Microdisturbances on the International Space Station during dynamic operations

The results of analysis of microdisturbances on the International Space Station (ISS) at performing various dynamic operations are presented. Docking of transfer manned and cargo vehicles Progress and Soyuz to various docking modules of the ISS, docking of the Space Shuttle Discovery, the ISS orbit correction and, also, disturbances at “EVA” (Extra Vehicular Activity) operations during astronauts working on the external ISS surface are considered. The results of measuring microaccelerations by sensors of both Russian and American segments are analyzed.     

Legal science as catalyzer of SETI science, engineering and operations

Law is the oldest social science; in this condition it has a protagonic role in the development of other sciences, engineering and operations, because it allows them to aim for the desired goal in order and in a frame of legal possibility.The search for extraterrestrial intelligence implies the will of establishing a further relation. Relationships imply law.The role of law is not only participative as in multidisciplinary programs, but also interdisciplinary in the sense of harmonizing the several legal frameworks of the diverse sciences.SETI protocols I and II show, since their first draft, the harmonizing role of law. They are appropriated guidelines for a code of ethics and a code of conduct.The refinement of the concepts must be continued to reach finally the legal principles that shall govern these activities. Principles must be established before the production of facts, because law as a science, does not conceive the lacunae. Moreover, space law has always anticipated the technical facts hierarchizing its scientific condition.     

空间站空间因特网与空间通信链路设计

为改善在空间站长期值守的航天员的业务生活,提出建立空间站网吧,为航天员提供因特网服务的构想。为此分析研究空间站空间因特网服务系统及其关键技术,提出空间站空间因特网服务系统构建方案。结合这一系统构建方案,一是研究解决了支持复杂异构网络运行的空间因特网网络协议设计技术,空间站空间因特网直接采用TCP/IP协议,并通过系统设计,较好地克服了TCP/IP协议不能适应空间通信链路的难题,支持采用基于TCP/IP协议的商用货架(COTS)软、硬件产品,可明显降低空间站空间因特网服务系统建设与维护成本;二是研究解决了涉及空间站测控通信网运行安全和空间信息安全的空间通信链路设计技术,空间站在同一条空间通信链路同时传输空间因特网数据和空间站测控通信数据,空间通信链路采用CCSDS的AOS协议,并通过建立虚拟的物理信道,解决了空间因特网数据和空间站测控通信数据的安全隔离问题,能满足空间站测控通信网运行安全和空间信息安全的要求。     

伴随卫星在空间站系统中的应用

一、引言建造大型空间站是新世纪各主要空间大国的重要任务之一,然而在技术上却还存在许多尚未解决的新问题等待人们去研究、去解决,其中一个关键性的问题就是空间站伴随卫星技术问题。纵观近30年来空间站技术发展的历史,只有前苏联和美国两个国家先后发射了礼炮系列空间?..     

空间站的变结构鲁棒稳定控制

针对空间站的参数不确定性和环境干扰，提出将变结构控制技术应用于空间站姿态稳定控制系统的设计，所得闭环系统具有良好的动态特性和较强的鲁棒性，能够有效地克服各种不确定性因素和外界干扰的影响，同时控制器结构简单、工程易实现。     

国际空间站上使用的两种计算机

欧空局为国际空间站研制了两个新型的计算机 :容错计算机 ( FTC)和标准有效载荷计算机 ( SPLC) ,它们可以满足空间站对计算机的需要 ,可以方便地构成各分种布式数据管理结构。文中介绍这两种不同类型的计算机设计     

Space for science, enterprise and environment: the UK draft Space Strategy

For the UK, space is primarily a means to an end and not an end in itself. This approach has been described as utilitarian. The British National Space Centre describes it as user oriented: the purpose of going into space should be to provide cost-effective information or services to the users, whether these are the science community, commercial operators and customers, or public sector bodies. The new draft UK Space Strategy, published on 22 January 2003, provides the underpinning rationale for this approach, which derives in part from the very individual way in which the UK organises its interests in space.     

The Mode of Gravitational Orientation for the International Space Station

The results of the determination of the uncontrolled attitude motion of the International Space Station during its unmanned flight in 1999 are presented. The data of onboard measurements of three components of the angular velocity are used for this determination. These data covering an interval of slightly less than one orbit were jointly processed by the least squares method, by integrating the equations of motion of the station relative to its center of mass. As a result of this processing, the initial conditions of the motion and the parameters of the mathematical model used were estimated. The actual motion of the station has been determined for 20 such intervals during April–November. Throughout these intervals, the station rotated about the axis of the minimum moment of inertia, the latter executing small oscillations relative to the local vertical. Such a mode, known as the mode of gravitational orientation of a rotating satellite or the mode of generalized gravitational orientation, was planned before the flight. The measurements were made to verify it. The quasistatic component of the microaccelerations aboard the station is estimated for this mode.     

空间站天地往返运输系统初探

随着中国载人航天工程的首战告捷和 ２１世纪的来临，空间站技术作为航天技术的重要组成部分，其重要性日渐突出。作为空间站大系统工程的一个重要的分系统，天地往返运输系统的主要任务是为空间站运送人员和进行物资补给，在条件许可时也可兼做空间试验。本文主要对空间站大系统的天地往返运输系统进行分析，并提出一套相应的发展策略。讨论时所遵从的一个重要原则是：对天地往返运输系统的研究应与整个空间站大系统的规模相配套，根据空间站的规模及要求来制定发展途径。 １９７１年４月 １９日前苏联发射了礼炮１号空间站。这标志着人类…     

Using the PROGRESS transport spacecraft in structure of the International Space Station for realization of scientific experiments under microgravity conditions

The problem is considered of using the PROGRESS transport spacecraft, which will deliver the payload on the ISS, as a free flying platform for realization of space experiments. For maintenance of the ISS 5-6 PROGRESS flights per year are planned. Usually after delivery of the payload the PROGRESS undocks from the ISS and burns down in the Earth atmosphere. However, the operating conditions of its onboard systems allow to prolong operation and to make free flight near to the station and repeatedly to be docked to it. It is offered to use this possibility for performing experiments on Material Science.     

The International Space Station: a pathway to the future

Nearly six years after the launch of the first International Space Station element, and four years after its initial occupation, the United States and our 6 international partners have made great strides in operating this impressive Earth orbiting research facility. This past year we have done so in the face of the adversity of operating without the benefit of the Space Shuttle. In his January 14, 2004, speech announcing a new vision for America's space program, President Bush affirmed the United States' commitment to completing construction of the International Space Station by 2010. The President also stated that we would focus our future research aboard the Station on the long-term effects of space travel on human biology. This research will help enable human crews to venture through the vast voids of space for months at a time. In addition, ISS affords a unique opportunity to serve as an engineering test bed for hardware and operations critical to the exploration tasks. NASA looks forward to working with our partners on International Space Station research that will help open up new pathways for future exploration and discovery beyond low Earth orbit. This paper provides an overview of the International Space Station Program focusing on a review of the events of the past year, as well as plans for next year and the future.     

中国载人空间站正立项审批

中国工程院院士、中国载人航天工程原总设计师王永志9月21日透露,根据“三步走”战略规划．中国载人航天工程目前进入第二步第一阶段,已成功实施神舟六号多人多天飞行试验和神舟七号出舱活动飞行试验,紧接着要开展的空间交会对接试验即将迈人正样研制阶段。中国载人空间站等后续工程的实施方案正在立项审批过程中。     

亚特兰蒂斯号执行空间站任务

美国东部时间５月１９日晨６时１１分１０秒，亚特兰蒂斯号航天飞机在晨曦中离开了肯尼迪航天中心的发射台，开始执行国际空间站的维修和后勤补给任务。这次编号ＳＴＳ—１０１的飞行是美国航天飞机历史上的第９８次飞行，也是航天飞机第３次飞往国际空间站。航天飞机上次升空执行国际空间站任务是在去年的５月２７日，至今已有将近一年时间。 此次飞行是亚特兰蒂斯号的第２１次飞行，也是它１９９７年９月以来的首次飞行。当时亚特兰蒂斯号执行了编号ＳＴＳ—８６的第７次航天飞机－和平号空间站对接任务。此后，这架航天飞机到波音公司的…     

Mars scientific investigations as a precursor for human exploration.

In the past two years, NASA has begun to develop and implement plans for investigations on robotic Mars missions which are focused toward returning data critical for planning human missions to Mars. The Mars Surveyor Program 2001 Orbiter and Lander missions will mark the first time that experiments dedicated to preparation for human exploration will be carried out. Investigations on these missions and future missions range from characterization of the physical and chemical environment of Mars, to predicting the response of biology to the Mars environment. Planning for such missions must take into account existing data from previous Mars missions which were not necessarily focused on human exploration preparation. At the same time, plans for near term missions by the international community must be considered to avoid duplication of effort. This paper reviews data requirements for human exploration and applicability of existing data. It will also describe current plans for investigations and place them within the context of related international activities.     

Application of GFP technique for cytoskeleton visualization onboard the International Space Station

Cytoskeleton recently attracted wide attention of cell and molecular biologists due to its crucial role in gravity sensing and trunsduction. Most of cytoskeletal research is conducted by the means of immunohistochemical reactions, different modifications of which are beneficial for the ground-based experiments. But for the performance onboard the space vehicles, they represent quite complicated technique which requires time and special skills for astronauts. In addition, immunocytochemistry provides only static images of the cytoskeleton arrangement in fixed cells while its localization in living cells is needed for the better understanding of cytoskeletal function. In this connection, we propose a new approach for cytoskeletal visualization onboard the ISS, namely, application of green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Aequorea victoria, which has the unique properties as a marker for protein localization in vivo. The creation of chimerical protein-GFP gene constructs, obtaining the transformed plant cells possessed protein-GFP in their cytoskeletal composition will allow receiving a simple and efficient model for screening of the cytoskeleton functional status in microgravity.     

采用MPPT技术的国外深空探测器电源系统综述

最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）技术能够最大限度利用太阳电池阵输出功率,对于光强和温度变化较大的深空探测器,具有一定的优势。对MPPT电源系统拓扑结构及其在国外深空探测领域的典型应用,如＂罗塞塔＂（Rosetta）、＂信使＂（MESSENGER）探测器电源系统等,进行了调研和综述,分析了3种MPPT拓扑结构的特点,并指出光强、温度等空间环境因素,以及负载特性、系统稳定性对电源系统的影响,可为MPPT技术在我国深空探测器电源系统设计中应用提供参考。     

Solar particle events and the International Space Station

The high inclination orbit for the International Space Station poses a risk to astronauts on EVA during occasional periods of enhanced high energy particle flux from the sun known as Solar Particle Events. We are currently unable to predict these events within the few-hour lead time required for evasive action. Compounding the threat is the fact that station construction occurs during increasing solar activity and through the peak of the solar cycle. In this paper we present an overview of the risk, the current methods to provide forecasts of SPEs, and potential risk mitigation options.     

空间太阳电站何时能浮出水面

人类已经进入了２１世纪。新世纪中人类要解决日益严重的环境污染、资源短缺和人口膨胀３大问题，其中环境和资源这两个问题都与发电有着密切的关系。 迄今，人类发电用的能源绝大部分是来自地下的矿物燃料——石油、煤炭、天然气等。千百年来，矿物燃料的燃烧产生了大量的二氧化碳，不仅严重污染大气，而且产生温室效应，导致全球气候发生变化。 同时，矿物燃料是一种不可再生的地球资源，正面临着枯竭的危险，急需寻找新的能源。自然界水能资源有限，风能不稳定，地热能强度不足，都不能满足未来的大量需求。人们只能寄希望于核能和太阳能…     

The intergovernmental agreement on the International Space Station

After Russia joined the ISS programme in 1994 it was realized that a new intergovernmental agreement would be needed in order to clarify the roles and responsibilities of all the partners. The Head of the Russian delegation to the negotations on the agreement between 1994 and 1998 here describes the various steps taken to reach it. As well as requiring legislation on new areas such as national criminal jurisdiction, the negotiations had to take account of the differing legal norms and cultures in all the various countries party to the agreement, but principally Russia and the USA. The final part of the article presents an up-to-date overview of the vital statistics and capabilities of, and type of work expected to be performed on, the ISS.