracted. Comparing the three parameters, good match in wave form is found for density and velocity in the scales between kilometers and hundred meters (few kilometers to 300 m). It implies that there are electric fields proportional to density fluctuation −δn/n in the form similar to what is expected for the generalized Rayleigh–Taylor instability. We find that such a one-to-one match holds for various pre- and post-midnight ESF bubbles during quiet and storm times. It, therefore, means that spatial structures of electric field in the intermediate-scale (300 m to few kilometers) correlates to the density structures in a manner of δE ∝  −δn/n that is not necessarily depending on the driving mechanism of ESF bubbles, although it is known that ESF bubbles can be driven by different mechanisms under different space weather conditions. In smaller scales (300–50 m), fluctuation patterns of density and velocity do not correlate to each other any more, the good match is then found in the density gradient ∇_xn/n and velocity. It is known as the manifestation of the Boltzmann relation. We note that the GRT instability related relationship δV_z ∝  −δn/n for irregularities in scale of kilometers holds only for ESF bubbles that occur within ±5 dip latitude, while the Boltzmann relation (δV_z proportional to ∇_xn/n) holds for small-scale irregularities without such a limitation.     

Propagation of plasma bubbles observed in Brazil from GPS and airglow data

Equatorial spread-F is a common occurrence in the equatorial ionosphere that is associated with large variations in plasma density that often cause scintillation and interference in communication signals. These events are known to result from Rayleigh–Taylor instability, but the day-to-day variability of their occurrence is not well understood. The triggering mechanism of plasma depletions is still a matter of debate, but may be linked to gravity waves that under favorable conditions propagate to the middle atmosphere. Understanding the triggering of ESF was the focus of the SpreadFEx campaign near Brasilia, Brazil in 2005. The campaign provided co-located airglow and GPS observations to study the onset of plasma depletions and their evolution as they traversed the region. Comparisons between the 630.0 nm airglow data and GPS data demonstrate the ability of the compact dual frequency GPS array to detect the plasma bubbles and retrieve reliable propagation characteristics of the depletions. In this case study, a plasma depletion was detected and moved over the array at velocities of 85–110 m/s, slowing as it moved towards the east. Correlation of consecutive airglow images gives consistent estimates of the eastward drift over the same time period. Mapping the airglow data to the GPS line-of-sight geometry allows direct comparison and reveals a resolvable westward tilt of the plasma depletion that may be due to vertical shear. The uniqueness of this study is the ability to resolve locally the characteristics of the plasma depletion without relying on assumptions about the mapping of the depletion along magnetic field lines to large latitudinal distances. It presents new information for understanding ESF development and the development of depletions strong enough to produce scintillation.     

Solar activity variations of equatorial spread F occurrence and sustenance during different seasons over Indian longitudes: Empirical model and causative mechanisms

A comprehensive analysis using nearly two decades of ionosonde data is carried out on the seasonal and solar cycle variations of Equatorial Spread F (ESF) irregularities over magnetic equatorial location Trivandrum (8.5°N, 77°E). The corresponding Rayleigh Taylor (RT) instability growth rates (γ) are also estimated. A seasonal pattern of ESF occurrence and the corresponding γ is established for low solar (LSA), medium solar (MSA) and high solar (HSA) activity periods. For LSA, it is seen that the γ maximizes during post sunset time with comparable magnitudes for autumnal equinox (AE), vernal equinox (VE) and winter solstice (WS), while for summer solstice (SS) it maximizes in the post-midnight period. Concurrent responses are seen in the ESF occurrence pattern. For MSA, γ maximizes during post-sunset for VE followed by WS and AE while SS maximises during post-midnight period. The ESF occurrence for MSA is highest for VE (80%), followed by AE (70%), WS (60%) and SS (50%). In case of HSA, maximum γ occurs for VE followed by AE, WS and SS. The concurrent ESF occurrence maximizes for VE and AE (90%), WS and SS at 70%.The solar cycle variation of γ is examined. γ shows a linear variation with F10.7?cm flux. Further, ESF percentage occurrence and duration show an exponential and linear variation respectively with γ. An empirical model on the solar activity dependence of ESF occurrence and sustenance time over Indian longitudes is arrived at using the database spanning two solar cycles for the first time.     

类X-51A飞行器非定常湍流精细模拟

针对类X-51A飞行器在超声速大迎角状态下存在的大范围非定常分离流动,开展了精细化湍流数值模拟研究。计算基于高阶格式下的延迟分离涡模拟方法（DDES）,来流马赫数为2.5,迎角为10°。分析了该复杂流场中存在的分离流动现象、分离流动诱导的气动特性变化规律以及压力脉动特点;其中重点研究了壁面压力脉动强度分布情况和监测点压力脉动频谱特性。分析结果表明:飞行器大迎角飞行时从侧缘诱导出明显的分离涡,并对尾部舵面产生干扰;受干扰尾舵表现出明显的非线性及非定常气动特性;分离涡的存在导致飞行器尾舵前缘等位置的壁面压力脉动显著增强,200~300 Hz的低频高幅值脉动可能会导致结构破坏。