基于非线性混合模型研究太空风化对月壤光谱的影响

月表太空风化会改变月壤光谱特征, 影响月壤元素遥感反演精度. 研究太空风化对月壤光谱的影响有助于开发月壤成熟度光谱解耦算法, 提高月壤成分遥感反演精度. 直接对比月壤风化前后光谱的变化能最真实反映太空风化对光谱的影响, 但无法获取未风化的月壤样品, 利用实验室模拟方法开展研究也存在缺陷. 本文提出了一种简便的方法来研究太空风化对月壤光谱的影响, 并以月海样品为例进行探讨. 利用Hapke模型对月海样品组成矿物光谱按照实测含量进行非线性混合, 并通过对比混合后的光谱与实测的月壤光谱, 研究太空风化过程对月壤光谱的影响. 研究结果表明, 月壤在遭受太空风化后反射率降低, 波长越短降低越显著; 月壤背景吸收斜率增大, 月壤变得更红, 月壤矿物特征吸收峰深度降低, 光谱对比度变弱, 长波吸收峰(2.0μm附近)深度降低程度超过短波吸收峰(1.0μm附近)深度. 未来在利用遥感技术反演月壤元素含量时, 必须考虑这些因素.     

太空环境对肿瘤细胞生理特性的影响

将3种肿瘤细胞搭载于“神舟4号”的卫星返回舱内,经过7天太空飞行,回收后对存活细胞进行单克隆化,观察细胞形态,并测定了细胞周期、黏附力及细胞因子表达.结果显示,经太空飞行,小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞的周期发生改变,G1期细胞明显增多(p<0.05),并表现多种细胞形态;人肺鳞癌细胞L78对血管内皮细胞黏附力明显减弱,但经传代培养其黏附力恢复且超过对照组细胞;Caski细胞IL-2、IL-8、TNF和TGF的表达均明显增加,而L78细胞上述4种细胞因子的表达均显著下降.结论,太空环境可影响肿瘤细胞的某些生理特性,但可否影响肿瘤细胞的免疫原性,仍需做进一步的实验.     

空间风化对C型小行星的光谱影响研究概述

C型小行星主要由硅酸盐矿物和含碳有机质组成,保存了太阳系形成初期的原始物质,是认识太阳系形成初期的重要物质,对研究水和生命起源与演化具有重要科学意义。目前对小行星物质组成的认识主要基于光谱特征分析,但长期的空间风化作用会改变小行星表面物质的光谱特征,所以认识小行星的物质组成需要准确厘清空间风化对光谱的影响。随着中国小行星探测工程的推进,迫切需要深入认识C型小行星的光谱特征及对空间风化的响应规律。为此,分析了C型小行星的反射率、水和有机质吸收等光谱特征以及空间风化的影响,提出研究存在的主要问题,进而指出了该研究方向的未来发展趋势和研究重点。     

太空高温气体的生命特性

最新的计算机模拟显示：星际尘埃中带有电荷的微粒排列成类似DNA的双螺旋状,并展现出只有生命系统才具备的特性,如进化和繁衍。科学家们并不急于将这些舞动的微粒叫做“生命体”,相反,他们称这只不过是另外的一个例证,说明了生命有多么难以解释。     

基于迁移学习的太空台风自动识别

太空台风是极盖区内一种新发现的大尺度亮斑状极光结构,直观表征了地磁平静期的一种堪比磁暴的太阳风能量注入现象,这更新了人们对太阳风–磁层–电离层耦合过程的认识,如何从海量星载极光数据中准确髙效识别出太空台风事件具有重要的科学意义。采用深度学习的方法,通过六种网络模型的对比,最终基于迁移学习和EfficientNetB2网络提出了一种太空台风自动识别方法。在2005－2021年美国国防气象卫星（Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,DMSP）上搭载的紫外光谱成像仪（Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager,SSUSI）的观测数据中验证了该模型的有效性,识别准确率达到97.7%。研究结果表明,该方法可用于从海量星载极光观测数据中自动识别太空台风事件。     

基于月面单幅图像的软着陆障碍识别与安全区选取方法

针对月球软着陆自主避障的需求,提出了一种适合月球灰尘表面的改进优化Hapke模型,给出了相对高程的求解、障碍识别与安全区选取方法,解决了已有纹理法无法识别坡度的问题,实现了利用单幅图像的月面着陆障碍识别与安全区域选取。利用月球软着陆下降段仿真图像,进行了模型解算和三维高程恢复并计算安全区域,结果表明,利用月面单幅图像能够实现障碍的识别与安全区的选取。     

太空环境下低渗透岩石的渗流研究

宋子超在评审会上介绍自己的搭载方案我国是一个发展中大国,对能源的需求日趋加大,对石油的需求也更加依赖.我国大部分属于低渗透油层,开发难度极大,石油资源又是一种不可再生资源,如何提高低渗透油田的采收率成为当前研究重点.     

基于光谱知识的高光谱图像自动识别方法

针对传统高光谱图像矿物识别方法未能充分利用矿物光谱诊断吸收特征与矿物光谱知识、识别过程人为干预多等问题,提出了一种基于光谱知识的高光谱图像自动识别方法.该方法引入了基于光谱吸收特征与波形特征的光谱知识作为自动识别的标准,利用连续统去除操作增强光谱吸收特征,采取基于光谱主次吸收特征的识别决策策略,建立多级约束准则以提高识别精度及避免误识别,通过利用模拟数据进行算法精度评价并应用航空高光谱成像仪AVIRIS(Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer)数据进行应用分析与验证.结果表明:当图像信噪比大于200时,识别准确率可以达到80.3%,能够得到良好的识别结果以及较高的精度,并实现了基于高光谱图像的矿物自动识别.     

基于超连续激光吸收光谱的温度测量技术研究

随着激光吸收光谱技术在复杂工况应用和高精度测量需求方面的发展,超连续激光吸收光谱测量技术开始得到广泛关注。基于超连续激光吸收光谱的温度测量技术研究,发展了一种用于同步解算温度和浓度等参数的超连续光谱特征匹配法,并进行了仿真计算分析和试验验证。通过仿真计算得到的吸光度数据进行了300～2 600 K范围的温度解算,验证了该方法在温度准确测量方面的可行性。同时搭建测量系统,利用水分子在7 433～7 446 cm^-1范围内的光谱吸收进行了473～1 173 K共8个温度点的试验验证。通过基线修正参数、时频转换参数与待测参数的同步拟合,实现了基于超连续光谱特征匹配法的试验温度测量,温度测量的最大相对误差为-1.98%。试验结果证明了超连续光谱特征匹配法在温度测量方面的准确性。     

太空环境中水在各种温度下的状态以及部分基于水的实验

梦想航天园地--希望号奥运星搭载方案选登(2) 本期选登的希望号奥运星搭载方案--太空环境中水在各种温度下的状态以及部分基于水的实验是由湖南省常德市一中的周千竣、欧阳雪、朱佳成提出的,此方案获得了初中组一等奖.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

应用于毫米波反射计的多项式校准方法

为了在毫米波波段准确测量波导器件的反射系数,提出了一种应用在反射系数测试前端(反射计)中的校准方法.该校准方法采用基于多项式的误差模型,使得每一个误差项的求解都转化成一个求解轨迹圆圆心的问题,同时不影响求解精度.采用一个滑动负载、一个滑动短路和一个短路器,在毫米波波段降低了对标准件理想程度的要求.实验中搭建了一个Ka波段的反射计,图解误差项的求解过程,分析了误差项的物理意义.把校准后的测量结果与商用矢量网络分析仪(VNA,Vector Network Analyzer)进行比较,吻合较好.同样比较了一组W波段反射计对波纹喇叭的测量结果,进一步验证了方法的合理性.      

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

一种提高螺栓联接强度的新方法

根据山本晃教授对螺栓，螺母，螺纹牙受力及其变形研究的成果，导出了该理论条件下受拉螺栓在等载荷受力状态下，当螺栓螺纹采用标准尺寸，螺母螺纹的螺旋线形状，并依据实用性，从螺母螺纹加工方便考虑，提出了近似等负荷螺纹。