开缝空腔抑制翼型跨声速抖振的数值模拟

采用非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(URANS)方法计算了18%双圆弧翼型的跨声速抖振特性,分析了翼面激波振荡及流场结构演化的特点,研究了在翼型表面开通气空腔抑制跨声速抖振的可行性,对空腔深度、开缝数目对激波振荡的抑制效果进行了对比分析。计算发现,18%双圆弧翼型的跨声速激波自激振荡只有向前的运动,没有向后的运动,开缝空腔能够抑制翼型跨声速抖振,但对抖振频率影响不大;空腔深度大,抑制效果好,但空腔深度变化对振荡频率影响不大;开2、3、4个槽缝抑制抖振的效果差别不大,开缝数量对抖振频率影响不大。     

固定转捩在改善振荡来流下低雷诺数翼型气动性能中的应用

低雷诺数下,翼型表面易于出现的分离转捩现象会降低翼型的气动性能,采用数值计算方法探讨了固定转捩在改善低雷诺数下翼型气动性能中的应用。定常来流下,雷诺数为4×104时,在翼型E387上表面自由转捩位置之前的一定位置处使翼型固定转捩,计算结果表明分离区减小了,升力系数和升阻比明显提高。振荡来流下,雷诺数在8×104的50%范围内变化时,分别计算了NACA4412在0°迎角和E387在3°迎角时自由转捩及在60%弦长处固定转捩的升阻特性,结果显示自由转捩的翼型当雷诺数减小时,性能急剧恶化,而采用固定转捩的翼型受其影响要小得多,具有更加稳定的气动性能。     

考虑转捩影响的翼型动态失速数值模拟

用数值求解雷诺平均NS方程的方法来对考虑转捩影响的中低雷诺数下振荡翼型动态失速进行数值模拟,计算中采用了k-ω SST两方程湍流模式,并加入Chen-Thyson转捩模型来模拟流动中的转捩效应.采用该方法分别对雷诺数Re=1.35×105和Re=7.7×104情况下NACA0012翼型的动态失速进行了数值模拟.计算结果显示:计算出的翼型动态失速气动力系数迟滞曲线与实测结果符合较好;对于Re=7.7×104的工况,实测的升力系数迟滞曲线中出现了高频振荡,计算结果有效地捕捉到了这一流动现象,并通过分析瞬时流线的计算结果揭示出尾缘涡的涡脱落是引起该高频振荡的主要原因.此外,通过数值计算分析了中低雷诺数下减缩频率对升力系数迟滞曲线的影响,从结果中看到,随着减缩频率的增加,翼型的失速攻角值会增加,升力系数峰值会增加;当减缩频率减小时,升力系数曲线中的高频振荡频率会增加.通过进一步计算分析知,升力曲线中高频振荡的产生不仅取决于减缩频率,还取决于流动的雷诺数,只有在中低雷诺数、较小的减缩频率下翼型动态失速的升力迟滞曲线中才有可能出现高频振荡.     

超临界翼型低雷诺数流动分析及优化设计

以高空长航时无人机(UAV)翼型研究为背景,对超临界RAE2822翼型在高空高亚声速下的低雷诺数气动特性进行了数值模拟及优化设计研究。采用求解雷诺平均N-S方程的有限体积法,对典型低雷诺数下RAE2822翼型绕流进行数值模拟,验证了SST k-ω湍流模型的可靠性和准确性;基于不同高度不同雷诺数下RAE2822翼型的计算气动力对比分析,研究了高度增大所带来的低雷诺数效应;通过对低雷诺数下超临界翼型表面流场结构及流动机理的详细分析,提出了一种弱化激波的翼型设计思想,并通过优化算例验证了该思想的可行性。     

平均攻角和振幅对振荡翼型气动特性的影响

采用一种基于k-ωSST模型和γ-θ转捩模型的雷诺平均N-S方程数值方法,对雷诺数Re=1.35×105下的NACA0012振荡翼型和静态翼型非定常流场和升力特性进行模拟,在缩减频率K=0.1的条件下研究了翼型振荡运动中平均攻角和振幅对平均升力系数的影响,并与静态翼型的升力特性及实验结果进行了对比。结果表明:当平均攻角小于临界攻角时,翼型的振荡运动会降低平均升力系数,当平均攻角大于临界攻角同时最小攻角小于临界攻角时,翼型的振荡可以提高平均升力系数。在平均攻角为12°~17°时,翼型振幅为6°左右时可获得最大平均升力系数,与静态翼型相比,平均升力系数可提高30%~45.7%。当振荡过程中最小攻角对应静态翼型轻失速攻角时,翼型上仰阶段前缘涡的产生和集中涡的稳定附着是平均升力系数大幅度阶跃式提升的原因,静态翼型与振荡翼型的组合可提高升力并拓宽攻角范围。     

高超声速尖锥边界层压力脉动和热流脉动特性试验

高频脉动热流是激波风洞研究高超声速边界层转捩的重要测试量,利用尖锥模型在中国空气动力研究与发展中心?2 m激波风洞(FD-14A)内开展来流马赫数10、单位雷诺数分别为1.2×107/m、4.7×106/m、2.4×106/m流场条件下的风洞试验.获得了不同工况和流态条件下尖锥模型边界层热流脉动和压力脉动频谱特性,通过...     

S1223翼型低雷诺数下分离泡及气动特性

采用表面测压技术,测量了低雷诺数下(Re=6.0×104、1.0×105、2.0×105)S1223翼型的表面压力分布,通过时均化处理及瞬态处理方法,分别获得了翼型稳态和瞬态压力系数、升力系数,分析了流场结构随雷诺数及攻角的变化规律,研究了雷诺数及攻角对翼型升力的影响机理.结果表明,从时均升力系数随攻角的变化规律来看,...     

后缘发散翼型在宽体客机机翼设计中的应用

用计算流体力学手段,研究了在宽体客机机翼剖面上施加后缘发散修形设计可获得的收益.提出了一种使用幂函数表达扰动量的后缘发散修形设计方法,使用该方法研究了扰动幂次和后缘厚度对超临界翼型气动性能的影响规律,并对比了雷诺数4×106和2×107下后缘厚度对翼型阻力、力矩影响的差异.研究结果表明,后缘厚度是后缘发散翼型的关键参数,相同后缘厚度下雷诺数2×107的减阻效果不及雷诺数4×106.雷诺数2×107下,考虑跨声速减阻、亚声速增阻和低头力矩等因素后,后缘厚度取3‰c左右较为有利.尝试了后缘发散设计的两种应用思路,一是用来换取翼型厚度增加,二是用来调整机翼载荷分布.在翼型设计应用中,发现后缘厚度增加2‰c的修形量可使得最大相对厚度10.2％的超临界翼型在厚度放大到11.5％后仍具有不低于初始的升阻性能.在某宽体客机机翼方案上应用内翼1‰c和外翼2‰c的后缘厚度增量后,机翼-机身-短舱-吊挂构型可获得超过2?counts(1?count?=?阻力系数0.0001)的阻力下降,而不付出机翼厚度和阻力发散性能代价.     

雷诺数对增升装置流动特性影响的计算研究Ⅱ——缝道流动特性

在1×106~30×106的雷诺数范围内,马赫数为0.197的情况下,计算并分析了NHLP-2D多段翼型的缝道流动规律,提出了依据缝道出口速度分布定义名义边界层厚度δ/c的方法。研究发现,δ/c随雷诺数的增大而单调减小,且减小速度随雷诺数的增大而明显减缓,符合雷诺数对边界层的影响规律,说明本文定义的δ/c可用于多段翼型边界层厚度的定量研究。对于缝翼缝道,主翼壁面处的δ/c高于缝翼尾缘处的,且二者随迎角的变化规律相反。襟翼缝道处于主翼的强下洗流场中,襟翼上的δ/c随迎角几乎不变。当1×106≤Re≤2×106时,缝道边界层总厚度δT/c随雷诺数有明显的变化,当Re≥3×106时,δT/c随雷诺数的变化率减小。本文研究范围内,δT/c都没有严格地进入雷诺数自准区。当Re≥15×106时,δT/c随雷诺数接近线性变化趋势,为雷诺数规律的外推提供了参考。     

湍流度对低雷诺数翼型气动特性的影响研究

为研究湍流度对低雷诺数翼型气动特性的影响,采用经过风洞试验验证的基于γ-(Reθt)转捩模型的RANS数值模拟方法,针对典型低雷诺数翼型E387,选取不同雷诺数/湍流度状态开展了对比分析.研究结果表明,湍流度对翼型气动特性的影响十分显著且规律较为复杂.高湍流度可以在一定状态下使升阻比大幅提升,显著改善低雷诺数翼型的气动...     

A methodology for simulating 2D shock-induced dynamic stall at flight test-based fluctuating freestream

A comprehensive methodology for simulating 2 D dynamic stall at fluctuating freestream is proposed in this paper.2 D CFD simulation of a SC1095 airfoil exposed to a fluctuating freestream of Mach number 0.537 ± 0.205 and Reynolds number 6.1 × 10~6(based on the mean Mach number) and undergoing a 10° ± 10° pitch oscillation with a frequency of 4.25 Hz was conducted.These conditions were selected to be representative of the flow experienced by a helicopter rotor airfoil section in a real-life fast forward flight.Both constant freestream dynamic stall as well as fluctuating freestream dynamic stall simulations were conducted and compared.The methodology was carefully validated with experimental data for both transonic flow and dynamic stall under fluctuating freestream.Overall, the results suggest that the fluctuating freestream alters the dynamic stall mechanism documented for constant freestream in a major way, emphasizing that inclusion of this effect in the prediction of dynamic stall related rotor loads is imperative for rotor performance analysis and blades design.     

Effects of surface roughness on the aerodynamic performance of a high subsonic compressor airfoil at low Reynolds number

The aerodynamic performance of compressor airfoil is significantly affected by the surface roughness at low Reynolds number (Re). In the present study, numerical simulations have been conducted to investigate the impact of surface roughness on the profile loss of a high subsonic compressor airfoil at Re = 1.5 × 10⁵. Four roughness locations, covering 10%, 30%, 50% and 100% of the suction surface from the leading edge and seven roughness magnitudes (R_a) ranging from 52 to 525 μm were selected. Results showed that the surface roughness mainly determined the loss generation process by influencing the structure of the Laminar Separation Bubble (LSB) and the turbulence level near the wall. For all the roughness locations, the variation trend for the profile loss with the roughness magnitude was similar. In the transitionally rough region, the negative displacement effect of the LSB was suppressed with the increase of roughness magnitude, leading to a maximum decrease of 14.6%, 16.04%, 16.45% and 10.20% in the profile loss at R_a = 157 μm for the four roughness locations, respectively. However, with a further increase of the roughness magnitude in the fully rough region, the stronger turbulent dissipation enhanced the growth rate of the turbulent boundary layer and increased the profile loss instead. By comparison, the leading edge roughness played a dominant role in the boundary layer development and performance variation. To take fully advantage of the surface roughness reducing profile loss at low Re, the effects of roughness on suppressing LSB and inducing strong turbulent dissipation should be balanced effectively.     

Behavior of wake vortices near the ground over a large range of Reynolds numbers

Numerical simulations based on the two-dimensional vorticity-stream function formulation are used to investigate the behavior of wake vortices near the ground over a wide Reynolds number range and to determine the maximum height the primary vortices reach far downstream of the lifting wing. All cases within the studied Reynolds number range (3 · 10² ≤ Re_Γ ≤ 3 · 10⁶) show the separation of boundary layer vorticity from the ground, the formation of vortices in the separation region and one or several rebounds of the primary vortex pair. The amount of circulation produced within the boundary layer shows only minor variations, while an increasing Reynolds number results in an increasing number of generated vortices with decreasing circulation. The minimum altitude of the primary vortex pair increases with a decreasing Reynolds number, while the maximum altitude far downstream does not show a regular dependence on the Reynolds number. For all Reynolds numbers the maximum altitude of the primary vortices far downstream is smaller than 3.1 times their initial spacing. This result is confirmed by theoretical deductions yielding an upper limit for the maximum altitude of the primary vortices after several rebounds.     

翼型近尾迹流动的PIV研究—运动学特性

利用在线式PIV系统(ParticleImageVelocimetry),在低速风洞中对NACA0012翼型在雷诺数2.39×105,0°和4°攻角下的近尾迹流动进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,在较高的雷诺数下翼型近尾迹流动是一种以旋涡的运动学和动力学特性为主导的湍流剪切流。在测量范围内,翼型的尾缘处是近尾迹涡街的形成区;尾缘后0.5倍弦长的区域存在类似于卡门涡街的有序结构,是旋涡发展区域,旋涡具有较好的稳定性;距翼型尾缘0.5倍弦长至1倍弦长的区域,是翼型近尾迹流动由有序走向无序区域,旋涡开始破裂。翼型表面边界层对翼型近尾迹湍流剪切流的演化有重要影响。实验结果还给出了近尾迹流动的平均速度、湍流强度和剪切应变变化率,以及速度脉动量的二阶关联量u'u',u'v'和v'v' 的分布。      

A thorough experimental investigation of shock/shock interferences in high Mach number flows

The Types III and IV interference flows, as defined by Edney, and corresponding heat transfer distributions were investigated experimentally. The model consists of a cylindrically blunted plate and a wedge serving as an oblique shock generator. The ‘thin wall’ technique was used for heat transfer measurements on the cylinder surface. These experiments were carried out in the TsAGI short duration wind tunnel UT-1 at Mach numbers 6 and 16 in air and at Mach number 6.6 in carbon dioxide. The Reynolds number based on the plate bluntness diameter was varied in the range 2.2×10⁴ to 1.6×10⁶. Tests of the cylinder alone (without the wedge) at Mach number 6 and for different Reynolds numbers revealed an influence of incoming disturbances on the stagnation line heat transfer. The influence of the impinging shock location on the interference heat transfer was carefully investigated. Systematic calculations of inviscid flow at Mach number 6 were also performed. Estimations of the maximum interference heat transfer rate, based on these calculations and a boundary layer approach, compare well with the data. Influence of the specific heat ratio on the interference flow was studied. These experiments and calculations revealed important features of interference flow patterns and heat transfer distributions.     

低雷诺数效应对某可控扩散叶型性能的影响

为研究雷诺数效应对叶栅流动的影响,对某可控扩散叶型的平面叶栅流动进行数值模拟,计算在叶弦雷诺数分别为1×106,7.7×104,1.6×104,7.2×103和3.4×103条件下的不同攻角的流动情况,研究雷诺数对叶栅总压损失系数和攻角特性的影响。对叶栅性能和流场特性进行了分析,结果表明随着雷诺数的降低,叶栅流动的总压损失系数不断上升,低损失攻角范围逐步减小。      

Aircraft with outboard horizontal stabilizers,history, current status,development potential

The potential of using outboard horizontal stabilizers (OHS) to reduce aircraft drag, and hence improve fuel economy, was investigated historically, experimentally and theoretically. The feasibility of OHS configurations on the basis of the structural stress levels expected was also studied. The findings of the work showed that from simple, low Reynolds number, wind-tunnel tests, at a wing-chord-based Reynolds number of approximately 6×10⁴ and also from theoretical analyses for a higher Reynolds number of 9×10⁶, lift/drag (L/D) value increases in the region of 40–50% for wing and tail surfaces can be expected relative to corresponding values for conventional aircraft. When account is taken of fuselage and tail-support boom drag, the expected overall L/D increase is in the region of 30–35%. The analytical stress-level work showed that contrary to what, on a first thought basis, might be expected, there were no major stress problems. Flight tests at the University of Calgary, and by others elsewhere, employing radio-controlled, powered, model aircraft (i.e. UAVs) showed that aircraft of the OHS type were easily controlled in flight and were stable. An examination was made of additional areas that may contribute yet further to the development of the OHS concept.     

重型燃气轮机高雷诺数CDA叶型转捩特性数值计算

为研究重型燃气轮机的压气机叶片在高雷诺数工况下的气动性能,基于Gamma-Theta转捩模型的雷诺时均方程对某可 控扩散叶型进行了数值计算。通过对比不控制马赫数与控制马赫数,分析高雷诺数对可控扩散叶型气动性能及转捩特性的影响。 结果表明：在不控制马赫数条件下,在零攻角时,雷诺数从7×10 5 增大为9×10 5 ,总压损失增加了约391.95%;在高雷诺数工况下随 着雷诺数的增大,叶片流动损失不断增大,叶片可用攻角范围减小,同时在叶片吸力面出现激波,干扰转捩的产生。在控制马赫数 条件下,当Ma=0.6时,在零攻角工况下,雷诺数从8.2×10 5 增大为1×10 7 ,总压损失减小了约38.98%,吸力面转捩起始点从4.78%弦 长处前移至1.11%弦长处;在高雷诺数工况下,叶片流动损失随着雷诺数的增大不断减小,吸力面转捩位置前移。     

多相等离子体气动激励抑制翼型失速分离的实验

开展了多相等离子体气动激励抑制NACA0015翼型失速分离的实验,详细研究了翼型升阻特性随激励电压、激励相角、输入电压波形和占空比等激励参数的影响.研究表明:雷诺数Re=4.9×105(来流速度60m/s)时,多相等离子体气动激励可有效抑制NACA0015翼型吸力面的流动分离,将翼型临界失速攻角提高2°;相位对流动控制...