Towards a European vision for space exploration: Recommendations of the Space Advisory Group of the European Commission

As a result of increasing public and political interest in ‘space’ (i.e. solar system) exploration at the global scale, the Space Advisory Group of the European Commission has evaluated the situation in Europe with regard to its potential to participate in this ambitious global enterprise. Aspects of science, technology, environment and safety, society, spin-offs and international cooperation were all considered. The group concluded that Europe possesses sufficient key technologies and scientific expertise to play a major role in international space exploration and has recommended that the EU take a central role to ensure the success of future European space exploration, not only to give a clear political signal for the way forward but also to ensure an appropriate financial framework. In this way Europe would embrace the spirit of the European Space Policy and contribute to the knowledge-based society by investing significantly in space-based science and technology, thereby playing a strong role in international space exploration.     

Refocusing European missile defence

The 11th RUSI Missile Defence Conference was held in London, 26-27 May 2010. Anders Hansson reports on some of the main themes to emerge, including the fact that the fields of space and nuclear missiles are becoming more closely entwined, the need for China to be more involved in discussions on missile defence, the need to distinguish capabilities from intent, and the fact that the all-too-short window for formulating new rules for orbital management must be opened now.     

Space exploration policy: Towards an operational vision

This article examines the historical and social context of space exploration policy. It seeks to reconcile a contradiction between the visionary grandeur of space and public perceptions of space exploration as the province of a narrowly-focused political interest group. The author argues that perceptions of the space age are artificially restricted by dating its origins to Sputnik and Apollo and allowing it to be dominated by science and technology objectives devoid of a more encompassing social framework. Guiding principles for developing space exploration activities in a broader conceptual and operational framework are offered.     

Conference round-up: Space,defence and trips to the Moon

What are the trends in missile defence, the perceptions of space and defence in society and the now emergent commercial human spaceflight industry? Europe seems stuck in a financial rut and unable to fashion a united approach, the USA and Russia have not acknowledged the need to understand the issues in a context broader than that of a bilateral debate over the intentions of Iran, and a growing number of companies is getting serious about taking paying customers into space. This report covers the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) Missile Defence Conference 2012; the RUSI Defence, Industries and Society Conference 2012 and the third European Space Tourism Conference held at the Royal Aeronautical Society in July, all in London.     

欧洲航天的发动机--法国斯奈克玛公司

法国国营飞机发动机研究制造公司 (SNECMA,简称斯奈克玛公司 )是一家航空航天动力装置研制生产厂家 ,在欧洲航天推进领域起着举足轻重的作用。它承担了欧洲阿里安 1～ 4型火箭各级以及液体助推器所用的推进系统的设计和研制工作 ,为阿里安火箭在世界商业发射市场上抢占领头羊的位置起到了至关重要的作用。到 1999年 6月为止 ,由 6种型号组成的阿里安 4型火箭已生产了 12 0多枚。在新一代阿里安 5重型运载火箭项目中 ,该公司负责研制生产低温主级的推进系统。阿里安 5所用的 MPS固体火箭发动机则是由斯奈克玛公司和意大利菲亚特航空公司…     

The integrated applications promotion: A new field of action for the European Space Agency

Since ESA's establishment the context in which it operates has evolved greatly, from one of development of technologies and general competence to one of responding to the needs of an increasingly wide range of users, many of whose requirements straddle several applications categories. The IAP programme is ESA's response to this challenge, aimed at fostering the growth of a downstream industry, creating a market for the space industry and serving economic growth overall. The programme's structure and the platforms themselves are described and the programme's achievements and prospects presented. Its success testifies to ESA's continuing ability to adapt to changing environments and operate effectively in new sectors.     

Space as a strategic vision for Turkey and its people

Turkey entered the 21st century making increasing efforts towards rapid economic and technological development, social change and renewal of its infrastructure. Naturally this process places a heavy load on the current system and it affects every section of society at various rates. Turkey must get involved in new areas in order to continue its development progress by minimizing such effects. One of these new areas is space, which has become an important tool for protecting and improving civilization and is a strategic expression of Turkey's future. This article outlines Turkey's potential in space activities, considers the current situation of space activities in the country and shows their evolution over 20 years with a view to identifying promising developments. Turkey is actively determining the necessary policies to allow future generations to compete in the international arena in the long term. But Turkey must also clarify what sort of space organization model it wants to pursue.     

European thoughts on the new US defence strategy: A major repositioning in a difficult budgetary context

The USA adopted a new defence strategy in 2012 which responds to the changing geopolitical landscape and straightened economic circumstances. The emphasis is on leaner, more flexible and diversified operations, while priority areas have shifted from Europe to the Asia-Pacific (in acknowledgement of China's growing military might) and the Middle East. This will have consequences for Europe, which is now expected to take a greater share of the strategic burden. The major developments in the strategy – such as eschewing the pursuit of lengthy engagements on more than one front, and using the military to complement diplomatic and economic initiatives – are discussed. Europe is urged to respond by maintaining its national strategic and industrial autonomy, including in access to space and missile defence.     

欧洲航天政策决议

理事会考虑到欧洲共同体和欧洲空间局之间2004年5月开始生效的《框架协议》以及双方日益增加的合作,忆及2004年11月25日、2005年6月7日和2005年11月28日“航天理事会”会议所确立的方向,忆及2005年欧空局部长级理事会会议的决定以及2006年欧洲共同体《第七框架计划》获得通过,表明了支持发展“全球环境与安全监测”(GMES)之空间部分及GMES数据访问的长期决心,考虑到联合国《外层空间条约》的框架,     

China and European Space Cooperation Deepens

<正>At the 2015 Paris Air Show held from June 15-21 2015,China Great Wall Industry Corporation(CGWIC),one of the principal international trade companies of CASC,attended the event with models of CASC system-level space products including LM-3B,LM-2D,LM-4B,LM-5,and LM-7 launch vehicles,DFH-5 communications satellite platform and some remote sensing satellite platforms.Progress on China’s Manned Space Program,China Lunar Exploration Program,BeiDou Navigation Satellite System and China Highresolution Earth Observation System were also announced.     

欧洲为航天项目拨款近100亿欧元

欧空局部长级会议于2008年11月25～26日在荷兰海牙举行。欧空局18个成员国及加拿大主管航天工作的部长于11月26日一致决定为欧洲航天计划新拨款近100亿欧元（128亿美元）。对地观测和气象卫星以及阿里安5火箭一种运载能力更强的型号的初期工作新得到了大笔经费,空间科学年度开支也有所增加。各成员国政府还同意为保持欧洲的国际空间站使用权出资,主要是根据同美国航空航天局的协议再提供4艘“自动转移飞行器”（ATV）无人货运飞船。     

打造强势欧洲的航天新政策

2007年5月22日,29个欧洲国家通过并发布了新的欧洲航天政策。该政策旨在将各个欧盟成员国和欧空局的航天事业统一起来。这一新政策的出台,使得酝     

欧洲航天产品的出口控制及法律框架

随着中美战略关系的转变以及美国对华出口控制政策和法律法规的调整,中国航天对外合作的重点已转向欧洲。因此,把握和理解欧洲航天产品出口管理制度,规避对欧合作中的各种法律和技术风险,愈显重要。笔者在研究美国出口管理制度和相关法律以及相关国际法的基础上,研究了欧洲出口管理制度和相关法律框架,供参与对欧合作、从事航天技术和产品进出口业务的读者参考。     

The European Astronaut Centre prepares for International Space Station operations

The European Space Agency (ESA) contribution to the International Space Station (ISS) goes much beyond the delivery of hardware like the Columbus Laboratory, its payloads and the Automated Transfer Vehicles. ESA Astronauts will be members of the ISS crew. ESA, according to its commitments as ISS international partner, will be responsible to provide training on its elements and payloads to all ISS crewmembers and medical support for ESA astronauts. The European Astronaut Centre (EAC) in Cologne has developed over more than a decade into the centre of expertise for manned space activities within ESA by contributing to a number of important co-operative spaceflight missions. This role will be significantly extended for ISS manned operations. Apart from its support to ESA astronauts and their onboard operations, EAC will have a key role in training all ISS astronauts on ESA elements and payloads. The medical support of ISS crew, in particular of ESA astronauts has already started. This paper provides an overview on status and further plans in building up this homebase function for ESA astronauts and on the preparation towards Training Readiness for ISS crew training at EAC, Cologne. Copyright 2001 by the European Space Agency. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission. Released to IAF/IAA/AIAA to publish in all forms.     

Defining a European space research policy: The role of the European Space Science Committee

The willingness of the European Union (EU) to acquire an important position by defining a well articulated space policy for Europe requires a redefinition of the roles of the various actors of this policy. This has been demonstrated at the last ESA Ministerial Conference despite the financial difficulties encountered by all spacefaring European countries. The European Space Science Committee (ESSC), an associated Committee of the European Science Foundation (ESF), actively participated in the elaboration of such a policy by presenting the point of view of the space scientific community and making recommendations to ensure that scientific space research is appropriately accounted for in overall European space policy. The ESSC is briefly described along with its activities and contributions to the definition of a European space policy.     

Crafting a legal framework for a coherent future structure for European Space Activities

As ESA and the EU seek to formalise and regulate their new, closer relationship, a major research project being carried out at the University of Cologne aims to analyse the pros and cons of the various possible models of cooperation. This report describes the aims and methods of the project. One task it has set itself is to propose solutions to the legal problems that will inevitably arise when two organisations with differing constitutions and memberships get together.