Operator scheduling strategies in supervisory control of multiple UAVs

The application of network centric operations to time-constrained command and control environments will mean that human operators will be increasingly responsible for multiple simultaneous supervisory control tasks. One such futuristic application will be the control of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by a single operator. To achieve such performance in complex, time critical, and high risk settings, automated systems will be required both to guarantee rapid system response, as well as manageable workload for operators. Through the development of a simulation test bed for human supervisory control of multiple independent UAVs by a single operator, this paper presents recent efforts to investigate workload mitigation strategies as a function of increasing automation. A human-in-the-loop experiment revealed that under low workload conditions, operators' cognitive strategies were relatively robust across increasing levels of automated decision support. However, when provided with explicit automated recommendations and with the ability to negotiate with external agencies for delays in arrival times for targets, operators inappropriately fixated on the need to globally optimize their schedules. In addition, without explicit visual representation of uncertainty, operators tended to treated all probabilities uniformly. This study also revealed that operators who reached cognitive saturation adapted two very distinct management strategies, which led to varying degrees of success. Lastly, operators with management-by-exception decision support exhibited evidence of automation bias.     

图像式轮廓瞄准系统及其数据处理方法的研究

基于CCD图像技术,提出一种新的图像轮廓瞄准系统,该系统实现了通用光学仪器及现代数字化仪器轮廓图像瞄准,解决了这类仪器自动化程序低、瞄准精度受人员的主观影响大、劳动强度大、不易微机化等问题,文中给出了新系统的结构及原理,并着重分析了图像轮廓数据的处理方法,最后,以对新系统进行了实验研究。     

基于不确定性语言型多属性决策人机功能分配方法研究(英文)

功能分配是人机设计过程中一个必然阶段,因为合适的功能分配能够让整个系统更加有效更加可靠。因此,我们主要对人机系统的人机功能分配问题进行研究,根据人、机的内在特征,分析了人、机各自的能力优势并进行了比较。针对实际过程中决策属性值具有高度不确定性的特点,将ULMADM(不确定语言多属性决策)方法引入功能分配过程,采用不确定扩展加权算术平均(UEWAA)算子确定功能自动化等级范围,基于UEWAA算子和不确定语言混合集结(ULHA)算子相结合的多属性群决策算法最终确定驾驶舱人机功能分配的自动化等级。最后,以民机驾驶舱"故障诊断"功能分配为例进行了计算,验证了所提出的功能分配方法的可行性和有效性。     

Telerobotics: problems and research needs

With major emphasis on simulation, a university laboratory telerobotics facility permits problems to be approached by groups of graduate students. Helmet-mounded displays provide realism; the slaving of the display to the human operator's viewpoint gives a sense of `telepresence' that may be useful for prolonged tasks. Using top-down 3-D model control of distant images allows distant images to be reduced to a few parameters to update the model used for display to the human operator in a preview model to circumvent, in part, the communication delay. Also, the model can be used as a format for supervisory control and permit short-term local autonomous operations. Image processing algorithms can be made simpler and faster without trying to construct sensible images from the bottom. Control studies of telerobots lead to preferential manual control modes and, in this university environment, to basic paradigms for human motion and thence, perhaps, to redesign of robotic control, trajectory path planning, and rehabilitation prosthetics. Speculation as to future industrial drives for this telerobotic field suggests efficient roles for government agencies such as NASA     

航天器控制高级语言的设计与实现

针对航天测控任务中存在的卫星控制人员手工操作多、任务准备周期长、自动化水平低等问题,在分析航天器控制流程的基础上,抽象出面向卫星控制人员的航天器控制高级语言,设计语言规范,描述Windows平台的编辑、编译、运行功能的设计与实现。该语言成功应用于某中心的卫星测控任务中,任务准备快速高效,大大减轻了卫星控制人员的工作量,任务过程自动执行,无需人工干预,提高了航天器控制过程的自动化水平。     

座舱自动化中人的因素

面对越来越复杂的飞行任务环境,为了用最少的人力去完成尽可能多的飞行任务,座舱自动化是必由之路。但是高度自动化的飞机带来了许多人的因素问题。人不可能无限度地满足现代化航空技术的要求,无限度地利用自身的适应能力弥补设计上的不足。综述了座舱自动化中一系列人的因素问题     

多无人机监控系统人机交互界面研究

首先从人机权限方面考虑,提出基于三级自主等级以上的无人机系统,分析典型无人机作战任务下各操作项自动化程度、复杂性等信息,得出多机监控能力下操作员角色需向指挥员转变。然后以四机监控为例,通过设计人机智能认知信息架构,建立操作员意图识别模型,采用空域页面布局切换和时域页面智能推显等形式进行人机交互界面设计,实现单操作员对多架无人机的监控。最后在飞行模拟器环境下进行了多机监控仿真测试,测试结果证明本文设计的人机交互界面合理可行。     

任务复杂度对自动化意识的影响

现代飞机驾驶舱的高度自动化容易导致飞行员对自动化的自满和依赖,进而降低飞行员的自动化意识。自动化意识失效是飞机事故征候和事故的主要影响因素之一。通过研究任务复杂度对自动化意识的影响以及自动化意识失效的原因后发现,高复杂度任务下的自动化意识失效概率显著高于低复杂度任务,对自动化的注意力分配不足和自动化自满是高复杂度任务下自动化意识失效的两个主要原因。研究表明,在高负荷阶段,如果自动化失效,人难以在短期内发现自动化失效和作出有效响应。因此,增强自动化意识是维持航空安全的重要保障。     

Minimizing human-machine interface failures in high risk systems

Technology now permits the building of very complex man-machine systems with centralized controls, with the result that many processes can be run by relatively few individual workers. Studies of failures within these complex systems indicate that they are usually the consequence of a series of highly complex coincidences. There is an institutional neglect or misunderstanding of the implications of low-probability, high-consequence events for the design of complex man-machine systems. We must stop designing systems in which we virtually guarantee that operator errors will occur with catastrophic consequences. The greatest payback in reducing high risk system accidents is to reduce catastrophes induced or exacerbated by human error. This paper discusses some task breakdowns between the human element and software/hardware. These task allocations allow the complex man-machine system to be designed more robustly and prevent human error so as to reduce possible catastrophic consequences     

IMA平台重构中的人素和安全性研究

综合模块化航空电子(IMA)是一种建立在分布式计算环境之下的可以实现软硬件分离的架构,它可实现硬件模块应用的动态软件分配。即,IMA系统可以根据功能性和资源可用性来选择不同的配置。本文主要关注了IMA重构中涉及到的安全性及人素问题。解析了重构的过程以及人素与自动化方面的技术。事实证明,某些情况下安全有效的配置需要具备故障识别、安全要求、任务调度及资源分配限制以外的知识。并且平台的安全性设计还取决于人机系统是否实现了最佳结合。     

Future Directions in Automation and Robotics for Manufacturing

The current emphasis on designing flexible manufacturing systems, particularly in the electronics manufacturing industry, is bringing automation and robotics technologies to the factory at increasing rates. The rate of advance in these technologies raises serious concerns among engineers and managers about how to proceed in building modern manufacturing systems. A large portion of this uncertainty results from the difficulty of fitting technological advances into the existing models of manufacturing. What is needed is a new framework within which to perceive automation and robotics which will permit the adoption of more encompassing design strategies and principles to be followed in the practice of modernizing and maintaining advanced electronics manufacturing systems. This paper provides a framework that might be adopted to structure new strategies for incorporating automation and robotics in manufacturing. The approach is one that we at SRI have found useful in considering automation and robotics issues for the NASA Space Station and other complex systems which need to incorporate new technologies throughout long lifetimes. These same issues are becoming increasingly important in electronics manufacturing system design and development.     

基于QNX的分布式异构仿真平台的实现

QNX作为嵌入式实时操作系统之一,它具有强实时、高可靠性、可剪裁、可配置、可扩充、可移植的特点,支持主流嵌入式处理器,目前主要应用在军事武器装备和航空航天领域.本文从航空电子系统对实时操作系统的要求出发,着重介绍了嵌入式实时操作系统QNX在PC104平台上的移植和配置网络连接通信技术,实现了基于QNX的分布式异构仿真平台,并通过实例验证了QNX的实时通信机制,建立了QNX在航空电子系统中应用的雏形,并给出了下一步工作的重点.     

Control in the cockpit: crews vs. computers

In the no-holds-barred competition between Boeing and Europe's Airbus Industrie for dominance in the world's commercial jet airliner markets, the question of who--or what--is in charge in the cockpit has been a significant selling point. Airbus, which pioneered highly automated flight controls with its A320 narrow-body transport in the late 1980s, likes to emphasize the "protection" features built into the aircraft through those automated systems. Boeing, which employs many of the same concepts in its new 777 twin-engine widebody transport, tends to put more emphasis on crew involvement in the operation of that aircraft. Is there a difference? In fact, the question has broader implications than those involving the marketing battle between Boeing and Airbus. Airlines, aircraft manufacturers, flight training specialists, human factors gurus, and aviation authorities in various countries are struggling with the isse as automation becomes more and more prevalent on passenger and cargo-carrying aircraft around the world.     

遗传算法在飞机着陆调度问题上的应用

用遗传算法对飞机着陆调度问题的两个方面:队列顺序的确定和跑道指派进行了研究.队列顺序采用飞机编号的单一整数染色体编码方案,配合相应的变异、交叉算子,避免了后代非法解的问题.跑道指派则在适值函数计算中,基于对列最短的原则来加以确定,避免了对队列顺序和跑道指派进行分别编码.算例研究了单跑道与双跑道两种情况.计算结果表明,这种编码方案以及变异、交叉算子对这一问题具有很好的效果,可在普通PC机上实现雷达扫描周期内的实时计算要求.     

Implementation of the simultaneous perturbation algorithm forstochastic optimization

The need for solving multivariate optimization problems is pervasive in engineering and the physical and social sciences. The simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) algorithm has recently attracted considerable attention for challenging optimization problems where it is difficult or impossible to directly obtain a gradient of the objective function with respect to the parameters being optimized. SPSA is based on an easily implemented and highly efficient gradient approximation that relies on measurements of the objective function, not on measurements of the gradient of the objective function. The gradient approximation is based on only two function measurements (regardless of the dimension of the gradient vector). This contrasts with standard finite-difference approaches, which require a number of function measurements proportional to the dimension of the gradient vector. This paper presents a simple step-by-step guide to implementation of SPSA in generic optimization problems and offers some practical suggestions for choosing certain algorithm coefficients     

Cockpits for 2010 and Beyond

Truly optimal weapon system performance is highly dependent on the level of man-machine cockpit integration resulting from the intelligent application of crew station technologies. Future cockpits will incorporate a wide range of enhancements. Heavy application of artificial intelligence techniques can be expected to encompass the entire spectrum of crew station technologies; from data fusion, to optimized display resource management, to real-time onboard maintenance and fault reporting, and even to the optimization of pilot physiological needs. Emphasis on exploiting applications of the ultimate human resource, the mind, can be expected through the use of biocybernetics; initially to control previously manual and/or automated cockpit functions, and eventually to allow bidirectional communications. Future enhancements can also be expected to improve aircrew performance by allowing the pilot to take full advantage of aircraft maneuvering capability, and to operate effectively in hostile chemical, biological and radiological environments. New high resolution, full color, three dimensional crew station display devices will complement enlarged sensor suites and enhance aircrew situational awareness. Does the pilot really need to see the outside world to fly and fight effectively? Or, can panoramic display techniques, in an encapsulated environment, coupled with 4? steradian sensor coverage, increase performance? This paper strives to illustrate some ``no holds barred' approaches to making future fighter cockpits an ``in-tune' extension of the operator, based on current and projected tactical needs.     

飞机整机线缆自动化集成检测技术研究现状和发展

飞机整机线缆集成检测是飞机总装过程中的一项重要工作,是关乎线缆制造质量高低的一个关键环节,在航空制造企业受到了广泛重视.对飞机整机线缆检测方法进行了比较和分析,介绍了线缆自动化集成检测的内涵和主要研究内容,对比分析了国内外线缆自动化集成检测的研究现状,分析和指出了线缆自动化集成检测存在的问题以及发展趋势.最后对数字孪生...     

药房快速发药系统中的上药管理与控制研究

随着社会的进步以及医疗行业的发展,药品种类越来越多,医院规模也在不断扩建,医院药房药品的补充及取药问题尤为突出,目前传统的药房工作效率低,工作人员劳动强度大,补药与取药供需不平衡导致患者等待时间长.基于.net平台,采用C#语言以最优的路径实现了自动化药房快速发药系统自动和手动药品的补充.这一研究利用自动化设备代替药房工作人员完成药品的补充及发药,缩短患者取药等待时间,并且方便药品的管理,这对提高医院药房工作效率及自动化程度具有一定的参考价值.     

Adaptive level of autonomy for human-UAVs collaborative surveillance using situated fuzzy cognitive maps

Collaborating with a squad of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is challenging for a human operator in a cooperative surveillance task. In this paper, we propose a cognitive model that can dynamically adjust the Levels of Autonomy (LOA) of the human-UAVs team according to the changes in task complexity and human cognitive states. Specifically, we use the Situated Fuzzy Cognitive Map (SiFCM) to model the relations among tasks, situations, human states and LOA. A recurrent structure has been used to learn the strategy of adjusting the LOA, while the collaboration task is separated into a perception routine and a control routine. Experiment results have shown that the workload of the human operator is well balanced with the task efficiency.     

空管自动化的人因素考虑

人因素问题直接影响着空管系统的安全和效率，系统中不断引用的自动化将会带来新的人因素问题。该文探讨了空管自动化的开发和实验中可能出现的一些人因素问题和一些自动化的人因素要求。