PMMA在固体燃料冲压发动机中燃烧特性的数值模拟

为了解PMMA在固体燃料冲压发动机燃烧室内的燃烧特性,采用RNG κ-ε模型、涡耗散湍流燃烧模型和一阶迎风格式,对以PMMA为燃料的固体燃料冲压发动机燃烧室进行了数值模拟,得到了燃烧室内的流场结构、温度及组分分布.通过比较数值计算结果与国外试验数据,验证了该数值方法的可靠性.研究表明,随着轴向位置的增大,燃料局部退移速...     

某型冲压燃烧室火焰稳定器布局数值优化研究

为了研究不同火焰稳定器布局对燃烧室流场特征和燃烧性能的影响,对某型亚燃冲压发动机燃烧室的三维湍流燃烧流场进行了数值模拟。文中采用守恒标量的PDF模型处理扩散燃烧问题,喷雾采用离散相模型,在全流场中用拉格朗日方法跟踪离散液滴的运动和输运。计算结果表明,内外圈稳定器轴向间距取1倍槽宽时出口温度分布最均匀,取2倍槽宽时温升效率最高;等槽负荷原则设计具有最优的出口温度均匀性、温升效率和流阻系数。计算结果定性合理,可用于预估不同条件下的燃烧室性能,用于燃烧室优化设计,指导燃烧试验。     

隔板喷嘴排列方式对推力室燃烧流场影响研究

针对液氧煤油液体火箭发动机,采用全尺寸六分之一网格,设置周期性边界条件的简化模型,计算得到了喷注器面径向隔板喷嘴交错排列时推力室内三维非稳态两相湍流燃烧流场分布,与全尺寸网格计算结果基本一致,验证了算法与简化模型的有效性,并与喷注器面径向隔板喷嘴直线排列时推力室燃烧流场计算结果进行了对比.结果表明,采用全尺寸六分之一网格,也可较好地数值模拟推力室内燃烧流场;径向隔板喷嘴交错排列,不但有利于延长煤油和氧气的混合时间,使混合更加充分,提高燃烧效率和燃烧室压力,而且可增加喷嘴空间分布的均匀性,使燃烧室中雾化粒子分布更均匀,从而提高温度分布的均匀性.     

SST二方程湍流模型在高超声速绕流中的可压缩修正

为模拟高速可压缩湍流问题,对剪应力输运（SST）湍流模型进行了可压缩修正。数值格式采用改进的总变差减小（TVD）格式,并对湍流模型的负值强制项进行了隠式处理。在此基础上计算了绕平板以及基本无分离和具有分离流动结构的压缩拐角的高超声速流动。计算结果和实验数据及半经验公式的对比表明：SST湍流模型的可压缩影响项为密度加权脉动速度的平均与压力梯度的标量乘积。经可压缩修正后的SST湍流模型与原模型及其它可压缩修正模型相比,所计算的壁面压力、摩擦阻力和壁面热流分布具有更高的精度。     

高超声速条件下星光传输模拟方法与仿真

以高超声速飞行器为研究对象,建立了高速流场下的星光传输模拟仿真方法,定性、定量地研究平台气动光学效应对星光导航的影响。采用基于k-ω/SST两方程湍流模型的雷诺平均法计算星敏感器安装在飞行器不同位置处（头部、中部和尾部）的外流场密度分布,进而得到流场的空间折射率分布。在此基础上,利用几何光学法计算星光由高速层流流场引起的光程差、点扩散函数、像偏移等光学传输效应,得出经过层流流场的星光降晰图。同时运用统计光学理论计算高速湍流流场引起的星光出瞳面的波像差、密度均方差、相位均方差、Strehl比等光学传输效应,得出经过湍流流场的星光降晰图。仿真结果与理论分析吻合,从而为研究星光在高超声速流场中传输的机理提供了可靠的技术手段。     

气氧/气甲烷同轴剪切双喷嘴仿真研究

通过对气氧/气甲烷同轴剪切双喷嘴的仿真研究,对比不同喷嘴间距对燃烧流场的影响,并对每种工况分别采用了k-ε和k-ωSST两种湍流模型进行计算。结果显示:较大的喷嘴间距会使得喷注器面中心区域和燃烧室前端壁面附近热载较大,而小喷嘴间距能够促进轴线附近的反应区靠前;小喷嘴间距工况下,燃烧室中后段壁面温度较高;k-ωSST模型能够更好地反应回流区形态,但其得到的壁面和喷注器面中心附近的温度,以及燃烧室轴线附近的水组份浓度与k-ε模型的结果相比有所偏低。     

离心式喷嘴全流场数值模拟

将离心式喷嘴流场数值模拟由内流场扩展至外流场,将喷嘴出口的一段区域纳入计算域,探索用数值模拟方法研究全流场的流动特性并在此基础上对雾化特性进行分析。计算结果给出全流场的液膜形状以及气涡与液膜共存的流场结构,直接给出雾化锥角。采用VOF方法捕捉气液界面,湍流模型选择RNG双方程模型,对容积分数方程选择积分平均型TVD格式...     

涡轮叶片U型冷却通道旋转流动特性模拟

为了研究发动机涡轮叶片U型通道在旋转条件下的流动特性,采用 Fluent 中双精度速度压力耦合求解器的简单算法,湍流模型采用k-ω SST模型,压力动量项和密度项用二阶迎风差分格式数值计算,能量项用快速格式计算,建立了旋转条件下涡轮叶片U型通道内的数值模拟方法,分析对比了静止条件下和旋转条件下U型通道内的流动特性。结果...     

基于OpenFOAM平台的钝体稳焰器尾流动力学分析

在具有高速来流的燃烧室结构中被广泛采用的钝体稳焰器主要通过尾流流场中的剪切层以及低速回流区达到稳定火焰的目的,因此有必要对尾流非稳态流场进行流体动力学分析。本文基于OpenFOAM开源计算流体力学平台对Volvo试验钝体稳焰器非稳态流场进行仿真计算,并采用Omega涡识别方法以及动力学模态分解方法对计算结果进行分析以获取流场流体动力学特性。通过与试验结果进行对比,表明采取κ-ωSST IDDES湍流模型能够获得较为详细的钝体稳焰器尾流流场结构; Omega涡识别方法能够有效识别尾流流场涡结构;采用动力学模态分解方法能够获得具有明确物理意义的流体动力学模态,对于钝体稳焰器尾流动力学研究具有重要意义。     

超声速进气道流场三维数值模拟

超声速进气道是固体火箭冲压发动机至关重要的部件之一,直接影响燃烧室的燃烧及发动机性能。基于N-S方程、标准k-ε双方程湍流模型,利用FLUENT软件对某型固体火箭冲压发动机楔形超声速进气道内外流场进行了三维数值模拟。计算得到了超声速进气道在飞行马赫数为Ma=3.5的情况下的流场性能。并在相同马赫数下,研究了等比压缩和攻角条件下的进气道流场的分布情况。模拟结果表明：进气道的总压恢复系数和流量系数等性能指标受到攻角的影响而发生变化。     

基于粒子群优化算法的整星有限元模型修正方法

文章介绍了一种基于粒子群优化算法的整星有限元模型修正方法,首先对整星进行了有限元建模和模态分析,并将试验和分析结果进行了相关性分析,然后引入粒子群优化算法对整星有限元模型进行修正,提高了模型分析和预示精度,为整星级有限元模型修正提供了一种新的手段。     

空间烟云的扩散模型

探讨空间烟云用于外层空间目标红外遮蔽隐身干扰,通过分析烟幕扩散体系的真空及微重力效应,基于扩散定律建立了空间烟云的纯扩散模型.研究结果表明,空间烟云施放后其质量浓度在任意时刻的等值面均为一球面,并且随着球半径的增加在空间连续减少;同时结合辐射在烟云中的传输特性研究,获得了空间烟云有效遮蔽面积及遮蔽时间的估算方法.     

改进的SEREP缩聚法在航天器结构动力学模型修正中的应用

模型缩聚是基于频率响应的模型修正的基础,准确的模型缩聚才能保证模型修正的正确性.针对目前的模型缩聚方法对于航天器结构在中高频段不能准确反映模型动力学特性的问题,提出改进的SEREP缩聚方法:以结构的模态分析为基础,通过加入扩展的主自由度增加缩聚模型对应的线性子空间的维数.经实际航天器结构算例证明,在使用改进的SEREP...     

基于微观图像及内聚力模型的复合材料裂纹扩展模拟

为研究材料微观结构及晶界强度对材料力学性能的影响,在晶界处引入内聚力单元模型,模拟晶间破坏过程。以ZrB_2-SiC复合材料为研究对象,将其扫描的微观结构图片进行矢量化处理,并导入ABAQUS有限元软件中建立模型,同时在其晶界处,设置内聚力单元模拟晶界破坏过程。通过改变Zr B2与Si C相界面强度,得到了晶界及材料不均匀对材料应力分布及裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明,由于晶界的存在,材料内部出现应力分布不均匀现象并产生应力集中。随着晶界强度的改变,裂纹起始位置及扩展方向发生改变,且裂纹沿低强度的界面进行扩展。随着ZrB_2-SiC界面强度增大,材料的强度提高,拉伸模量不变。     

EPDM绝热材料耦合烧蚀模型

以EPDM类绝热材料烧蚀特性为研究对象,借鉴多孔介质领域的相关理论和方法,以炭化层的孔隙结构特征和参数为纽带,建立了考虑热化学烧蚀、颗粒侵蚀和气流剥蚀的EPDM类绝热材料耦合烧蚀模型,并进行了模型的初步实验验证。结果表明,所建立的模型不仅在EPDM类绝热材料烧蚀率预示方面具有较高的计算精度,而且在细管上能够基本反映绝热材料的烧蚀特性。     

NaK release model for MASTER-2009

Sodium–potassium droplets from the primary coolant loop of Russian orbital reactors have been released into space. These droplets are called NaK droplets. Sixteen nuclear powered satellites of the type RORSAT launched between 1980 and 1988 activated a reactor core ejection system, mostly between 900 and 950 km altitude. The core ejection causes an opening of the primary coolant loop. The liquid coolant consists of eutectic sodium–potassium alloy and has been released into space during these core ejections. The NaK coolant has been forming droplets up to a diameter of 5.5 cm. NaK droplets have been modeled before in ESA's MASTER Debris and Meteoroid Environment Model. The approach is currently revised for the MASTER-2009 upgrade. A mathematical improvement is introduced by substituting the current size distribution function by the modified Rosin–Rammler equation. A bimodal size distribution is derived which is based on the modified mass based Rosin–Rammler equation. The equation is modified by truncating the size range and normalizing over the finite range between the size limits of the smallest and the biggest droplet. The parameters of the model are introduced and discussed. For the validation of the NaK release model, sixteen release events are simulated. The resulting size distribution is compared with radar measurement data. The size distribution model fits well with revised published measurement data of radar observations. Results of orbit propagation simulation runs are presented in terms of spatial density.     

Physicochemical model of the auroral ionosphere

A physicochemical model of excited polar ionosphere has been presented. The model makes it possible to calculate vertical profiles of concentrations of the following excited and ionized constituents: O₂ ⁺, N₂ ⁺, O⁺(⁴S), O⁺(²D), O⁺(²P), O(¹D), O(¹S), N(⁴S), N(²D), N(²P), NO, NO⁺, N⁺, N₂(A³Σ_u ⁺), N₂(B³П_g), N₂(W³Δ_u), and N₂(B′³Σ_u ^-) and the electron concentration during electron precipitations. The energy spectrum of the electrons at the upper boundary of the ionosphere and concentrations of neutral constituents are the input parameters of the model. A model has been compiled based on available publications and includes 56 physicochemical reactions that influence concentrations of the aforementioned constituents in the polar ionosphere. The method of calculating vertical profiles of the excitation rates of atmospheric gases and proper allowance for the electron-vibrational kinetics in the processes of exciting the triplet states of N₂ are specific features of the presented model. The ionospheric model has been approbated using the results of the coordinated rocket–satellite experiment. The agreement between the modeling results and experimental data best for the time being is achieved.     

Policy model for space economy infrastructure

Extraterrestrial infrastructure is key to the development of a space economy. Means for accelerating transition from today's isolated projects to a broad-based economy are considered. A large system integration approach is proposed. The beginnings of an economic simulation model are presented, along with examples of how interactions and coordination bring down costs. A global organization focused on space infrastructure and economic expansion is proposed to plan, coordinate, fund and implement infrastructure construction. This entity also opens a way to raise low-cost capital and solve the legal and public policy issues of access to extraterrestrial resources.     

Lunar exploration and development--a sustainable model

A long-term goal of space exploration is the development of a lunar settlement that will not only be largely self-sufficient but also contribute to the economy of the Earth-Moon system. Proposals for lunar mining and materials processing developments, as well as tourism-based applications, have appeared in the literature for many years. However, so great are the technical and financial difficulties associated with sustained lunar development that, more than 30 years after the end of the Apollo programme, there have been no practical advances towards this goal. While this may soon be remedied by a series of proposed unmanned orbiters, landers and rovers, the philosophy of lunar exploration and development remains the same as it has for decades: conquer, exploit, and ignore the consequences. By contrasting the well-recognised problems of Earth orbital debris and the barely recognised issue of intentional spacecraft impacts on the lunar surface, this paper illustrates the need for a new model for lunar exploration and development. This new paradigm would assign a value to the lunar environment and provide a balance between protection and exploitation, creating, in effect, a philosophy of sustainable development for the Moon. It is suggested that this new philosophy should be an integral part of any future strategy for lunar colonisation.