Physical Prerequisites of the Antimeteoric Net Protection for Spacecraft

The problem of spacecraft protection against the impact effect of meteorites and man-made (technogenous) particles has become especially topical in connection with the necessity of long-duration flights in space. The probability of spacecraft collision with meteoric and technogenous particles has already considerably increased on the widely used, but strongly contaminated near-Earth orbits. Russian specialists (the author included) proposed to use multilayer spaced barriers for spacecraft protection as early as the beginning of the 1960s. However, further studies on decreasing the mass of antimeteoric shields are required nowadays. The safety net application is one promising approach in this respect. This paper outlines the physical prerequisites for using a net (a system of strings) as one of a package of antimeteoric shields. The simplest models of meteoric particle destruction at impact on the safety net are presented. The hydrodynamic models, as most suitable for modeling the process, are mainly analyzed. The role of the interaction of shock waves and of cumulative effects upon meteorite impact with the net is emphasized. The net is shown to play an important part in forming the nonuniform field of stresses in a meteorite even at high impact velocities, which are accompanied by phase transitions and by the generation of plasma. The role of a safety net for retaining and absorbing the momentum of a plasma cloud, formed upon the impact of meteoric particles, is considered. The advisability of applying two (or several) net barriers is substantiated. It is noted that the safety net can also be useful as a means for mitigating the action of shock waves from explosions.     

Experimental and theoretical study of ignition of single coal particles at zero gravity

In the coal combustion process one of the most important problems is the knowledge of chemical reaction principles concerning combustion of single particles and the knowledge of mutual interaction between the burning particles. In this paper theoretical results are presented, which demonstrate the characteristic ways of ignition between coal particles depending both on volatile content in the coal and oxygen content in the atmosphere. The influence of the particles diameter and the distance between them are also discussed.Based on these experiments, a mathematical and physical model of the process have been made. Due to numerical calculation, the radiation and conduction portion in overall balance of heat exchange between the particle and its surrounding in the course of ignition process for various kinds of cool and oxygen contents in the air have been determined. The presented calculation results show an accordance with data results of experiments carried out at zero gravity conditions.     

基于MSDM方法的粒子-固壁侵蚀效应研究

为研究导弹发射过程中发动机喷出的高温高速粒子对发射装置壁面的冲刷和侵蚀作用,利用MSDM(微尺度动力学模型)方法,建立了粒子对固壁材料的冲刷侵蚀模型,对粒子入射速度、入射角度、粒子尺寸及固壁材料特性等影响侵蚀效应的因素进行了研究,获得了粒子入射条件、固壁材料特性与侵蚀效应的相互关系.用MSDM方法将粒子和固壁离散为具有一定连接关系的微团质点,并利用材料属性和牛顿运动关系确定了微团间的相互作用和运动过程.研究表明,该方法在分析粒子-材料侵蚀方面具有一定效果.     

Geocorona of Hot Plasma

This review deals with basic results of experimental and theoretical studies (numerical simulations included) of the distributions, composition, and dynamics of particles of a hot plasma in the geomagnetosphere. Attention is drawn mainly to the ring current and the plasma sheet of the magnetotail, which play a key role in physics of the magnetosphere. The integrity (unity) of the system outer radiation belt–ring current–near plasma sheet is substantiated (the concept of a hot plasma geocorona). From the viewpoint of this concept, the physical processes and theories are considered that were suggested in order to explain the structure and dynamics of the hot magnetosphere plasma. An emphasis is made on disputable issues and topical problems so far unsolved.     

Acceleration and particle transport in collisionless plasma in the process of dipolarization and nonstationary turbulence

This work is devoted to studying the processes of the acceleration of plasma particles in thin current sheets that appear during magnetospheric substorms in the Earth’s magnetosphere tail. A numerical model of magnetic dipolarization accompanied by plasma turbulence has been constructed and studied. The model allows one to investigate the particle acceleration due to the action of three principal mechanisms: (1) plasma turbulence; (2) magnetic dipolarization; (3) their simultaneous action. For the given velocity kappa-distributions, we obtained energy spectra of three types of accelerated particles, i.e., protons p⁺, ions of oxygen O⁺, and electrons e^–. It has been shown that the combined mechanism of dipolarization with turbulence (3) makes the largest contribution to the increase in the energy of protons and heavy ions as compared with a separate action of each of mechanisms (1) and (2); in this case, electrons accelerate less. The consideration of the joint action of acceleration mechanisms (1) and (2) can explain the apparition of particles with energies on the order of magnitude equal to hundreds keV in the Earth’s magnetosphere tail.     

基于均匀试验设计的Whipple结构弹道极限方程数值仿真研究

均匀试验设计是一种部分因子试验设计方法,将该方法引入航天器Whipple结构超 高速撞击弹道极限问题研究。采用均匀试验设计方法设计少量的试验,即可代表整个变量空 间的特性。针对试验方案,采用数值模拟获得了弹丸极限穿透直径同撞击条件的关系。将本 文研究结果与已有的物理试验和Whipple结构弹道极限方程对比,结果表明采用本文的方法 获得的弹道极限方程具有较好的预测准确度。
     

包覆铝粉破裂燃烧的实验观测

为强化燃烧，让复合推进剂中的铝粉表面覆一种高分子表面活性剂。燃烧过程中这种活性剂形成不可参透的壳层，可通过破裂燃烧的方式铝粉快速完全的燃烧。     

不同聚集因素对燃烧室凝相颗粒粒度分布的影响

设计了一种凝相颗粒收集装置,可对燃烧室内不同聚集状态下的粒子进行完整的收集,并对颗粒的形态影响较小。针对HTPB推进剂,开展了不同流通面积和颗粒浓度条件下的粒子收集实验,利用扫描电镜和激光粒度分析仪,对收集到的粒子进行了分析。结果表明,不同聚集状态下的凝相颗粒粒径均分布在0.1～200μm之间,随着流通面积的减小,小于3μm的颗粒逐渐减少,3～10μm之间的颗粒变化不大,大于10μm的颗粒逐渐增加,颗粒平均粒径d43和d50均逐渐增大,且d43和d50的变化率也逐渐增加;随着颗粒浓度的增加,颗粒平均粒径d43和d50增大较明显。     

Experimental hypervelocity impacts: Implication for the analysis of material retrieved after exposure to space environment: Part I. Impacts on aluminium targets

During the last three decades a wide variety of surfaces have been brought back to Earth after being exposed to space environment. The impact features found on these surfaces are used to evaluate the damages caused to spacecraft and can give clues to the characteristics of the orbital debris and meteoroids that created them. In order to derive more precisely the particle parameters and to improve the analysis of projectile remnants, we have performed an extensive analysis of craters caused by the impact of high velocity particles on thick ductile targets, using a micro-particle accelerator. We show that from the geometry of the craters and from the analysis of the remnants it is possible to derive the main characteristics of the projectiles. In particular, using up-to-date instrumentation, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer, we found that even small residues inside craters can be identified. However, this study shows that a velocity resolution better than 1 km/s would be appropriate to obtain a fair calibration of the impact processes on a ductile target. This would allow to decipher with precision impact features on ductile surfaces exposed to space environment.     

20cm口径离子推力器性能建模与仿真

为了分析国内首台通过在轨飞行测试的20cm离子推力器栅极系统束流离子运行特性和推力器性能,针对该推力器栅极系统建立了束流引出二维数值仿真计算模型,利用PIC/MCC数值仿真计算方法,模拟束流引出过程中带电粒子在电场作用下的加速、聚焦与引出、带电粒子与中性原子之间的相互作用、电场和等离子体流场之间的相互耦合等过程。数值计算结果显示,屏栅截获的离子电流约为1.71×10 -4 A,加速栅截获的电流和CEX离子电流分别为0 A和9.11×10 -7 A,因此,加速栅电流的主要来源是冲击到其表面的CEX离子,证明了加速栅电流的主要来源是冲击到其表面的CEX离子,计算的加速栅截获电流与束流电流之比约为0.114%。试验测得推力器运行4000h期间,电子反流极限电压始终为75~90〖KG*9〗V,其变化幅度很小,这意味着中和器发射的电子在栅极系统中的反流不会导致其发生失效。理论计算结果与试验测试值相比,误差约为1.08%。〖JP〗     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of encounter of a group of particles with protecting elements of spacecraft

We present the results of comprehensive experimental and theoretical investigations of encounter with a barrier of a group of bodies thrown with a high-velocity. Throwing of a group of particles (from two to twelve bodies) was realized on a ballistic route using powder and light-gas units of different calibers in the range of velocities 500–3500 m/s. The process of particle throwing was controlled by acting aerodynamic forces. In experiments on collisions with barriers of a finite thickness (which imitates the protective shield of spacecraft) the number of particles in a homogeneous stream was varied from 2 to 7 at changing the flux density (distances between particles). Experimental data are obtained on variations of the area and mass of back-surface splinters. Numerical calculations simulated a knock of 2 to 4 particles against a barrier in the cases of normal impact and at an angle. The calculations were performed in three-dimensional formulation and applying criteria of complete destruction of material. The appearance of additional destruction centers in the barrier due to mutual influence of particles is revealed. Simple criteria are obtained for estimating the degree of interference of particles and the character of barrier destruction.     

Experiments on velocity augmentation of spherical flames by grids

Using spherical wire mesh screens with a wire diameter d and a mesh size l, an experimental study was carried out involving homogeneous mixtures of propane/air, ethylene/air, acetylene/air and with oxygen enriched air. Streak photographs of the processes were taken, yielding information on the flame propagation speeds inside and outside the screen. The ratio of the two speeds immediately before and after crossing the screen, α, can be interpreted as practically equivalent (for the same “heat release”) to the ratio of flame velocities relative to the unburned gas, i.e. Values of (α − 1) are correlated with the Reynolds number based on the wire thickness d, density and viscosity of the unburned gas and flame propagation speed inside the wire mesh. The experiments were repeated with two and three spheres of different diameters, e.g. inner screen 9 cm in diameter and outer screen 18 cm in diameter or three screens, 9, 13.5 and 18 cm, respectively. The second screen usually added a factor of 2 on the value of α. The third screen produced very little additional effect. The highest value of α we ever obtained for mixtures with air was about 12 (for acetylene/air). With oxygen enriched air the situation is quite different. If the flame velocity of the laminar flame relative to the unburned gas exceeds 2 m/sec, the value of α may increase up to a level corresponding to detonation.     

一种新颖的微空心阴极放电等离子体推力器

微小卫星的发展和成功应用迫切需要新型微推力器的研制。微放电技术是等离子体放电中重要的一类,近几十年来成为各国的研究热点。其中,微空心阴极放电(MHCD)是一种新颖的非平衡高气压辉光放电,其优点是可以在高气压下稳定放电,并且只需要非常低的电压(几百伏特)或者输入功率(百毫瓦数量级)。MHCD建立在2个几百微米厚度的金属平面电极上,材料可以是钼、铝等,由电介质(云母或氧化铝)隔开。"三明治"的布局结构上从一个电极到另一个电极钻有直径为几十微米到几百微米的孔,气体压强可以很高,甚至超过大气压。微空心阴极放电较小的尺寸结构与强烈并可控的气体加热相结合,可以开发应用在新型的电热式微等离子体推进上。由于微空心阴极放电等离子体推力器在微放电等离子体中加热了工质气体,随后通过微喷管喷出产生推力,因此与传统的冷气微推力器相比,可大大提高推力器的比冲和推力。     

Survival of amino acids in micrometeorites during atmospheric entry

The delivery of amino acids by micrometeorites to the early Earth during the period of heavy bombardment could have been a significant source of the Earth's prebiotic amino acid inventory provided that these organic compounds survived atmospheric entry heating. To investigate the sublimation of amino acids from a micrometeorite analog at elevated temperature, grains from the CM-type carbonaceous chondrite Murchison were heated to 550 degrees C inside a glass sublimation apparatus (SA) under reduced pressure. The sublimed residue that had collected on the cold finger of the SA after heating was analyzed for amino acids by HPLC. We found that when the temperature of the meteorite reached approximately 150 degrees C, a large fraction of the amino acid glycine had vaporized from the meteorite, recondensed onto the end of the SA cold finger, and survived as the rest of the grains heated to 550 degrees C. alpha-Aminoisobutryic acid and isovaline, which are two of the most abundant non-protein amino acids in Murchison, did not sublime from the meteorite and were completely destroyed during the heating experiment. Our experimental results suggest that sublimation of glycine present in micrometeorite grains may provide a way for this amino acid to survive atmospheric entry heating at temperatures > 550 degrees C; all other amino acids apparently are destroyed.     

Spherule beds 3.47-3.24 billion years old in the Barberton Greenstone Belt,South Africa: a record of large meteorite impacts and their influence on early crustal and biological evolution

Four layers, S1-S4, containing sand-sized spherical particles formed as a result of large meteorite impacts, occur in 3.47-3.24 Ga rocks of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Ir levels in S3 and S4 locally equal or exceed chondritic values but in other sections are at or only slightly above background. Most spherules are inferred to have formed by condensation of impact-produced rock vapor clouds, although some may represent ballistically ejected liquid droplets. Extreme Ir abundances and heterogeneity may reflect element fractionation during spherule formation, hydraulic fractionation during deposition, and/or diagenetic and metasomatic processes. Deposition of S1, S2, and S3 was widely influenced by waves and/or currents interpreted to represent impact-generated tsunamis, and S1 and S2 show multiple graded layers indicating the passage of two or more wave trains. These tsunamis may have promoted mixing within a globally stratified ocean, enriching surface waters in nutrients for biological communities. S2 and S3 mark the transition from the 300-million-year-long Onverwacht stage of predominantly basaltic and komatiitic volcanism to the late orogenic stage of greenstone belt evolution, suggesting that regional and possibly global tectonic reorganization resulted from these large impacts. These beds provide the oldest known direct record of terrestrial impacts and an opportunity to explore their influence on early life, crust, ocean, and atmosphere. The apparent presence of impact clusters at 3.26-3.24 Ga and approximately 2.65-2.5 Ga suggests either spikes in impact rates during the Archean or that the entire Archean was characterized by terrestrial impact rates above those currently estimated from the lunar cratering record.     

CL-20基复合含能材料的制备及性能

为了提高2,4,6,8,10,12-六硝基-2,4,6,8,10,12-六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)的安全性能,以硝化棉(NC)和聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)为复合包覆剂,采用水悬浮法对CL-20进行表面包覆。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对样品的形貌、晶型和热分解性能进行表征,对包覆前后样品的撞击感度和力学性能进行了测试和分析。结果表明,NC和GAP成功包覆在CL-20的表面,所得CL-20/NC/GAP样品颗粒为类球形,中值粒径约为300μm。XRD结果表明,经过细化和包覆后,CL-20晶型没有变化,依然为ε型CL-20。特性落高由包覆前的17.3 cm和29.46 cm升高到了36.74 cm,力学性能也显著提高。DSC结果表明,与未包覆CL-20相比,CL-20/NC/GAP复合粒子的分解峰温、活化能、爆炸临界温度和自加速分解温度都得到了一定程度的提高。     

Hydrodynamic Approach to Modeling the Thermal Plasma Distribution around a Moving Charged Satellite

The electric field distribution around a charged satellite in a rarefied magnetospheric plasma influences greatly the densities and trajectories of particles measured by onboard instruments. The simulation of macroparameters of thermal plasma near the moving charged satellite, which is necessary for correction of experimental measurements, encounters considerable computational difficulties. In this work, two three-dimensional models of the electric field distribution around the satellite are considered under the conditions when the Debye length is comparable to the geometrical size of the spacecraft. In the first model a system of hydrodynamic equations of continuity and motion was used, which was solved jointly with the Poisson equation. In the second model the hydrodynamic equation of motion was used for analyzing the motion of large particles by means of the method of particles in a cell. The numerical algorithms and the results of calculations of the potential near the satellite, as well as the distributions of densities of electrons and ions and of volume charge, are considered. The results of test calculations for some situations in the ambient plasma are presented, and the influence of the spatial electric field distribution on the thermal plasma measurements is considered.     

固体推进剂综合感度模糊评价法

利用模糊数学方法,建立了固体推进剂综合感度评价的模糊数学模型,并用于NEPE推进剂的综合感度评价。应用结果表明,根据固体推进剂在不同生产工艺过程中各项感度值不同的特点,通过赋予不同的权重系数,消除了传统几何均值感度的片面性;无量纲化处理消除了各项感度之间量纲的不同;等级参数处理使固体推进剂综合感度值数字化,从而可以准确、直观地反应出固体推进剂的危险度。     

卫星磁力矩器磁场效应仿真分析

磁力矩器是卫星上磁性较大的部件之一,局部的强磁场是影响卫星周围带电粒子分布的主要原因。为了定量分析磁力矩器与等离子体相互作用,文章基于磁场与运动粒子的耦合模型,利用有限元数值分析软件仿真了典型轨道航天器上磁力矩器工作时周围带电粒子入射轨迹变化及电荷(粒子数)分布。结果表明,受磁场作用,带电粒子在接近磁力矩器本体时会发生偏转,且偏转幅度随电子能量降低而增大;由磁场引起的这种偏转效应导致带电粒子不均匀入射到卫星内。     

基于互相关碰撞强度谱的航天器碰撞定位技术

在针对空间碎片碰撞事件的碰撞定位技术中,传统方法是根据不同位置的碰撞信号到达时间差进行定位.对于加筋板而言,由于受到加强筋对信号的反射及衰减影响,采用传统定位方法无法实现准确定位.为解决上述问题,提出一种基于互相关碰撞强度谱的碰撞定位方法.该方法使用不同传感器之间的互相关系数曲线计算被测试件各位置的碰撞强度,构成碰撞强...