Bit Synchronization for Phase-Noncoherent Reception of Binary FSK Signals

The optimum (maximum likelihood criterion) bit synchronizer for phase-noncoherent reception of binary FSK signals is found and a suboptimum implementation of it is derived. The performance of this circuit is analyzed in the presence of thermal noise, and the expression of the timing jitter variance is obtained in the case of relatively large signal-to-noise ratios.     

Multi-h CPM遥测信号的定时频率联合估计技术

针对Multi-h CPM（Multi-h Continue Phase Modulation,多指数连续相位调制）遥测接收机的符号定时和载波频率同步问题,在分析MLSD（Maximum-likelihood Sequence Detection,最大似然序列检测）度量值是符号定时偏差和频率偏差的凸函数的基础上,提出一种基于迟/早门和升/降频门的符号定时和频率同步联合估计算法,通过似然值比较,对符号定时偏差和频率偏差进行迭代估计;并对该算法进行仿真,得到不同参数下的同步性能,给出同步参数选择建议.仿真结果表明：将该算法应用到Multi-h CPM遥测系统中,可实现低信噪比信号的快捕和高精度同步.     

Performance of pulse-pair method of Doppler estimation

Because of its simplicity, the pulse-pair method is usually used in the estimation of Doppler from backscattered acoustic signals. In the literature, various improvements to the basic pulse-pair estimate have been proposed. The statistics of these improved methods have also been derived using simplified assumptions for the signal and noise. By developing a multiplicative noise model for the backscatter signal, in this work, the variance of the Doppler estimate is derived under all signal scenarios. The dependency of the variance on the amplitude correlation length of the data is also discussed. It is demonstrated that the use of parabolic window in the estimate is the proper method of Doppler evaluation under all conditions     

An Optimum Phase Synchronizer in a Partially Coherent Receiver

The derivation and the statistical properties of the maximum a posteriori probability phase estimator of a sinusoidal signal in white Gaussian noise are considered. The probability density function of the phase estimate is developed. The estimator efficiency and performance as a phase synchronizer in a partially coherent receiver are calculated and compared with a first-order phase-locked loop phase estimator.     

An Adaptive Threshold System for Nonstationary Noise Backgrounds

The problem of detecting target signals in an ocean environment using active sonar is complicated by the nonstationary background which usually consists of both ambient ocean noise and reverberation. on. In this paper a signal processing system capable of detecting a signal in nonstationary noise is introduced. This system makes use of the mean and variance time functions of the nonstationary noise background in order to design estimation filters which will cope with the nonstationarity. Appropriate statistics of the noise and signal (tone burst) plus noise have been obtained and are used to determine the probabilities of false alarm and detection and the receiver operating characteristics.     

GPS小波去噪的误差方差建模技术与试验

如何消除GPS观测数据的噪声以提高定位精度并估算消噪信号的误差方差对工程测量具有重要意义。在介绍小波多尺度分析的基础上,推导了在小波多尺度分析巾平滑信号误差的理论方差模型。并通过实际的GPS单点静态定位试验给予验证。试验结果表明,该方法在有效消除噪声的同时,计算得到的各尺度平滑信号的误差方差与理论方差模型基本一致。     

一种改进的数字滤波平方定时的频域算法

在数字滤波平方定时的频域算法基础上,采用了前端进行带通滤波和后端实施卡尔曼滤波的处理方法对其进行改进。带通滤波器减小了定时误差估计的方差,而卡尔曼滤波则降低了整个定时误差估计过程中噪声的影响。实验与仿真的结果表明,改进后的方法达到了预期的效果。     

A Delay-Lock Loop for Tracking Pulsed-Envelope Signals

A sampled-data delay-lock loop (SDDLL) which tracks the arrival time of a biphase modulated, pulsed-envelope RF signal is described. A pseudo-noise (PN) code generator is used as the modulation source as in conventional delay-lock loop tracking devices. Time base shifting of the loop's local clock is performed by digital means. The technique permits the use of a stable-frequency clock to maintain accurate timing between timing correction instants. An expression is derived for the standard deviation of the timing error due to additive Gaussian noise at the SDDLL input. Experimental results are then given which include the effects of control-system quantization error on timing jitter. Assuming that the errors due to input noise and quantized timing corrections are independent and additive, the theoretical and experimental results agree to within approximately one decibel.     

Estimation techniques for GMSK using linear detectors in satellite communications

This paper describes data-aided signal level and noise variance estimators for Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) when the observations are limited to the output of a filter matched to the first pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) pulse in the equivalent PAM representation. The estimators are based on the maximum likelihood (ML) principle and assume burst-mode transmission with known timing and a block of L₀ known bits. While it is well known that ML estimators are asymptotically unbiased and efficient, the analysis quantifies the rate at which the estimators approach these asymptotic properties. It is shown that the carrier phase, amplitude, and noise variance estimators are unbiased and can achieve their corresponding Cramer-Rao bounds with modest combinations of signal-to-noise ratio and observation length. The estimates are used to estimate the signal-to-noise ratio. It is shown that the mean squared error performance of the ratio increases with signal-to-noise ratio while the mean squared error performance of the ratio in decibels decreases with signal-to-noise ratio. Simulation results are provided to confirm the accuracy of the analytic results.     

Some Matched Filter Configurations for Infrared Systems

An analysis of the output of three alternative matched filter configurations in an infrared scanning system model is presented. The sensor is corrupted by thermal noise, generation-recombination noise, photon noise, and modulation noise, the latter providing an extreme discoloration in the signal passband. Expressions for the signal voltage density spectrum, signal pulse shape, noise power spectrum, and average noise power at the matched filter output are derived where the integral evaluations attendant to these derivations do not appear elsewhere in the literature. The paper also provides graphical displays of the signal-to-noise power ratio at the filter output versus various system parameters, noise power spectrum out of the matched filter versus ?, and the signal pulse shape out of the filter versus time. Also included are discussions of practically realizable approximations to the matched filters and curve fitting techniques for the signal pulse shape function.     

Temporally staggered sensors in multi-sensor target tracking systems

For a multi-sensor target tracking system, the effects of temporally staggered sensors on system performance are investigated and compared with those of synchronous sensors. To capture system performance over time, a new metric, the average estimation error variance (AEV), is proposed. For a system that has N sensors with equal measurement noise variance, numerical results show that the optimal staggering pattern is to use N uniformly staggered sensors. We have also shown analytically that the AEV of the system with N uniformly staggered sensors is always smaller than that of the system with N synchronous sensors. For sensors with different measurement noise variances, the optimal staggering pattern can be found numerically. Practical guidelines on selecting the optimal staggering pattern have been presented for different target tracking scenarios. Due to its simplicity, uniform staggering can be used as an alternative scheme with relatively small performance degradation.     

The Effect of Hard Limiting an Angle-Modulated Signal Plus Noise

The effect of hard limiting an angle-modulated signal plus narrow-band Gaussian noise is analyzed. Several examples are considered?sinusoidal angle modulation, Gaussian angle modulation, and biphase angle modulation. The general conclusion is that when a zonal band-pass filter is used, which rejects dc and second harmonics, an angle-modulated signal plus Gaussian noise provides the same output signal-to-noise ratio as shown by Davenport for a CW signal plus Gaussian noise. However, when a narrow bandpass filter is used, which has a bandwidth approximately equal to the input angle-modulated signal, an angle-modulated signal plus Gaussian noise has a better output signal-to-noise ratio than a CW signal plus Gaussian noise.     

基于任意传感器排布的叶尖定时信号压缩感知辨识方法

基于叶片振动和叶尖计时系统的特点,推导了任意传感器角度分布下叶片振动响应的分布规律,并基于叶尖定时信号频域的稀疏性,探究了压缩感知方法在叶尖定时信号的重构和倍频辨识上的应用。通过同步信号和非同步信号的大量数值实验,分析了包括信号重构误差、传感器数量、旋转周期数、频率分辨率和信噪比等因素对辨识效果的影响,提出了压缩感知重构叶尖定时信号的基本方法和步骤。进一步将压缩感知方法应用于某型号涡扇发动机钛合金宽弦风扇叶片有限元仿真获得的振动响应数据重构,验证了该方法的有效性。结果表明:在加入了叶尖测点位置误差和30 dB随机噪声的前提下,在80%、90%和100%三种转速工况下均清晰辨识出幅值较大的激励倍频。基于任意传感器角度分布的压缩感知方法对叶尖定时信号辨识效果较好。     

Noise factor and antenna gains in the signal/noise equation for over-the-horizon radar

A recommended form of the signal-to-noise equation that includes both internal and external system noise and signal/noise processing losses is discussed. The recommended form conforms to the internationally accepted definition of system operating noise factor but is extended to include signal/noise processing. The predetection signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a radar or communication system is proportional to the power gain of the transmit antenna and the directive gain of the receive antenna, and is inversely proportional to the operating noise factor of the receiving system. The operating noise factor is approximately equal to the product of the external noise factor and the signal/noise processing factor when the system is external noise limited, as is usually the case for over-the-horizon (OTH) radar.<>     

基于信号完整性的PCB设计一般规则

随着在计算机、通信系统、视频系统和网络系统中开发的时钟频率和数据速率越来越高,信号完整性正变得愈发重要。在当前的高工作频率下,影响信号上升时间、脉宽、定时、抖动或噪声的任何事物都会影响整个系统的可靠性。本文概要地介绍了基于信号完整性分析的PCB设计一般规则。     

Now You See It, Now You Don't

The signal enhancement properties of a single-loop delayline integrator (DLI) are derived for operation in the presence of correlated noise. The signal is assumed periodic with a period equal to the delay of the DLI and present only for a finite time interval. The noise is assumed additive, zero mean, statistically independent from the signal, and present for an infinite time. The noise also is assumed covariance stationary with a specified auto correlation function. Enhancement is defined as the ratio of the increase in average signal power to the increase in average noise power due to integration. The results are general in that the enhancement is derived in terms of the autocorrelation coefficients of the input noise. Plots of enhancement versus number of signal observations and feedback gain are shown for uncorrelated and exponentially correlated noise. The plots show graphically the optimum choices of feedback gain and number of signal observations for a specified auto correlation function and signal observation time. When strongly correlated noise, characteristic of 10-GHz backscatter from salt flats at low incidence angles, rather than uncorrelated noise is assumed present at the input of the DLI, an example, using DLI parameters typical of modern airborne radars, shows a degradation in the maximum achievable enhancement of 9 dB.     

Limitations of radiometer performance in spherically invariantnoise

The radiometer is a common method for detection of unknown signals in noise. Most analyses of radiometer performance are based on assumptions of stationary Gaussian noise with known marginal statistics. In this note, we use a spherically invariant noise model to derive simple expressions for radiometer performance degradation in noise variance uncertainty. Numerical examples are provided to show that channel uncertainty imposes a substantial penalty in detection performance     

Detection of Known Signals in Nonstationary Noise

The basic design of a nonlinear, time-invariant filter is postulated for detecting signal pulses of known shape imbedded in nonstationary noise. The noise is a sample function of a Gaussian random process whose statistics are approximately constant during the length of a signal pulse. The parameters of the filter are optimized to maximize the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The resulting nonlinear filter has the interesting property of approximating the performance of an adaptive filter in that it weights each frequency band of each input pulse by a factor that depends on the instantaneous noise power spectrum present at that time. The SNR at the output of the nonlinear filter is compared to that at the output of a matched filter. The relative performance of the nonlinear system is good when the signal pulses have large time-bandwidth products and the instantaneous noise power spectrum is colored in the signal pass band.     

Phase-Locked Loop Behavior near Threshold

The phase-locked loop behavior is analyzed following the quasilinearization Booton's method. When the loop is locked on an unmodulated input signal with a static phase error, the phase detector nonlinearity produces an interaction between the static phase error and the voltage-controlled-oscillator (VCO) noise phase fluctuations. Formulas allowing one to compute the static phase error increase and the VCO phase variance increase are derived. When the input signal is phase modulated, there is an interaction between the static phase error, the VCO noise phase fluctuations, and the input signal phase modulation. Formulas are obtained that allow one to compute the loop loss of performances (static phase error increase and VCO phase variance increase) and the coherent phase demodulator output signal-to-noise ratio decrease. Finally, a slight modification to Booton's procedure is proposed, leading to results in better agreement with experimental data.     

Narrowband interference suppression in impulsive channels

Suppression algorithms are developed first for a channel containing only impulsive background noise and then for a channel containing a spread-spectrum signal as well. These algorithms are based on nonlinear filters that produce predictions of the interfering signals that are then subtracted from the received signal to suppress the interference. Several such filters, including both fixed and adaptive ones, are proposed and compared using extensive computer simulations. The independence of the filtering procedures from the noise distribution shape, given constant second-order statistics, is shown