空气/煤油火炬点火器设计及试验

为解决超燃冲压发动机点火难题,设计了一种以空气和煤油作为氧化剂和燃料的火炬点火器。点火器能量设计为300kW,空气和煤油的设计流量分别为98.9g/s和6.7g/s。采用软件CHEMKIN4.0对不同当量比条件下点火器出口气流参数进行了计算,将点火器的工作状态优选为富氧模式。煤油从点火器端面经旋流喷嘴注入,空气分为一次喷注和二次喷注两个支路,采用普通汽车火花塞点燃空气煤油混合物。建立了试验系统,压力测量和摄影图像表明该点火器能够在当量比在0.3~1.3范围内可靠工作。点火器的起动时间约为0.9s,火焰长度约为30cm,存在高频率小幅值脉动燃烧现象。试验表明该点火器能够可靠点燃超燃冲压发动机。      

高焓风洞液氧酒精空气燃烧加热器设计与试验

高焓风洞是进行吸气式发动机地面模拟试验的重要设施,为满足高温、高压来流模拟的需求,研制了一种基于液氧酒精燃烧的空气加热器。该加热器采用液液自击喷注与空气直流分区组织燃烧,并利用等离子体点火器实现中心点火,生成高焓来流。10kg/s量级燃烧加热器点火调试表明：该装置点火启动迅速,建压平稳并在点火器关闭后维持了稳定来流的生成,覆盖范围宽,在地面试验领域具有良好的应用前景。     

碳氢燃料超燃冲压发动机点火技术试验

在超燃冲压发动机直联式试验中,对液体碳氢燃料超声速燃烧的点火技术进行了研究,比较了多种点火方式包括氢气引导火焰点火、火炬点火器、固体装药点火器以及电火花塞的点火效果,并成功实现了氢气引导火焰与火炬点火方式下煤油的可靠着火和持续稳定燃烧,煤油当量比范围约为0 87～1 72。在氢气引导火焰点火方式中,通过增加支板和改变氢气喷注位置,可将最小氢气当量比由0 34降为0 068。通过氢气引导火焰点火和火炬点火对比试验表明在相同的燃料喷注方式和当量比下,发动机工况基本与点火方式无关。     

新型液氧/空气/异丁烷燃烧加热器研制及流场校测

为了发展高流场品质、安全可靠运行的高超声速高温风洞技术,研制了一种新型的液氧/空气/异丁烷燃烧加热器。该加热器采用"气液燃烧"模式组织燃烧,考虑了均匀流场设计,并利用空气-异丁烷火炬点火器实现点火。50kg/s量级燃烧加热器点火调试表明,主气流能实现快速点火,在火炬关闭后,继续维持稳定燃烧。利用Φ1m喷管,针对马赫数6,总压6.0MPa及5.2MPa开展流场校测,结果表明燃烧加热器在喷管出口直径80%的中心区域提供均匀气流,在流场均匀区内,马赫数均方根偏差在0.05以内,总温均方根偏差在20K以内,能支撑高超声速气动及推进试验。     

脉冲风洞发动机试验多油位多时序高精度燃料供应系统

针对脉冲风洞超燃冲压发动机试验要求燃料供应快速、稳定、精确的特点,设计了一套燃料供应系统,可多油位多时序高精度地实现试验模型燃料供应、模型点火器气源供应、气体节流气源供应等功能。该系统供应的燃料为乙烯、甲烷、氢气及其混合物。采用压力补偿装置,保持燃料稳定供应,实现燃料当量比精确控制。设计了由电磁阀和气动阀组合而成的快速供气阀门,阀门开启时间小于20ms,关闭时间小于30ms,实现燃料的安全、快速供应。对超燃发动机模型不同油位设计了专门的供油回路,通过电磁阀控制系统,实现多个油位不同时序的控制动作,时序控制精度达到1ms。给出了详细的系统设计回路,并对关键部件参数进行了计算。点火试验表明该系统可以为点火器提供稳定的空气和氢气,点火器正常时间超过500ms。在脉冲式直连式试验台上,进行了乙烯燃料超燃发动机试验,对该套供油系统进行了测试。试验监控了供油管道及模型壁面的压力分布,供油压力在试验时间内波动小于3%,发动机壁面压力显示燃烧性能良好。空气节流试验表明,该系统提供的时长为100ms、压力为4.7MPa的节流空气成功点燃了乙烯。     

氦气谐振点火器和气氧/煤油火炬点火器研究

为了实现液体推进剂火箭发动机重复多次可靠启动，研究了利用气动谐振热效应形成的高温高能点火源进行气氧／煤油等可贮存推进剂多次点火的方案。为此研制了氦气谐振点火器和气氧／煤油火炬点火器。氦气点火器在较宽的气源温度(-2℃～33℃)变化范围、较大喷嘴入口压力(1．5MPa～3．OMPa)变化范围内均具有好的谐振加热性能。气氧／煤油火炬点火器能够多次可靠地点火并生成稳定的点火火炬。由于不受谐振产生条件的限制，气氧和煤油的流量可以在较大的范围内选择，生成点火火炬的温度范围也很宽，富燃点火炬更具工程应用价值。研究结果表明氦气谐振点火器及其气氧／煤油火炬点火器具有结构简单，可靠性高，无毒无污染等优点，对于重复多次启动的液体火箭发动机有着诱人的应用前景。     

正十二烷和甲基环己烷在超燃燃烧室中的点火和稳焰特性研究

主要研究了液态单组份碳氢燃料在超燃燃烧室中的点火和稳焰性能,所用燃料为正十二烷和甲基环己烷,研究结果可以为超燃冲压发动机的燃料制备提供部分依据。试验在以蓄热式加热器为核心的直连式试验台上进行,超燃燃烧室进口总温在1040~1100K范围内,进口马赫数2.03,进口空气流量2.0kg/s左右,点火器为燃气发生器,采用串联凹腔作为火焰稳定装置,在第一个凹腔前常温燃料垂直喷射到燃烧室中。研究结果表明:与正十二烷相比,甲基环己烷在来流总温较低的超声速流中更容易被点燃和实现稳火,但总体来讲,当燃烧室进口总温低于1100K时,常温液态燃料的点火和稳焰性能较差。理论分析了两种燃料的蒸发特性,计算结果表明在来流参数相同时,甲基环己烷的蒸发特性优于正十二烷。利用一维分析方法结合试验测量的壁面静压、燃烧室入口马赫数和空气流量,得到了正十二烷和甲基环己烷不同工况时的总温分布和出口燃烧效率。     

高背压等离子点火器及其液体燃料点火特性实验研究

航天应用的液体火箭发动机及燃烧型加热器燃烧室室压高、燃料流量大、温度低、有重复启动需求,实现安全可靠点火的难度较大。针对这些需求,研究了一种采用高背压设计的电弧等离子体点火器。实验研究了Ar,N₂气体工质在高进气压力下的伏安特性,发现N₂在宽压力范围内适用于点火。发射光谱分析表明,在高达数MPa的进气压力下,Ar,N₂等离子体射流电子密度符合局部热力学平衡判据（LTE判据）,点火能量集中。N₂等离子体整体温度低于Ar,但阳极喷口附近温度高于Ar,N₂等离子体射流火焰长,卷吸沿程空气造成射流平均温度偏低,但有助于低温液体推进剂的蒸发混合和强化点火。等离子体射流引起了臭氧和氮氧化物的形成,具有促进点火和化学反应的作用。背压提高引起电源输出电压升高,提高供气压力和电流,有助于点火器在高背压环境中稳定电压。燃烧型空气加热器燃烧室的点火实验发现,采用N₂等离子体喷注面中心点火,可以在短时间内完成酒精-空气和酒精-液氧-空气的点火,最高燃烧室室压接近5MPa时,点火器仍能稳定工作,多次使用电极烧蚀不明显,在液体火箭发动机的重复可靠点火方面具有很好的应用前景。     

全环回流燃烧室等离子体点火试验研究

以全环回流燃烧室为研究对象,采用等离子体点火器进行地面点火试验研究,并与采用常规电火花点火器进行地面点火试验的结果进行了对比。研究结果表明,采用等离子体点火器进行燃烧室点火可使燃烧室具有更宽的贫油点火边界,且能有效减小点火延迟时间;燃烧室着火后的联焰与点火器的特性无关,采用纯气动雾化喷嘴的燃烧室,在进口空气马赫数0.09到0.13范围内,增加进气流速有助于燃烧室点火。     

无阀式脉冲爆震火箭发动机运行稳定性实验

以无阀模式运行时,脉冲爆震火箭发动机可达到更高的运行频率,但容易出现连续燃烧、点火不成功以及运行频率与点火频率不一致等运行不稳定问题。为探索供给条件对运行稳定性的影响,采用乙烯为燃料、富氧空气为氧化剂,开展了实验研究,分析了氧化剂中氧气体积分数对运行稳定性的影响。结果表明,采用氧气体积分数分别为40%和66%的氧化剂时,当量比范围分别为1.2~1.7和0.8~2.3时才能产生稳定的爆震波;采用氧气体积分数66%的氧化剂时,可获得稳定爆震波的当量比范围较宽;稳定产生爆震波时,爆震管封闭端附近的压力振荡会向供给通道的上游传播,造成通道内介质的流动振荡,振荡频率与运行频率呈倍数关系;爆震波不稳定产生条件下,供给通道内的流动振荡表现为无规律的低频振荡,该振荡加剧了无阀无隔离模式运行的不稳定,故有必要在供给通道内加装压力反传抑制装置。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.