21世纪载人航天活动展望(5)

3.3 对太阳系其它天体的探测 在对太阳系的开发和利用中,除了月球和火星外,还应该考虑小行星以及一些外层行星的卫星.     

图解深空探测史

正火星探测(上)火星是太阳系八大行星中距离太阳第四近的行星,也是距离地球轨道第二近的行星。火星自转轴倾角为25.19°,自转周期为24小时37分,都与地球相近。大约每26个月就会发生一次的火星冲日,是将探测器送往火星的绝佳时机,此时地火距离通常只有不到1亿公里,而在火星大冲时,这一距离甚至只有5500万公里。迄今为止,人类发往火星的探测器数量超过40个,是除了月球之外人类探测最多的太阳系天体。     

中国深空探测领域发展及展望

正深空探测一般指对月球及以远的地外天体进行空间探测的活动。20世纪50年代末,人类开启了深空探测的序幕。迄今为止,已发射深空探测任务超过240次,对太阳系内包括月球、行星、彗星、太阳等天体进行了探测,飞行最远的探测器距离地球超过200亿千米。通过深空探测,取得了大量科学探测和技术成果,拓展了人类对太阳系和宇宙的认识,推动了空间技术的进步。中国的深空探测起步于月球探测,按照探月工程"绕、落、回"三步走的任务规划,自2003年启动探月工程一期研制以来,已成功实施了4次探测任务;并正在按计划进行月球和火星探测任务的研制工作,即将在今后3年内发射实施。与此同时,正在论证后续月球、小天体、     

质谱计在行星系统与小天体探测中的应用

质谱计多次应用于行星系统和小天体的大气层与土壤吸附气体或挥发组分及其同位素含量探索,是太阳系行星系统和小天体探测计划中的首选载荷之一。大气和土壤元素及其同位素组分探测对资源勘探、行星系统的宜居性、天体演化、起源及其重要事件的精准时间坐标研究等具有重要意义。质谱计已多次成功应用于火星、土星系、木星系、彗星等探测任务中开展大气环境探测。质谱计的探测对象主要包括太阳系行星、行星卫星如月球、木星伽利略卫星、土卫,以及地外小行星和彗星。四极杆质谱计在当前的深空空间环境探测活动中应用最为广泛。利用四极杆质谱计除可用于探测稀薄天体大气与土壤析出气体外,如增加抽真空能力的前端设计,则具备探测稠密大气成分的能力。中科院空间中心研发的星载质谱计已多次成功应用于地球行星大气成分和密度探测。     

国外航天发展动态系列报道之六──国外空间探测的发展与现状

行星探测有助于了解地球和太阳系的起源、形成和演变，特别是对离地球最近的两颗行星——火星和金星的探测，更有助于我们深入了解人类的老家——地球，并提高对保护太阳系内这块唯一的绿洲的重要性的认识。虽然月球、行星探测技术难度较大，耗资亦巨，但是，随着行星探测活动的进一步深入，月球、火星探测必将成为ZI世纪航天技术的热点之一。1近年来国外田地空间探测的发展状况从航天活动一开始，国外就大规模地开展了日地空间探测与研究活动。1981年美国、前苏联、日本和欧洲的空间组织和机构联合成立了空间科学国际机构顾问组（IACG）…     

美国深空网的发展及其未来规划

1引言□□深空探测是指对月球和月球以远的天体和空间进行的探测,对实施深空探测的航天器进行测控通信的系统称为深空测控通信系统,它包括深空测控通信地面站和空间应答机两大部分。行星探测始于20世纪50年代末,美国和苏联/俄罗斯是行星探测的主要力量,它们通过发射无人行星探测器对太阳系内行星进行了大量的探测,极大地提高了对太阳系的认识程度。近些年来,深空探测再次成为航天技术发展的热点。目前,美国、欧洲航天局和俄罗斯等国家和组织已经建立了深空测控系统或测控网。法国、意大利和印度等国也在计划建立自己的深空站(DSS),用于对…     

人类探测月球史话

月球是地球的天然卫星,是离人类最近的一个天体。人类进入航天时代以后,月球就成了航天探测的重点对象和航天员拜访的第一个地外星球。 地月系中的月球 在太阳系9大行星中,除离太阳最近的水星和金星外都有天然卫星。具体分布是地球1颗、火星2颗,木星17星,土星23颗,天王星15颗,海王星8颗,冥王星1颗。据最新消息,近期科学家又发现了木星和土     

小天体探测任务统计与分析

正截至2016年底,世界各国针对月球以远的太阳系天体共开展过244次探测活动,其中专门的小天体探测任务为14次,仅次于月球(114次)、火星(43次)和金星(41次)探测任务。此外,包括"国际彗星探测者"(ICE)、"维加"(Vega)、"伽利略"(Galileo)在内的8次其他天体探测任务在扩展任务阶段和飞行过程中也对小天体进行了飞越探测,称为扩展小天体探测任务。这22次任务针对不同的小天体进行了探测,实现     

载人航天连续报道 21世纪载人航天活动展望(5)

3.3　对太阳系其它天体的探测□□在对太阳系的开发和利用中 ,除了月球和火星外 ,还应该考虑小行星以及一些外层行星的卫星。在火星与木星运行的轨道中间有一条小行星带 ,带中有数以万计的小行星。它们大小不等 ,最大的直径有 1 0 0 0 km,最小的仅有卵石大小。如果将所有小行星的质量加起来 ,可构成一个直径为 1 50 0 km的球 ,相当于半个月球大。有 75%的小行星的组成相似于太阳 ,主要是氢、氦和一些挥发性物质 ;有 1 7%的小行星由铁、镁和硅酸盐组成 ;其余的小行星则完全由金属铁组成。对小行星的探测主要是要开发利用它的氢和金属资源。氢…     

20年来美苏行星探测器探测各大行星时间表

截止1980年底,苏美共发射了35次不载人行星探测器(其中不包括向月球发射的探测器和载人飞船),获得了大量科学数据,为人类研究行星和宇宙做出了重大贡献。下表是美苏到1978年为止发射的各种行星探测器探测太阳系八大行星的时间表。     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

基于最小值原理的冗余度机器人动力学控制

为了解冗余度机器人全局法优化中数值求解的困难,本文讨论了动力学方程的建立,无约束和有约束最优控制问题之间的内在联系,重点分析了求解最优控制问题的数值方法,文中提出了双向异步积分迭代的求解正则方程组的直接迭代法,较好解决了状态方程和协态方程稳定相逆给求解两点这值问题带来的困难。     

基于GPS载波相位的微卫星姿态算法研究

GPS姿态系统是利用GPS载波相位测量来确定载体的航向和姿态角。本文对微卫星的GPS姿态系统进行了研究。重点解决短基线的GPS状态算法，讨论了姿态价格函数的了小化方法。测试结果表明，所提的算法对小于1m的基线是有效的。