气膜冷却平板表面颗粒物沉积的实验研究

为了解涡轮叶片表面颗粒物的沉积规律和沉积对气膜冷却的影响,实验通过石蜡喷涂装置将熔融石蜡颗粒喷入到小型风洞中,石蜡颗粒沉积在具有气膜冷却的平板表面上来模拟涡轮叶片上的颗粒物沉积过程。实验中将表征石蜡熔融颗粒尺寸的斯托克斯数与实际燃气涡轮发动机中的煤灰颗粒相匹配,通过调节主流温度,保持石蜡颗粒在沉积前处于熔融状态来模拟真实涡轮叶片上颗粒物的粘附机理,观察没有气膜冷却情况下的石蜡沉积过程和有气膜冷却情况下,不同吹风比和不同射流角度对石蜡沉积的影响,以及石蜡沉积后对平板表面气膜冷却的影响。研究发现石蜡熔融温度与主流温度相接近时,更容易沉积在平板表面,并且石蜡沉积在生长到一定厚度后不再增长。在有气膜冷却的情况下,吹风比从0增加到1.5时,平板表面石蜡沉积先减少后增加,吹风比为0.5时,石蜡沉积最少。射流角度由30°增加到90°时,平板表面石蜡沉积逐渐增多。石蜡沉积降低了平板气膜冷却效率,并且气膜孔间下游区域的温度比气膜孔下游区域更高。     

射流角与吹风比影响涡发生器强化气膜冷却性能的实验研究

为了研究了射流角度和吹风比等关键参数对涡发生器强化气膜冷却性能的影响规律,采用热电偶测温和粒子成像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)技术,在搭建的气膜冷却实验台上对三种不同射流角度(α=20°,30°,40°)的带涡发生器和不带涡发生器等六种结构在三种不同吹风比(M=0.5,1.0,1.5)下的壁面气膜有效度分布及中截面流场结构进行了研究。结果表明:涡发生器的引入能显著提高气膜冷却性能,面平均气膜有效度最高提升达249%;不带涡发生器结构的气膜冷却性能随吹风比及射流角增大均呈现降低趋势;20°和30°射流角情况,带涡发生器结构的气膜冷却性能随吹风比增大而逐渐增大,而对于40°射流角则反之;M=0.5情况下,带涡发生器结构的气膜冷却性能随射流角增大而略微增大,在M=1.5情况下,规律相反,而在M=1.0情况下,射流角度基本无影响。     

逆向射流多斜孔气膜冷却的数值模拟

为了使航空燃气轮机燃烧室在高于燃烧室材料许用温度的前提下能够正常工作,需对燃烧室内壁采取冷却措施,并对变吹风比和变角度下的逆向射流多斜孔气膜冷却进行了数值模拟。在贴体坐标下划分网格,采用k-ε模型模拟湍流流动,求解气膜冷却过程的数学模型。分别改变逆向射流同主流的夹角,使其为20°、30°、45°和60,°改变吹风比的变化范围为0.5到1.5等多种条件下,对多斜孔气膜冷却效果进行了数值模拟。在所研究的范围内得到了符合规律的结论。研究结果表明,当吹风比不变的情况下,减小逆向射流角度,用有效温比表示的冷却效果相应提高。当逆向射流角度不变时,增加吹风比,冷却效果也相应提高。     

喷射角对涡轮叶栅端壁气膜冷却的气动影响

在大尺寸低速平面叶栅风洞中,对前缘上游有单排气膜孔的涡轮导向叶栅端壁气膜冷却进行了气动实验。在喷射角25°,35°和45°以及吹风比1,2,3下详细测量了叶栅通道中的三维流场,得到了全速度和二次流速度分布,并由此计算了二次流动能的大小。着重研究了喷射角对端壁气膜冷却的气动特性和对叶栅通道中特别是端壁附近的流场结构的影响。数据表明减小喷射角度可以减小通道涡的强度和尺寸,使冷气射流核心更贴近壁面,但同时也明显地增大了壁面附近的气流速度。在高吹风比下,35°喷射时射流将冷气输运到压力边的能力比25°喷射和45°喷射都要强。     

污染物沉积和热障涂层脱落对气膜冷却效率影响的数值研究

污染物沉积到有热障涂层的涡轮叶片上之后,会导致叶片表面状况的改变,进而影响气膜冷却效率。为分析影响规律,利用三维数值计算研究了3种典型情况下的气膜冷却特性:污染物沉积、热障涂层脱落及气膜孔堵塞,并得到了吹风比的影响规律。研究结果表明,平板气膜冷却吹风比为0.5时,冷却效果最佳;在发生沉积和堵塞后,气膜孔附近产生的反旋涡对会削弱沉积和堵塞后的气膜冷却效率,沉积高度增加会强化这种削弱效果;由于在沉积情况下高吹风比会诱导出正向旋涡使得气膜贴近壁面,因此随着吹风比增大,气膜冷却效果增强;因涂层脱落而在孔下游产生的裂纹在低吹风比时会降低冷却效率,高吹风比时改进冷却效果,使得最佳吹风比由0.5上升到0.7左右;气膜孔堵塞会降低冷却效率,使得气膜更易脱离壁面。      

次孔方位角对单入口-双出口孔射流气膜冷却效率影响

为了探讨次孔方位角对单入口-双出口孔射流气膜冷却效率的影响,利用商业软件提供的有限体积法求解Navier-Stokes方程,对次孔方位角分别为30°,45°,60°和90°的单入口-双出口孔射流冷却效率进行数值模拟.吹风比变化范围为0.5~2.0.研究了流场、气膜冷却效率和径向平均气膜冷却效率的变化规律.结果表明,相对于圆柱孔,单入口-双出口孔射流气膜冷却效率明显改进.基于气膜冷却效率的最佳次孔方位角度为45°,高于圆柱孔射流气膜冷却效率300%.吹风比越大,次孔方位角对气膜冷却效率的影响越明显.      

射流角度对姊妹孔气膜冷却效果影响实验研究

为了分析主孔与侧孔射流角度对逆向射流姊妹孔平板模型气膜冷却效率影响,采用压力敏感漆(PSP)技术对单孔顺流与5种姊妹孔在四种吹风比(BR)下的绝热气膜冷却效率进行研究。结果表明姊妹孔在所有吹风比下气膜冷却效果均优于单个圆孔正向射流。低吹风比(BR=0.5)时,姊妹孔气膜冷却效果相近,但顺流姊妹孔气膜冷却效果最佳;中吹风比(BR=1)、高吹风比(BR=1.5,2)下,侧孔顺流的逆向射流姊妹孔气膜冷却效果最佳,相比于单孔射流的面平均气膜冷却效率可提高366%,677%,727%。逆向射流可令姊妹孔获得更高的气膜覆盖率,具有复合角度的侧孔射流可在低、中吹风比下增加逆流姊妹孔的展向气膜覆盖率,但在高吹风比下,对姊妹孔下游流向气膜冷却效果产生较差影响。     

收缩型双射流孔气膜冷却特性与损失机理

在兼顾气膜冷却效率的条件下,为了降低气膜冷却带来的气动损失,采用数值模拟的方法研究了双射流孔和收缩型双射流孔的气膜冷却特性。对比分析了不同吹风比（0.5～2.0）工况下气膜冷却效率和损失分布规律。结果表明：当吹风比高于1.0时,收缩型双射流孔促进冷气横向发展,冷却效率提高;当吹风比增加到2.0时,收缩型双射流孔可以防止冷气吹离壁面。与双射流孔相比,收缩型双射流孔入口冷气均匀加速,消除了孔内低速区造成的堵塞,流场趋于均匀,孔内损失明显降低,从而整体上降低了气膜冷却引起的总压损失。     

涡轮叶片前缘气膜冷却数值模拟

对具有双排气膜孔的涡轮叶片前缘进行了气膜冷却数值模拟,在吹风比M为0.5,1.0的情况下得到了相邻两排孔的流场和气膜冷却效率的分布规律,并将计算结果与实验进行了对比分析.结果表明:①在不同的吹风比下,两排孔的冷气射流运动非常复杂,冷却效率沿流向的分布都是非线性的;在M为1.0时,25°的小角度喷射气膜冷却效果较好.②利用两层k-ε湍流模型比传统的k-ε湍流模型数值预测的精确度高,可较好地模拟叶片前缘的气膜冷却特性.      

带锥形扩张支孔射流气膜冷却效率数值模拟

 为了探讨由圆柱孔和锥形支孔组成的双出口孔射流气膜冷却特性,利用商业软件对气膜冷却下的流场和温度场进行三维数值模拟。主流雷诺数为10 000,吹风比变化范围为0.5~2.0。计算得到了冷却效率云图、冷却效率径向平均值以及近壁面处流场和温度场分布。研究结果表明,圆柱形孔射流的冷却效率数值模拟结果和实验数据吻合得非常好,双出口孔射流的冷却效率相对于圆柱形孔射流的冷却效率明显提高,径向分布非常均匀。双出口孔射流的流动结构和单圆柱孔射流的流动结构明显不同。随着吹风比的增加,冷却效率增大。基于冷却效率的最佳吹风比为1.5。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.