GA-Based Model Predictive Control of Semi-Active Landing Gear

Semi-active landing gear can provide good performance of both landing impact and taxi situation, and has the ability for adapting to various ground conditions and operational conditions. A kind of Nonlinear Model Predictive Control algorithm （NMPC） for semi-active landing gears is developed in this paper. The NMPC algorithm uses Genetic Algorithm （GA） as the optimization technique and chooses damping performance of landing gear at touch down to be the optimization object. The valve＇s rate and magnitude limitations are also considered in the controller＇s design. A simulation model is built for the semi-active landing gear＇s damping process at touchdown. Drop tests are carried out on an experimental passive landing gear systerm to validate the parameters of the simulation model. The result of numerical simulation shows that the isolation of impact load at touchdown can be significantly improved compared to other control algorithms. The strongly nonlinear dynamics of semi-active landing gear coupled with control valve＇s rate and magnitude limitations are handled well with the proposed controller.     

Numerical investigation of aerodynamic flow actuation produced by surface plasma actuator on 2D oscillating airfoil

Numerical simulation of unsteady flow control over an oscillating NACA0012 airfoil is investigated. Flow actuation of a turbulent flow over the airfoil is provided by low current DC surface glow discharge plasma actuator which is analytically modeled as an ion pressure force produced in the cathode sheath region. The modeled plasma actuator has an induced pressure force of about 2 k Pa under a typical experiment condition and is placed on the airfoil surface at 0% chord length and/or at 10% chord length. The plasma actuator at deep-stall angles(from 5° to 25°) is able to slightly delay a dynamic stall and to weaken a pressure fluctuation in down-stroke motion. As a result, the wake region is reduced. The actuation effect varies with different plasma pulse frequencies, actuator locations and reduced frequencies. A lift coefficient can increase up to 70% by a selective operation of the plasma actuator with various plasma frequencies and locations as the angle of attack changes. Active flow control which is a key advantageous feature of the plasma actuator reveals that a dynamic stall phenomenon can be controlled by the surface plasma actuator with less power consumption if a careful control scheme of the plasma actuator is employed with the optimized plasma pulse frequency and actuator location corresponding to a dynamic change in reduced frequency.     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Robust fault-tolerant control for wing flutter under actuator failure

Many control laws, such as optimal controller and classical controller, have seen their applications to suppressing the aeroelastic vibrations of the aeroelastic system. However, those control laws may not work effectively if the aeroelastic system involves actuator faults. In the current study for wing flutter of reentry vehicle, the effect of actuator faults on wing flutter system is rarely considered and few of the fault-tolerant control problems are taken into account. In this paper, we use the radial basis function neural network and the finite-time H_∞ adaptive fault-tolerant control technique to deal with the flutter problem of wings, which is affected by actuator faults, actuator saturation, parameter uncertainties and external disturbances. The theory of this article includes the modeling of wing flutter and fault-tolerant controller design. The stability of the finite-time adaptive fault-tolerant controller is theoretically proved. Simulation results indicate that the designed fault-tolerant flutter controller can effectively deal with the faults in the flutter system and can promptly suppress the wing flutter as well.     

Adaptive Fuzzy Torque Control of Passive Torque Servo Systems Based on Small Gain Theorem and Input-to-state Stability

Passive torque servo system (PTSS) simulates aerodynamic load and exerts the load on actuation system, but PTSS endures position coupling disturbance from active motion of actuation system, and this inherent disturbance is called extra torque. The most important issue for PTSS controller design is how to eliminate the influence of extra torque. Using backstepping technique, adaptive fuzzy torque control (AFTC) algorithm is proposed for PTSS in this paper, which reflects the essential characteristics of PTSS and guarantees transient tracking performance as well as final tracking accuracy. Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy logic system is utilized to compensate parametric uncertainties and unstructured uncertainties. The output velocity of actuator identified model is introduced into AFTC aiming to eliminate extra torque. The closed-loop stability is studied using small gain theorem and the control system is proved to be semiglobally uniformly ultimately bounded. The proposed AFTC algorithm is applied to an electric load simulator (ELS), and the comparative experimental results indicate that AFTC controller is effective for PTSS.     

An intelligent control method for a large multi-parameter environmental simulation cabin

The structure and characteristics of a large multi-parameter environmental simulation cabin are introduced.Due to the diffculties of control methods and the easily damaged characteristics,control systems for the large multi-parameter environmental simulation cabin are diffcult to be controlled quickly and accurately with a classical PID algorithm.Considering the dynamic state characteristics of the environmental simulation test chamber,a lumped parameter model of the control system is established to accurately control the multiple parameters of the environmental chamber and a fuzzy control algorithm combined with expert-PID decision is introduced into the temperature,pressure,and rotation speed control systems.Both simulations and experimental results have shown that compared with classical PID control,this fuzzy-expert control method can decrease overshoot as well as enhance the capacity of anti-dynamic disturbance with robustness.It can also resolve the contradiction between rapidity and small overshoot,and is suitable for application in a large multi-parameter environmental simulation cabin control system.     

Bifurcation analysis of dual-sidestay landing gear locking performance considering joint clearance

Sidestay lock mechanism is an important part of landing gear system, and the locking performance can be analyzed based on changes in its stability. However, during numerical continuation analysis of fully-rigid dual-sidestay landing gear without clearance, it has been found that the appearance of bifurcation points does not necessarily imply that both sidestay links can be locked synchronously. This problem reveals the limitations of fully-rigid model with ideally-articulated in solving dual-sid...     

Flow separation control on swept wing with nanosecond pulse driven DBD plasma actuators

A 15° swept wing with dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator is designed.Experimental study of flow separation control with nanosecond pulsed plasma actuation is performed at flow velocity up to 40 m/s. The effects of the actuation frequency and voltage on the aerodynamic performance of the swept wing are evaluated by the balanced force and pressure measurements in the wind tunnel. At last, the performances on separation flow control of the three types of actuators with plane and saw-toothed exposed electrodes are compared. The optimal actuation frequency for the flow separation control on the swept wing is detected, namely the reduced frequency is 0.775, which is different from 2-D airfoil separation control. There exists a threshold voltage for the low swept wing flow control. Before the threshold voltage, as the actuation voltage increases, the control effects become better. The maximum lift is increased by 23.1% with the drag decreased by 22.4% at 14°, compared with the base line. However, the best effects are obtained on actuator with plane exposed electrode in the low-speed experiment and the abilities of saw-toothed actuators are expected to be verified under high-speed conditions.     

Modeling and Control for Magnetostrictive Hysteresis

To deal with the rate-dependent hysteresis presented in a magnetostrictive actuator, a new method of modeling and control is pro-posed. The relationship between inputs and outputs of the actuator is approximately described by a dynamic differential equation with two rate-dependent coefficients, each expressed as a polynomial of frequency. For a given frequency, the coefficients will be able to be estimated by approximating the experimental data of the outputs of the magnetostrictive actuator. Based on this model, a quasi-PID con-troller is designed. In the space of the coefficients and frequency, the stable domain of closed loop system with hysteresis is analyzed. The numerical simulation and experiments have born witness to the feasibility of the proposed new method.     

A practical nonlinear robust control approach of electro-hydraulic load simulator

This paper studies a nonlinear robust control algorithm of the electro-hydraulic load simulator （EHLS）. The tracking performance of the EHLS is mainly limited by the actuator＇s motion disturbance, flow nonlinearity, and friction, etc. The developed controller is developed based on the nonlinear motion loading model. The problems of the actuator＇s disturbance and flow nonlinearity are considered. To address the friction problem, the friction model of the loading motor is identified experimentally. The friction disturbance is compensated using the obtained friction model. Therefore, this paper considers the main three factors comprehensively. The developed algorithm is easy to apply since the controller can be obtained just with one step back-stepping design. The stability of the developed algorithm is proven via Lyapunov analysis. Both co-simulation and experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of this method.     

半主动控制起落架缓冲性能初步研究

建立了半主动控制起落架缓冲动力学数学模型,模型中流量系数是油孔等效面积、流量或压差的函数,不再是固定值,而是变量.利用定油孔起落架的落震试验对该模型进行了校验.设计了两个简单控制律,第一个控制律按传统变油孔设计准则给定,第二个控制律按给定吸收功量时峰值载荷最小的准则设计.通过数字仿真对这两种控制律下的起落架和被动式起落架的缓冲性能进行比较.结果表明,半主动控制在提高起落架缓冲性方面有较大潜力.     

起落架液压系统的多余物控制及结构改进

起落架和液压系统是飞机结构中的关键部件和系统，起落架的收放作动筒和其它液压系统内部有多余物存在，将导致飞机起落架收不上、放不下或放不到位，危及飞行安全，这里对多余物产生的原因进行了系统的分析，提出了控制重点和结构改进方案，并进行了试验验证，使得起落架和液压系统的可靠性有了较大的提高。     

月球着陆器软着陆状态跳跃半主动控制

 将磁流变阻尼器应用到月球着陆器着陆机构中,进行减震与缓冲。考虑到着陆初始姿态角的不定和月面斜角的未知,建立起着陆器软着陆动力学模型。基于磁流变液在高速流与长冲程时的阻尼特性,分析了磁流变阻尼器的力学特性。应用安全角面的概念定义安全着陆所要求的着陆初始姿态角与月面斜角之间的关系,建立状态跳跃控制策略,实现软着陆半主动控制。通过与某型被动控制的着陆器进行对比分析,研究了半主动控制。研究结果表明：当允许的最大加速度响应不超过8g时,磁流变半主动状态跳跃控制的安全角面为理想安全角面的0.977 4,是被动控制安全角面的4.2倍,最大加速度变化的相对标准差为被动控制的0.59;而且当着陆初始姿态角以及月面斜角很大时,月球着陆器姿态角变化少,保证月球着陆器平稳着陆。     

基于粘弹性杆的摇臂式起落架着陆响应分析

摇臂式起落架作为起落架的重要形式,对其进行着陆响应分析可为起落架缓冲性能评估提供理论依据和参考。应用粘弹性杆建立摇臂式起落架结构动力学简化模型,并采用MATLAB程序建立线性与非线性摇臂式起落架数值求解模型;应用ANSYS/LS-DYNA显式动力学求解技术进行起落架着陆响应分析;对比研究起落架上端节点的载荷历程曲线、位移历程曲线及输出功量曲线。结果表明:着陆过程中载荷曲线和位移曲线收敛过程较短,曲线较为平滑,说明着陆过程较为平缓;从功量曲线的吸能面积比率可知缓冲器的吸能效率较高。研究结果对起落架系统缓冲性能的初步分析以及机身连接处接头细节设计的载荷输入具有积极的参考价值。     

飞机结构强度试验应急载荷限定系统

多轮多支柱起落架飞机主起落架数量较多，试验机及试验设备重量大。试验应急卸载时，试验件和设备重量、以及加载过程中试验件变形所聚集能量快速释放的不协调性易对支持点结构产生较大冲击载荷，且该载荷不可控，影响试验的考核，存在安全隐患。针对多轮多支柱起落架飞机的强度试验要求，设计一种载荷限定系统。在应急卸载或者试验停试情况下，能够为非支持点起落架输出设定载荷，保证应急瞬间所产生的所有载荷按要求分配到所有起落架上，从而防止支持点起落架超载；试验过程中，能够对非支持点起落架施加试验主动载荷。利用仿真软件验证了系统原理的可行性。依据原理设计载荷限定系统，对其结构和工作性能进行应用验证，并在某型飞机全机疲劳试验中进行应用调试，结果表明，该系统完全能够满足试验要求。     

某型飞机着水识别方案研究

某型飞机具备在水上正常起降的功能,飞机的电传飞控系统在不同的飞行状态下对应不同的飞行控制律,控制律包括地面模式、起飞模式、空中模式、拉平模式、着陆/着水模式,不同的控制律模式飞机的操纵特性不同,因此工作模式之间切换时需要非常精准的时机,否则会造成事故或机毁人亡。飞机在着陆时可以通过起落架轮载开关作为判断着陆成功的信号,将控制律切换到着陆模式;飞机在着水时起落架始终为收起状态,再无其它可用的信号识别飞机是否成功着水。提出使用压力传感器、浮子式开关、水浸传感器等信号作为着水识别的方案,对不同的方案进行了权衡研究,得出成熟度最高的方案,并分析其可能存在的问题及相应的解决措施,最后得出结论。     

基于双弹簧振子模型的飞艇起落架载荷研究

FAA-P-8110-2《飞艇设计准则》相关条款明确了飞艇起落架载荷的适航规范要求,为了使飞艇起落架 设计更好地满足适航条款,本文提出基于双弹簧振子模型的飞艇起落架载荷计算方法。根据经典动力学理论, 推导飞艇起落架系统的振动微分方程组;运用 Python语言的科学计算模块对模型进行编程、封装,形成便捷友 好的可视化仿真工具;以某载人飞艇型号为研究对象,分析影响起落架载荷的主要因素,并通过仿真计算起落 架载荷。结果表明:提出的基于双弹簧振子模型的飞艇起落架载荷计算模型满足FAA-P-8110-2条款对起落架 载荷计算的要求;在给定的气囊内外压差下,起落架载荷随着气囊压力的增加而减小。     

飞机起落架载荷谱实测与编制方法

飞机起落架载荷谱实测时,应变计粘贴位置的选择是载荷谱实测的基础,然而起落架结构复杂,可供选择粘贴应变计的位置十分有限,因此研究并给出了起落架载荷谱实测时选择的典型测试切面,以为其他起落架载荷谱实测提供重要参考.根据实测载荷-时间历程,依据起落架受力特点对其进行了典型任务段的划分,分别对各个任务段进行载荷谱的编制.针对某...     

起落架油气式缓冲器设计中压缩比的选取

从理论上探讨缓冲器压缩比的选择范围。提出当缓冲器压缩比(静态对全伸展之比q_(so)、全压缩对静态之比q_(ms))的取值范围为2.5～4.5时,既可以较大限度地减少缓冲器体积,又可以把起落架的动载荷限制在较低的范围内,并为以往经验地选取压缩比提供理论基础。