空间站充气式下载系统的概念研究

空间站充气式下载系统(IDS)是在俄罗斯充气式再入与降落技术(IRDT)基础上发展起来的一种新概念航天回收技术。详细介绍了IDS基本概念和工作原理，通过与传统降落伞回收方式的比较．总结了该技术的特点。讨论了该技术对结构、轨道、气动力、气动热、热防护层等关键子系统的设计需求。归纳了国外研究现状及发展趋势，分析了航天和军事领域的应用前景。     

充气式再入航天器总体方案及关键技术初探

充气式再入航天器是一种新型的再入航天器,可实现载人航天和行星探测任务中的行星大气再入,具有系统简单、质量小、气动加热低和可适应不同外形的再入载荷等优点。文章介绍了充气式再入航天器的国际发展现状,并对充气式再入航天器的总体方案进行了初步分析。参考俄罗斯的充气再入与降落技术(inflatable re-entry and descent technology,IRDT)设计先例,提出了充气式再入航天器的构型方案,并针对该构型进行了基于计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的气动力和热仿真分析。计算采用了迎风格式的层流模型,基于密度进行求解。文章还基于国际空间站的运行轨道,开展了再入轨道的设计,最后对再入气动特性分析、柔性热防护材料、布局与折叠包装和充气机构设计等关键技术提出了初步建议。     

充气式再入航天器结构参数优化及防热试验工程方法

用工程算法对充气式再入航天器的全展开半径,半锥角,刚性头锥半径与全展开半径之比三个方面的参数进行了优化计算,获得同时满足航天器质量,刚性头锥及柔性防热系统温度约束条件的充气式再入航天器的设计方案,计算得到了优化设计方案整个再入过程的外热流密度和温度变化规律,并且通过与文献中数据对比,验证了文中工程算法的正确性。针对再入过程的外热流密度和温度条件,参考充气式再入返回试验(Inflatable Reentry Vehicle Experiment,IRVE)典型防热材料,设计不同的柔性防热系统结构试验件。最后,通过热冲击试验,得到了各试验件冷端的温度响应,验证了各试验件在再入温度条件下防热性能。文章提出的柔性防热系统结构的改进方向,可为充气式再入航天器的设计分析提供参考。     

Al_2O_3纤维在空间充气式气动阻尼结构中的应用

文章分析了空间充气式气动阻尼结构(IADS)柔性热防护系统(TPS)的性能、特点和结构,及Al2O3纤维的性能,通过介绍美国充气式气球伞、充气式回收飞行器、充气阻尼式再入飞行器的TPS,对Al2O3纤维在IADS中的应用前景进行了展望。     

充气式再入柔性热防护系统热流及结构研究

建立了充气式再入返回航天器的展开模型,用工程算法对整个再入过程的外热流和温度进行了估算。根据再入过程的外热流和温度条件,参考"充气再入飞行器试验"(Inflatable Reentry Vehicle Experiment,IRVE)典型热防护材料和结构设计,建立了柔性热防护系统结构模型及传热模型,通过ANSYS有限元方法计算出柔性热防护系统各功能层再入过程中的温度响应。文章从功能层材料、功能层铺层顺序和复合功能层三方面,初步分析比较了各种方案的充气式再入柔性热防护系统的防热效果,可为充气式再入返回柔性热防护系统的设计分析提供参考。     

充气式再入与减速系统用柔性热防护材料高焓风洞试验研究

为考察充气式再入与减速系统用柔性热防护材料的真实性能,文章根据前期的技术基础和各材料的技术参数,确定了柔性热防护材料的结构组成,并研制了热防护材料试验件进行高焓风洞试验。结果表明:所研制的材料能够承受热流密度为25 W/cm~2、持续时间最长达300 s的高温环境;Nextel氧化铝织物作为防热层在超过1200℃下能够有效阻隔热流;无机隔热毡起到了有效的隔热作用,可确保内部Kevlar织物处于250℃以下的环境中。材料满足一定的轻量化要求,试验后整体力学性能稳定,热防护性能不受折叠和缝纫工艺影响。     

航天器柔性充气式密封舱结构技术的发展

综述了国外充气式舱体的发展历程和研究现状,提炼了其质量、体积、空间布局等3项技术优势,总结了充气式舱体的多功能层合材料体系技术、无损折叠设计技术、刚化技术和地面试验验证技术等4项重点研究内容,对该领域的发展趋势进行了展望,并提出我国的应对策略。     

充气式再入减速器动态气动载荷与结构特性研究

针对充气式再入减速器在动态飞行环境下的结构特性变化问题,提出一种基于飞行轨迹参数的CFD动态边界条件加载方法,有效实现了飞行动力学与空气动力学之间的耦合。同时,建立考虑内充压气体热效应的流固耦合模型,较已有方法更全面地考虑了结构变形对流场的影响以及内充压气体状态参数的改变,突破了现有研究中未能完整考虑温度对结构特性影响的局限。利用此模型着重对比了再入过程中气动力与气动热对结构应力及一阶固频的影响,并研究了尺寸变化对结构特性的影响规律。研究发现单独考虑气动力与气动热作用时,结构最大应力分别升高至39.6 MPa与33.5 MPa,而适当减小半锥角和增多气囊数目有利于减小结构应力。本文研究为充气式再入减速器的强度校核及优化设计提供了有价值的参考。     

气动热作用下的充气式减速器性能研究

为了解高超声速再入时气动热载荷对充气式减速器柔性结构的影响,文章基于松散耦合方法开展了极端热载荷工况下的耦合数值研究。文章首先建立了流固耦合和热固耦合两种模型,分别对比研究了气动力和气动热两种气动载荷对蒙皮结构的影响。结果表明,气动热对结构的影响远大于气动力,在高超声速再入时应重点考虑。之后研究了气动热载荷下充气式减速器防热层各功能层温度分布,结果表明,绝热层隔热效果最为显著,绝热层导热系数增大一倍,内部最高温度升高21.7%,热变形最大值升高10.7%。上述成果为充气式减速器的设计提供了一定的理论依据。     

充气式再入减速器研究最新进展

随着载人航天事业和行星探索任务的不断发展,再入返回运载工具受到运载火箭整流罩的大小限制越来越明显。针对降低返回系统重量以增加有效载荷的日益需求,一种新型充气式再入减速器成为国际上研究的热点。它具有易折叠包装、重量轻、展开阻力面积大,再入时弹道系数低和产生的气动热量小等明显优点,为航天员应急返回、深空探测以及有效载荷的回收提供了一种新的技术途径。重点对堆叠圆环型、单充气环薄膜型和双层锥形充气囊型等三种充气式再入减速器在结构设计、飞行测试、材料防热研究、气动特性仿真分析等方面的最近研究进展进行总述,并对充气式再入减速器的关键科学问题进行简要总结。     

Inflatable composite habitat structures for lunar and mars exploration

Recent advances in materials technology have improved the performance capabilities of inflatable, flexible composite structures, which have increased their potential for use in numerous space applications. Space suits, which are comprised of flexible composite components, are a good example of the successful use of inflatable composite structures in space. Space suits employ inflatables technology to provide a stand alone spacecraft for astronauts during extra-vehicular activity. A natural extension of this application of inflatables technology is in orbital or planetary habitat structures. NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) is currently investigating flexible composite structures deployed via inflation for use as habitats, transfer vehicles and depots for continued exploration of the Moon and Mars.

Inflatable composite structures are being investigated because they offer significant benefits over conventional structures for aerospace applications. Inflatable structures are flexible and can be packaged in smaller and more complex shaped volumes, which result in the selection of smaller launch vehicles which dramatically reduce launch costs. Inflatable composite structures are typically manufactured from materials that have higher strength to weight ratios than conventional systems and are therefore lower in mass. Mass reductions are further realized because of the tailorability of inflatable composite structures, which allow the strength of the system to be concentrated where needed. Flexible composite structures also tend to be more damage tolerant due to their “forgiveness” as compared to rigid mechanical systems. In addition, inflatables have consistently proven to be lower in both development and manufacturing costs.

Several inflatable habitat development programs are discussed with their increasing maturation toward use on a flight mission. Selected development programs being discussed include several NASA Langley Research Center habitat programs that were conducted in the 1960s, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory inflatable space station study, the NASA JSC deployable inflatable Lunar habitat study, and the inflatable Mars TransHab study and test program currently ongoing at NASA JSC. Relevant technology developments made by ILC Dover are also presented.     

充气气囊减速方案的气动设计研究

减速是航天飞行器必须面对的问题。充气气囊减速方案利用柔性编织材料外加涂层方式构成气囊，利用气体发生器快速产生高压气体，集防热、减速和着陆减振功能于一体，重量轻、成本低、适用范围广、可靠性高。设计了满足减速需求的气囊外形，利用数值求解NS方程和工程计算方法进行了气动力的预测和比较分析，利用六自由度动力学模型与气动力的耦合计算，对减速效果进行了计算与分析，并对热环境、温度场、应力、热应力及变形进行了计算，还对分离不确定性进行了研究。地面引导性风洞试验和理论分析表明，充气气囊减速方案具有十分明确的减速效果和优点，可用于未来航天飞行器实现减速飞行目的的技术方案。     

QUASAT program: The ESA reflector

QUASAT is a joint ESA/NASA cooperative mission for a free-flying VLBI antenna to be used with the U.S. and European ground arrays. The spaceborn reflector shall have a diameter of 15 m or more and shall operate at three frequencies: 1.6, 5 and 22 GHz. These requirements are very stringent and very difficult to satisfy. The reflector proposed by the European Space Agency as part of the Quasat assessment study shall be presented. Such reflector shall use the Inflatable Space Rigidized technology under development within ESA. Results of the performances envisaged from such design shall be discussed together with the manufacturing and testing problems envisaged for such reflector. Results derived by different reflector design but using the same Inflatable Space Rigidized technology shall also be presented.     

Launch cost reduction by the reuse of the core stage of Ariane 5

The high cost of launching payloads into Earth orbit is a main limiting factor on the development of space. In order to reduce the high cost of launch, reuse of (parts of) the launch vehicle is needed. This study analyses the possibilities of recovering and reusing the core stage of Ariane 5. Recovery of the core stage sets demands on re-entry trajectory, attitude, stability, thermal protection, structural strength, terminal deceleration, salt water protection, recovery and refurbishment. All these subject areas require solutions to their individual problems. Added subsystems to the stage are defined and their mass is determined. These masses are used to determine the financial feasibility of the recovery concept, by weighing the payload demise and operational cost against the gains of reduced production cost. It is concluded that the recovery is technologically feasible, using a detachable ablative heat shield on the nose of the stage and a stabilisation device (an inflatable drag cone), a parachute system and an engine enclosure device. Total mass of these systems is 1320 kg, with financial savings amounting to $8.5 million per flight.     

认知电子战探析

随着"认知"概念的提出,"认知无线电"和"认知雷达"逐步被相关领域的专家认可并进行深入研究,雷达、通信设备开始逐步向认知方向发展。为了对抗未来可能出现的这些设备,业内的专家提出了"认知电子战"这个概念。美国DARPA等已经开始对认知电子战进行研究和验证。简述了认知电子战的概念和主要内容,着重介绍美军近年来主要的认知电子战研究项目以及发展认知电子战装备的主要技术难点,最后分析了认知电子战对航天电子对抗技术发展的影响。     

Inflatable antenna for cubesats: Motivation for development and antenna design

CubeSats and small satellites have potential to provide means to explore space and to perform science in a more affordable way. As the goals for these spacecraft become more ambitious in space exploration, moving from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) or further, the communication systems currently implemented will not be able to support those missions. One of the bottlenecks in small spacecraft communication systems is represented by antennas' size, due to the close relation between antenna gain and dimensions. Current antennas for CubeSats are mostly dipole or patch antennas with limited gain. Deployable (not inflatable) antennas for CubeSats are currently being investigated, but these solutions are affected by the challenge of packaging the whole deployable structure in a small spacecraft.The work that we propose represents the first attempt to develop an inflatable antenna for CubeSats. Inflatable structures and antennas can be packaged efficiently occupying a small amount of space, and they can provide, once deployed, large dish dimension and correspondent gain. Inflatable antennas have been previously tested in space (Inflatable Antenna Experiment, STS-77). However they have never been developed for small spacecraft such as CubeSats, where the packaging efficiency, the deployment, and the inflation represent a challenge.Our study explores for the first time the possibility of developing such antenna in a way compatible with CubeSat dimensions and constraints. The research provides answers on the possible dimensions for an inflatable antenna for small satellites, on the gain and resolution that can be achieved, and on the deployment and inflation mechanism compatible with CubeSat. Future work in the development of the antenna will include the test of the antenna in flight during a specific technical demonstration mission.The article is structured as follows: context and motivation for Cubesat inflatable antenna are described; then a study to design the antenna which achieves the required performance metrics, while respecting the constraints imposed by CubeSat structure, is presented.     

Initial performance assessment of hybrid inflatable structures

Inflatable technology for space applications is under continual development and advances in high strength fibers and rigidizable materials have pushed the limitations of these structures. This has lead to their application in deploying large-aperture antennas, reflectors and solar sails. However, many significant advantages can be achieved by combining inflatable structures with structural stiffeners such as tape springs. These advantages include control of the deployment path of the structure while it is inflating (a past weakness of inflatable structure designs), an increased stiffness of the structure once deployed and a reduction in the required inflation volume. Such structures have been previously constructed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory focusing on large scale booms. However, due to the high efficiency of these designs they are also appealing to small satellite systems.This article outlines ongoing research work performed at the University of Southampton into the field of small satellite hybrid inflatable structures. Inflatable booms have been constructed and combined with tape spring reinforcements to create simple hybrid structures. These structures have been subjected to bending tests and compared directly to an equivalent inflatable tube without tape spring reinforcement. This enables the stiffness benefits to be determined with respect to the added mass of the tape springs. The paper presents these results, which leads to an initial performance assessment of these structures.     

飞行器空中回收

文中详细介绍了飞行器空中钩取的回收方法和空中钩取作业的主要技术关键。     

航天电子对抗的概念与发展

从电子对抗的概念出发,阐述航天电子对抗的概念和在现代战争中的核心作用, 概述国内外航天电子对抗的发展情况和航天电子对抗的需求. 在分析航天电子对抗的特点和技术途径的基础上,提出航天电子对抗系统的总体设想及其组成,最后分析航天电子对抗的关键技术.