Prediction of high lift: review of present CFD capability

A survey is conducted of CFD methods applied to the computation of high-lift multi-element configurations over the last 10–15 years. Both 2-D and 3-D configurations are covered. The review is organized by configuration, in an effort to glean useful insights with respect to particular successes or failings of CFD methods as a whole. In general, for both 2-D and 3-D flows, if certain guidelines regarding grid, transition, and turbulence model are followed, then surface pressures, skin friction, lift, and drag can be predicted with reasonably good accuracy at angles of attack below stall. Velocity profiles can generally be predicted in 2-D flow fields, with the exception of the slat wake, which tends to be predicted too deep by most CFD codes for a range of different configurations. CFD codes can usually predict trends due to Reynolds number in 2-D, but they are inconsistent in the prediction of trends due to configuration changes. On the whole, 2-D CFD is unreliable for predicting stall (maximum lift and the angle of attack at which it occurs); in most cases, maximum lift is overpredicted, but for some configurations the opposite occurs. However, there is some evidence that stall misprediction of nominally 2-D experiments may be caused by 3-D effects, which are obviously not modeled by 2-D CFD. In general, 3-D computations are also inconsistent with respect to computing stall, but there have been fewer of these applications to date. The paper concludes with a list of challenges that confront CFD at the start of the next decade, which should witness a dramatic increase in the number of CFD applications for 3-D high-lift configurations.     

基于视频图像序列的3-D场景生成方法

平面序列图像的立体化表述和任意视点成生是实现３－Ｄ场景的关键技术。利用便携式摄像机沿着不同运动轨迹,连续对目标物体进行拍摄,可获得不同层次的包含有双目视差深度的平面视点序列图像。从获取的序列图像中选择不同的视点,即选择参考帧,利用与参考帧相邻的帧图像,估计参考帧位置的深度信息。采用自适应匹配算法,将各种层次的深度信息分配给图像的不同区域,形成具有不同深度层次的图像深度表示图,建立３－Ｄ观察场景。最     

三维四向C/C复合材料高温氧化环境强度预测

在细观尺度下,基于逐渐损伤理论,建立了一种三维四向C/C复合材料高温强度预测模型。模型考虑了纤维束挤压后的截面形状、单胞的周期性以及纤维束和基体的脱黏等因素,引入考虑温度的三维Hashin失效准则进行单元的失效判定,预测了三维四向C/C复合材料室温和有防氧化保护700 ℃的拉伸强度。为了将模型发展到高温氧化环境,建立了考虑氧化速率的纤维束高温氧化环境力学性能退化模型,结合纤维束和单向板力学性能等价性原理,实现了无防氧化保护下三维四向C/C复合材料700 ℃拉伸强度的预测。研究了切边加工对三维四向复合材料强度的影响,建立了考虑切边宽度的切边三维四向复合材料强度预测模型,预测了有、无防氧化保护切边宽度为18 mm的三维四向C/C复合材料拉伸强度。结果表明:对非切边试验件在室温、有防氧化涂层700 ℃和无防氧化涂层700 ℃的预测误差分别为5.51%、7.20%和7.13%,拉伸过程的应力-应变曲线与试验结果吻合度较好;对切边试验件在室温和有防氧化涂层700 ℃的预测误差分别为0.88%和4.53%。多种类的算例表明预测模型合理、可靠。      

Energy absorption features of 3-D braided rectangular composite under different strain rates compressive loading

There are huge potential applications of 3-D braided composite in aerospace engineering because of the non-delamination feature of the composite under impact loading. This paper presents the analysis of energy absorption features of 3-D braided composite under compression with different strain rates. The 3-D 4-step rectangular braided composite coupons were tested on a material tester MTS 810.23 and a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus to obtain out-of-plane and in-plane compression stress vs. strain curves at quasi-static and high strain rate state. The failure modes and energy absorption features of the 3-D braided composite under different strain rates were analyzed both in time domain and frequency domain. The energy absorbed by the 3-D braided composite increases with the strain rate. From fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of compression stress vs. time histories, the power of energy absorption of the 3-D braided composite increases with strain rate and mostly concentrate on the high frequency region. While for quasi-static compression, the power distributes in very narrow frequency region and also is less than that in high strain rates. This feature corresponds to the different damage and energy absorption mechanisms of the 3-D braided composite under quasi-static and high strain rate compression.     

轴流压气机动态失速过程三维计算方法研究

基于三维非定常欧拉方程和三维激盘模型发展了一种用于研究轴流压气机动态失速过程的三维计算方法。利用该计算方法研究了某型高压压气机第一级的动态失速过程,并就转子总静压升特性的三种不同径向分布对失速过程的影响进行了分析。计算结果表明该方法能够反映出压气机的三维动态失速过程、失速团的三维空间结构,并能有效地表现出转子沿径向的特性变化对压气机气动稳定性的影响,而且还能够用于判断压气机的危险截面。     

发动机总体与尾喷管三维并行设计研究

为解决某型涡扇发动机尾喷管改型中的流量匹配问题,利用iSIGHT软件平台集成零维发动机性能计算程序和三维混合室和尾喷管的流场计算程序,运用数值缩放(Zooming)技术,实现了混合室和尾喷管型面以及进出口面积的自动修正,解决了尾喷管和发动机流量匹配的问题,并准确地反映了混合室和尾喷管三维流动效应对流量系数、推力系数以及发动机工作点的影响.该方法可为实现涡扇发动机其它部件的Zooming技术提供有意义的参考.      

3-D E-CSAR imaging of a T-72 tank and synthesis of its SAR reconstructions

The results of three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of a T-72 tank using its angular azimuthal (turntable) and linear elevation synthetic aperture data at X band are presented. This is achieved using an accurate and computationally efficient wavefront (Fourier-based) reconstruction algorithm for elevation and circular (E-CSAR) data. The E-CSAR 3-D images are then used to synthesize 2-D spotlight and stripmap slant plane synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the target at a desired range and squint angle. For this purpose, a procedure is introduced that incorporates the spatially varying azimuthal and elevation Doppler signatures of individual reflectors on the target as well as the mean range, azimuth, and elevation of the flight path. Results using the E-CSAR images of the T-72 tank are provided.     

Thermal-structural analysis of regenerativelycooled thrust chamber wall in reusable LOX/Methane rocket engines

To predict the thermal and structural responses of the thrust chamber wall under cyclic work,a 3-D fluid-structural coupling computational methodology is developed.The thermal and mechanical loads are determined by a validated 3-D finite volume fluid-thermal coupling computational method.With the specified loads,the nonlinear thermal-structural finite element analysis is applied to obtaining the 3-D thermal and structural responses.The Chaboche nonlinear kinematic hardening model calibrated by experimental data is adopted to predict the cyclic plastic behavior of the inner wall.The methodology is further applied to the thrust chamber of LOX/Methane rocket engines.The results show that both the maximum temperature at hot run phase and the maximum circumferential residual strain of the inner wall appear at the convergent part of the chamber.Struc tural analysis for multiple work cycles reveals that the failure of the inner wall may be controlled by the low-cycle fatigue when the Chaboche model parameter γ3 =0,and the damage caused by the thermal-mechanical ratcheting of the inner wall cannot be ignored when γ3 ＞ 0.The results of sen sitivity analysis indicate that mechanical loads have a strong influence on the strains in the inner wall.     

局部抽吸对边界层流动稳定性的影响和控制研究

在边界层壁面上,设计局部抽吸结构,采用直接数值模拟的方法,获得稳定的三维基本流.在此基础上,研究稳定及最不稳定的二维扰动T-S波的时、空演化机制;进一步探讨了局部抽吸的形式、强度大小及分布结构对二维T-S波的非线性演化影响及其对增长率的贡献大小.结果表明,局部抽吸结构诱导产生的三维基本流是扰动波得以快速增长的一个关键性因素,这是由于平均流剖面的改变及展向速度的出现,增强了流体运动中的不稳定性、扩大了中性曲线的不稳定区域范围.在最不稳定的二维扰动T-S波的非线性演化过程中,由于非线性作用的不断增强,逐渐激发产生出三维扰动波及高次谐波,其三维扰动波的流向波数和频率与二维扰动波的流向波数和频率相同;同时展向速度的大小对二维扰动波的增长、流动的失稳、流向涡的形成等方面都起着激励的作用.随着时、空的不断发展和非线性作用的迅速加强,正、负相间的流向涡逐渐形成,强度逐渐增大,流向涡的影响区域也在不断扩大,涡的形状逐渐拉伸变长,并出现强的剪切层,流动开始失稳等其它机制;这些结论与文献[4、5]的结果相吻合.     

轴流压气机动态失速过程三维计算

基于三维非定常欧拉方程和三维激盘模型发展了一种用于研究轴流压气机动态失速过程的三维计算方法.利用该计算方法研究了某型高压压气机第一级的动态失速过程,并就转子总静压升特性的三种不同径向分布对失速过程的影响进行了分析.计算结果表明该方法能够反映出压气机的三维动态失速过程、失速团的三维空间结构,并能有效地表现出转子沿径向的特性变化对压气机气动稳定性的影响,而且还能够用于判断压气机的危险截面.      

三维钝裂纹的边界元模拟和剩余腐蚀疲劳寿命估算方法

提出了一个三维钝裂纹的计算模型,并建立了适用于这类模型的边界元法程序。还利用现有的疲劳裂纹扩展模型,对含三维钝裂纹构件的剩余疲劳寿命估算方法进行了讨论,并对三维钝裂纹在空气和海水中的扩展进行了计算。研究表明,本方法和边界元程序,既适用于三维尖裂纹的剩余寿命估算,也适用于三维钝裂纹的剩余疲劳寿命估算。     

三维副翼铰链力矩计算

 数值模拟了带副翼偏转构型的二维、三维亚、跨、超声速来流情况的绕流流场,采用有限体积方法和AUSM+迎风格式数值求解N-S方程,四步龙格-库塔时间推进,湍流模型为Baldwin-Lomax和Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型。二维模拟压强分布与实验数据以及CFD软件模拟结果吻合较好。采用交错对接网格,数值模拟了不同副翼偏角和缝隙、来流马赫数、迎角和雷诺数的三维构型流场。通过舵面铰链力矩与实验数据的对比分析表明了该数值方法模拟此类复杂流场的可靠性和舵面铰链力矩计算的有效性。发现并研究了亚声速来流时铰链力矩随迎角的反向变化趋势,初步分析了副翼的缝隙和雷诺数效应。     

Application of immersed boundary method in turbomachines

Simulating unsteady turbulent flow in turbomachines is still challenging due to the complexity of blade geometry and relative motion between rotor and stator. This study presents an Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) for high-Reynolds turbomachinery internal flows, and shows the advantage of the automatic grid generation techniques and flexible moving boundary treatments. The wall functions are used in the present method to alleviate the wall resolution restriction of turbulence simulation. The Two-Dimensional (2-D) IBM solver, which was previously developed and tested for a low-speed compressor, is further validated for a well-documented Low-Pressure Turbine (LPT) cascade. Both the blade loading and the total pressure losses in the wake are well captured by the present 2-D solver. The complex Three-Dimensional (3-D) effects in turbomachines motivate the further development of an extended 3-D IBM solver by using a curvilinear-coordinate system that facilitates the hub and casing boundary treatment. The good performance of the 3-D solver is demonstrated through comparison with CFX solver solutions for the rotor configuration of Advanced Noise Control Fan (ANCF). Further effects of the grid resolution on capturing the blade wake are discussed. The results indicate that the present 3-D solver is capable of reproducing the evolution of the blade wake with suitable computational grid.     

三维 J积分理论在固体火箭发动机裂纹研究中的应用

针对固体火箭发动机药柱上裂纹的三维性和受力复杂性,文章提出采用三维 J积分理论和数值仿真来计算药柱上裂纹缝线上的 J积分值,并给出了三维 J积分的体积分表达式和有限元数值分析方法;通过对固体火箭发动机药柱上在燃烧室星角处的一条典型裂纹——横向贯穿楔形裂纹仿真计算,得出裂纹缝线上 J积分值呈现中间高两端低的非均匀分布特点,证明了三维 J积分理论在固体火箭发动机装药裂纹危险性研究上的适用性。     

Filtering of moving targets using SBIR sequential frames

In this paper three-dimensional (3-D) finite-impulse response (FIR) filters are proposed for moving target detection and tracking from multiframe space-based infrared (SBIR) data. An optimal, in the l_p sense, 3-D FIR filter design technique is proposed which is suitable for the above application. This technique is the first 3-D FIR design of its kind presented in the open literature. Directional, matched, and adaptive 3-D filtering techniques are proposed. Prior to the filtering, clutter mean estimation and mean subtraction are required. Real time implementation of directional and/or matched filters for processing maneuvering targets is discussed and filter design methods are proposed. Finally, performance comparisons of the proposed and other available 3-D FIR and infinite-impulse response (IIR) filters, on real SBIR data, are presented in which the advantages of the proposed 3-D filters are shown     

孔边角裂纹扩展特性分析

采用二维裂纹扩展分析方法研究含孔边角裂纹平板中疲劳裂纹扩展速率和寿命。该方法假设孔边角裂纹两个主方向上裂纹扩展主要取决于两方向裂纹尖端的应力强度因子。并采用裂纹闭合特性修正。预测在常幅拉伸疲劳载荷情况下２１２４Ｔ８５１铝合金板和３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＮ１２Ａ合金钢板中孔边角裂纹扩展速率和寿命。理论计算和实验结果较吻合。     

用于加筋结构的半连续有限元模型

针对飞机损伤结构安全性评定的要求,为减小加筋壁板有限元分析的计算规模,本文提出了一种二维有限元筋条模型———半连续模型。该模型可用来分析三维的飞机加筋壁板结构,分析精度及可信度显著地优于二维平条模型,与三维及准三维模型相当,而分析工作量及复杂性小于后两种模型。半连续模型还可推广用于其他薄壁结构,只要构成结构的各板元之间是正交连接而非斜交连接的。     

轴流压气机子午流面计算中三维剪切作用的湍流模型

本文发展了一个轴流压气机子午流面二维计算中模拟三维剪切结构对子午流场作用的湍流模型。试验与这一模型进行了初步的比较。模型表明,在多级轴流压气机子午流场计算中,必须计入实际流场三维剪切结构对子午流场的湍流扩散作用。     

复杂地形低空三维风场数值仿真方法

设计了飞机超低空飞行的复杂山地地形,基于球绕流理论,建立了低空复杂地形及其上空三维过山气流的工程化模拟方法,并进行了算例仿真和分析.该方法可以提供低空三维风场模型,并能满足分析飞机低空飞行动力学特性的需要.     

典型二元高超声速进气道与侧压式进气道的性能比较

在相同的约束条件下运用高超声速进气道已有的相关设计方法设计了两类典型的二元进气道与侧压式进气道,利用数值模拟手段对两类进气道的流场结构和总体性能开展了对比研究.研究发现,二元进气道出口流场畸变较小,流场均匀性优于侧压式进气道;二元进气道流量系数对飞行马赫数的敏感程度远高于侧压式进气道;设计点,二元进气道性能优于侧压式进气道.非设计点,尤其在接力状态下,侧压式进气道性能突出;侧压式进气道阻力特性优于二元进气道,而二元进气道的前体升力则高于侧压式进气道.