全电推进卫星轨道优化的推力同伦解法

全电推进卫星的入轨过程是一个典型的多圈小推力轨道优化问题,由于其推力器加速度小,变轨圈数多,造成其最优理论解的求解较困难。为解决该问题,利用最优控制理论建立了全电推进卫星变轨优化的间接法模型,将变轨优化问题转化为协态变量初值猜测的两点边值问题。从大推力问题开始,通过遗传算法获得大范围猜测值并结合系列二次规划方法获得大推力的精确解。采用推力同伦思想,使用逐渐缩小推力的方式完成小推力问题的求解。仿真算例表明,采用推力同伦的方法,通过数十次的推力缩减即可有效解决多达上百圈变轨的静止轨道全电推进卫星入轨优化问题。     

基于间接法的最优小推力逃逸轨道设计

目前,小推力逃逸轨道优化的大部分研究限于平面内逃逸或对发动机模型做无约束简化处理.通过在性能指标中引入一个待定参数,采用间接法将系统两点边值问题的待定参数约束在多维单位球里;同时结合同伦思想和曲线拟合技术,由短时间无约束平面内燃料最优逃逸问题开始,逐步求解长时间有约束平面外燃料最优逃逸问题.数值仿真结果表明该方法收敛性好,能求解复杂逃逸问题,是一种高效的逃逸轨道设计方法.     

气动力辅助椭圆轨道转移技术研究

研究了两种共面椭圆轨道最优转移方法--基于单纯推力的双脉冲对称转移和基于气动力辅助变轨技术的协同机动方法。推导了双脉冲对称转移问题中转移椭圆轨道的求解公式,采用遗传算法求解最优变轨点位置,给出了变轨脉冲的计算方法。将气动力辅助对称转移过程分为3段：真空飞行段、大气飞行段、真空飞行段。以能量最小为性能指标,将大气飞行段轨迹优化问题转化为标准最优控制问题模型,并利用Gauss伪谱法进行求解,得到“巡航+滑行+巡航+滑行”的大气最优飞行轨迹。最后对两种转移方法进行详细比较,指出初始椭圆轨道近地点越接近大气层,气动力辅助对称转移方法比双脉冲对称转移方法越节省能量。     

基于Lyapunov最优反馈控制的月球中继卫星转移轨道设计

摘要： 随着电推进器及小推力转移变轨的研究逐渐深入,在深空探测领域应用电推力器是必然的发展趋势.文章基于以月球中继卫星的运行轨道地月L2点Halo轨道为目标轨道的轨道转移任务,采用Lyapunov最优反馈控制方法,计算单一轨道根数的局部最优控制率,通过遗传算法调整五个轨道根数的权重,得到时间最优的月球中继卫星小推力轨道转移方案,具有工程应用意义.     

基于多目标遗传算法的太阳高纬探测器轨道设计

针对太阳高纬度探测器轨道设计任务要求, 研究了基于多目标遗传算法的小推力借力飞行轨道设计方法. 基于圆锥曲线拼接假设, 将探测器轨道分为小推力日心转移轨道段和木星借力飞行轨道段两部分. 在日心转移轨道段, 选择燃料最省为优化目标, 采用标称轨道法设计小推力的推力控制率. 在借力飞行轨道段, 选择借力后日心轨道倾角为优化目标, 对借力飞行的关键参数进行分析. 采用多目标遗传算法对该多目标进行了优化. 结果表明, 多目标遗传算法可以有效地解决轨道设计中的多目标优化问题. 优化得到的小推力控制率不仅可以节省发射能量, 还可以保证借力飞行后探测器能够进入太阳高纬度探测轨道.      

小推力轨道优化研究

研究小推力电推进轨道优化问题,推力加速度量级为１０＾－２～１０＾－４,优化方法间接法,利用末端横截条件反向积分伴随方程,避开伴随变量的初值猜测,运用迭代法数值求解了逃兔地心引起场轨道和低轨道变轨优化,计算结果表明,小推力作用下最优转移轨道几乎为圆形,转移时间较长,小推力大小与作用时间成近似线反比关系,小推力情况下,横向比最优控制更为合理。     

基于不变流形的地-月L2点转移轨道优化设计

在地–月L2点月球中继卫星轨道转移设计中,采用高比冲、小推力的电推进器可以大大增加卫星的有效载荷比,但会增加轨道设计的难度。基于地球GEO轨道为初始轨道,地–月L2点的halo轨道为目标轨道,通过最优控制中的混合法及平动点轨道的不变流形,研究了作为拓展任务的利用地月系统不变流形的小推力变轨方案,可以有效简化转移的轨道设计。仿真结果表明:得到了任意推力情况下最节省推进剂燃料的推力方向控制方案,对月球中继卫星的轨道设计及其平动点轨道设计具有工程意义。     

平动点周期轨道间小推力转移的Gauss伪谱法

针对三体问题共线平动点附近周期轨道间的小推力转移问题,构造了一种新的形状函数,在此基础上提出了一种基于Gauss伪谱法的优化设计方法。首先,建立小推力轨道转移动力学模型,参考初始轨道和目标轨道的类型,构造一种新的形状函数以近似小推力转移轨道。为满足不同的约束要求,提出了振幅和相位按多项式变化的假设,推导了小推力转移轨道的近似解析解;然后利用Gauss伪谱法将小推力轨道转移的最优控制问题转化为非线性规划问题,并对推导的近似解析解进行解算和处理,为Gauss伪谱法求解非线性规划问题提供较为有效的控制变量的初始猜测值;最后以地月系统L1点附近Halo轨道间的小推力转移问题为例进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明,小推力转移轨道近似解析解具备有效性和普适性,使得Gauss伪谱法的迭代效率提高55%以上,同时也表明Gauss伪谱法可有效解决平动点周期轨道间的小推力转移轨道优化设计问题。     

基于粒子群算法的电帆轨迹优化设计

电帆是一种利用太阳风动量的新颖的无工质空间推进系统,文章研究了以电帆为对象的行星际转移轨迹优化问题。以地球轨道转移到火星、金星轨道为任务对象,采用连续推力模型,研究极坐标系下最小时间转移轨迹优化设计问题。提出了两种基于粒子群算法(PSO)的直接优化方法,避免对协态变量初值敏感的两点边值问题（TPBVP）求解。方法一是通过打靶法直接离散化控制量输入,将最优控制问题转化为非线性规划参数优化问题,采用PSO算法寻优,获得近似最优的转移轨迹。方法二是针对任何连续控制律曲线都能以一定精度的多项式函数进行曲线拟合的特性,设计逼近最优转移轨迹控制律的多项式函数,通过PSO算法优化多项式函数参数获得逼近最优解的转移轨迹。仿真结果表明采用上述两种方法进行转移轨迹优化设计,具有随机猜测初值、全局收敛、鲁棒性强的特点。     

基于分段常值的全电推进GEO卫星制导策略

电推进技术因其比冲高的技术特点在GEO轨道转移中应用可大大减少燃料质量,提高有效载荷质量比,延长任务寿命等。针对全电推进GEO卫星入轨的轨迹优化和制导问题,首先利用间接法获得小推力燃料最优GEO轨道转移的数值解,提出一种多项式曲线拟合最优轨迹的方法,多项式曲线形式简单,可作为参考轨道在星上存储和使用。在多项式参考轨道的基础上,建立了一种分段常值推力跟踪参考轨道的闭环制导策略,在常值推力条件下,轨道要素控制量与控制力有解析关系,简化了制导律设计;将多圈轨道转移问题分解为多个单圈轨道优化问题。结果显示,本文提出的分段常值跟踪制导策略跟踪精度高,和最优轨道相比多消耗7%的燃料。本制导策略控制结构简单,易于工程实施。     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

清镇陨石（EH3）中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Progress in tropospheric ammonia retrieval from the MIPAS satellite instrument

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding is a polar orbiting high resolution mid-infrared emission limb sounder with a nominal vertical resolution of 3 km. Work to extend the list of routinely retrieved species led to the examination of ammonia, NH₃. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of upper tropospheric retrievals around 6-km altitude, discussing appropriate methods. We demonstrate a weak north to south gradient outside the error bars, using co-addition to improve signal-to-noise and compare these first results with a model.     

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data

Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions.     

Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.