“天问一号”火星探测器关键任务系统设计

“天问一号”任务是我国行星探测的首次任务,在国际上首次通过一次任务实现了火星“环绕、着陆、巡视”的三步跨越.“天问一号”探测器由中国空间技术研究院负责抓总研制,包括环绕器和着陆巡视器两个组成部分.对“天问一号”探测器的任务特点和概貌进行了介绍,对包括飞行过程、远距离深空通信、火星捕获过程、火星进入下降及着陆过程、火星车解锁驶离和火面工作等关键环节的设计方案进行了描述,对“天问一号”所取得的技术成果与创新进行了总结.     

基于分层介质模型的HF雷达高度计火星回波仿真研究

火星次表层中的水探测是当前深空探测领域中的热门问题之一. 高频(HF)雷达高度计具有较强的穿透能力, 且能同时实现距离和功率测量, 是火星次表层探测的重要手段. 介绍了高频雷达高度计系统的原理和设计, 通过分析高度计电磁脉冲与多层光滑介质之间的相互作用, 得出其回波功 率随时间变化的模型, 并考虑了表面粗糙度对表面回波功率的影响. 选用典型的火星分层介质模型, 对其介电常数特性和高度计回波波形 进行了仿真. 仿真结果表明, 采用高频雷达高度计系统可实现对火星次表 层介电特性垂直廓线的反演, 对火星中水的识别具有重要 作用.     

NASA惊人发现:2880年行星将撞地球?

美国航空航天局的天文学家最近发现，一颗巨大的行星正向地球飞来，好在它距离地球仍有一定的距离，要与地球相撞还需８７８年的飞行时间。据科学家估计，这颗行星与６５００万年前坠落墨西哥海造成恐龙灭绝的那颗行星体积相当，直径达到０．８千米。一旦与地球相撞，其可能产生的破坏力非常之大，地球上每３００人中将会有一人受到伤害。就在去年，科学家曾宣布一颗名为１９５０DA的行星与地球擦肩而过。航空航天局的科学家是在对位于波多黎哥的一个大型雷达天线进行跟踪时无意间发现这一行星的，他们原本是想对这个世界上最大的雷达的天…     

航天测控：万里星辰一线牵

正今年7月的火星探测窗口期内,中国、美国、阿联酋"组团"分别向火星发射了探测器。其中,中国将一步实现环绕、着陆、巡视探测,美国将进行着陆巡视探测,阿联酋将进行环绕探测。可能有读者会问:火星距离地球最远有4亿公里之遥,人类是怎样对这些探测器进行追踪、控制的?这便涉及到一个重要概念:航天测控。     

太阳系内行星探测活动进展与展望

行星探测是人类认识宇宙的重要手段，随着航天技术的不断发展，主要航天国家先后实施了百余次太阳系内行星探测活动，实现了太阳系内行星的飞越、环绕、着陆、巡视及采样返回。结合已实施的系内行星探测活动和将要开展的系内行星探测任务，分析了行星探测任务的特点，总结了行星探测的主要科学问题及主要发现，展望了系内行星探测的发展趋势，并结合我国行星探测近期发展规划，提出了中长期发展路线设想与引领任务建议，可为我国行星探测任务规划提供支持。     

欧阳自远:我国火星探测应高起点发展

根据"第五届国防科技工业试验与测试技术发展战略高层论坛"消息,我国有望在2020年采用搭乘长征五号直接转移方式首次发射火星环绕器和火星车。本刊针对读者关心的问题,采访了我国绕月探测工程首席科学家、长期系统开展各类地外物质(陨石、宇宙尘、月岩)、比较行星学、天体化学与地球化学的研究的中国科学院欧阳自远院士,请他点评火星探测的最新进展和中国探测火星的科学目标着眼点。     

金星奥秘的探索

<正>金星在太阳系中的位置金星是太阳系的第二个行星,轨道位于地球与水星的轨道之间。与火星轨道比较,金星轨道更靠近地球轨道。金星是环绕太阳运转的内行星,大约每19个月,金星会接近地球一次。最近时,距离地球大约3800万千米。最远时,距离地球大约26000万千米。平均而言,金星轨道距离太阳大约10800万千米。比地球距离太阳近了4200万千米,比水星距离太阳远了5000万千米。     

雷达技术在小天体任务中的应用研究

在小天体任务中,雷达技术可用于浅表层探测和全球内部结构探测。总结了国内外雷达技术在天体探测任务中的应用现状,分析了单站和双站雷达系统的不同应用场景,对比了单站雷达中的轨道器雷达、表面巡视器雷达的不同特点。在此基础上,研究了小天体的可能结构、可能物质,介绍了单站、双站雷达的基本工作原理,提出了针对不同结构小天体可采用的雷达探测体制。针对尺寸较大的分层结构小天体,可采用单站雷达探测天体的浅表层,获取表层和浅表层的介电常数以及表层的深度;对于尺寸较小的碎石堆结构小天体,可采用双站雷达观测天体透射波,获取天体的介电常数和全球内部结构。最后通过仿真实验,验证了双站雷达对于探测碎石堆状小行星全球内部结构的有效性。     

图解深空探测史

正火星探测(上)火星是太阳系八大行星中距离太阳第四近的行星,也是距离地球轨道第二近的行星。火星自转轴倾角为25.19°,自转周期为24小时37分,都与地球相近。大约每26个月就会发生一次的火星冲日,是将探测器送往火星的绝佳时机,此时地火距离通常只有不到1亿公里,而在火星大冲时,这一距离甚至只有5500万公里。迄今为止,人类发往火星的探测器数量超过40个,是除了月球之外人类探测最多的太阳系天体。     

火星车的研制试验

正1引言2020年7月23日,我国天问一号火星探测任务实施,目标是实现火星环绕和着陆巡视探测,对火星开展全球性、综合性的环绕探测,在火星表面开展区域巡视探测。火星探测器由环绕器和着陆巡视器组成,着陆巡视器到达火星表面后释放火星车。     

Scientific objectives and payloads of Tianwen-1, China’s first Mars exploration mission

This paper describes the scientific objectives and payloads of Tianwen-1, China’s first exploration mission to Mars. An orbiter, carrying a lander and a rover, lifted-off in July 2020 for a journey to Mars where it should arrive in February 2021. A suite of 13 scientific payloads, for in-situ and remote sensing, autonomously commanded by integrated payload controllers and mounted on the orbiter and the rover will study the magnetosphere and ionosphere of Mars and the relation with the solar wind, the atmosphere, surface and subsurface of the planet, looking at the topography, composition and structure and in particular for subsurface ice. The mission will also investigate Mars climate history. It is expected that Tianwen-1 will contribute significantly to advance our scientific knowledge of Mars.     

基于MARSIS的火星低纬度电离层统计特性研究

在对欧空局火星快车探测器搭载的MARSIS雷达的浅表层探测数据进行校准过程中,获得了火星电离层的总电子含量(total electron content,TEC)观测数据。利用该数据,计算火星低纬度地区电离层的峰值电子密度和标高;并对其进行统计分析发现,在低纬度地区,火星冬季电离层的标高和峰值电子密度均较夏季高,即冬季电离层较夏季更显著,且春季电离层的电子密度梯度最大。     

Network science landers for Mars

The NetLander Mission will deploy four landers to the Martian surface. Each lander includes a network science payload with instrumentation for studying the interior of Mars, the atmosphere and the subsurface, as well as the ionospheric structure and geodesy. The NetLander Mission is the first planetary mission focusing on investigations of the interior of the planet and the large-scale circulation of the atmosphere. A broad consortium of national space agencies and research laboratories will implement the mission. It is managed by CNES (the French Space Agency), with other major players being FMI (the Finnish Meteorological Institute), DLR (the German Space Agency), and other research institutes. According to current plans, the NetLander Mission will be launched in 2005 by means of an Ariane V launch, together with the Mars Sample Return mission. The landers will be separated from the spacecraft and targeted to their locations on the Martian surface several days prior to the spacecraft's arrival at Mars. The landing system employs parachutes and airbags. During the baseline mission of one Martian year, the network payloads will conduct simultaneous seismological, atmospheric, magnetic, ionospheric, geodetic measurements and ground penetrating radar mapping supported by panoramic images. The payloads also include entry phase measurements of the atmospheric vertical structure. The scientific data could be combined with simultaneous observations of the atmosphere and surface of Mars by the Mars Express Orbiter that is expected to be functional during the NetLander Mission's operational phase. Communication between the landers and the Earth would take place via a data relay onboard the Mars Express Orbiter.     

中国探月工程

"嫦娥4号"于2019年1月3日成功实现人类航天器首次在月球背面软着陆,"玉兔2号"月球车率先在月背刻上了中国足迹。至今,国际月球探测活动共实施126次,期间出现两个探月高潮。20世纪50—70年代,美苏两个航天大国之间的竞争引起第一轮探月高潮。20世纪末至今,各航天国家意识到月球探测的战略意义,纷纷提出月球探测计划并积极实施,月球成为各国争先探测的热点,掀起第二轮探月热潮。中国自2004年首次绕月探测工程立项实施以来,共开展了"嫦娥1号""嫦娥2号""嫦娥3号""嫦娥4号"及再入返回飞行试验共5次月球探测任务,实现"五战五捷",在空间技术、空间科学与应用、国际合作等方面取得了非凡成就,积累了丰富的经验,后续将继续开展以无人月球科研站为主的月球探测活动。     

Synergies of Earth science and space exploration

A more flexible policy basis from which to manage our planet in the 21st century is desirable. As one contribution, we note that synergies between space exploration and the preservation of our habitat exist, and that protecting life on Earth requires similar concepts and information as investigations of life beyond the Earth, including the expansion of human presence in space. Instrumentation and data handling to observe both planetary objects and planet Earth are based on similar techniques. Moreover, while planetary surface operations are conducted under different conditions, the technology to probe the surface and subsurface of both the Earth and other planets requires similar tools, such as radar, seismometers, and drilling devices. The Earth observation community has developed some exemplary tools and has featured successful international cooperation in data handling and sharing that could be equally well applied to robotic planetary exploration. Here we propose a network involving both communities that will enable the interchange of scientific insights and the development of new policies and management strategies. Those tools can provide a vital forum through which the management of this planet can be assisted, and in which a new bridge between the Earth-centric and space-centric communities can be built.     

NASA历表在深空导航中的发展和比较

利用不同版本的数值历表,对我国正在进行的探月工程以及后续的金星、火星和木星等深空探测中的导航问题进行分析和讨论。对DE405、DE421和DE430的动力学模型及其使用的观测数据进行了分析比较,考察了历表的精度和稳定性。并根据DE430历表简单讨论了木星在我国深空探测站的可视问题,为以后深空导航提供参考。简单讨论了中科院国家天文台行星无线电研究团组基于月球无线电测距(LRR)发展我国自己的历表以及开展基于月球深空导航计划的可行性。     

General aspect of GPS data use for atmospheric science

The radio link between a GPS satellite and a GPS receiver is appropriate for bistatic radar sounding of the Earth's atmosphere, ionosphere, and ocean surface (latter in case of GPS reflection). Measurements of GPS phases and amplitudes are currently performed by spaceborne, airborne, mountain- and ground-based GPS receivers. In the present paper, an uniform approach based on geometrical optics and spherical symmetry of the atmosphere is applied to various GPS observation configurations. Atmospheric mapping function, influence and retrieval of ionospheric layers/disturbances, tropospheric water vapor, and possible measurement of vertical winds and wave velocities are investigated by use of simulation data of GPS phase path excess and bending angle.     

Interstellar planetary protection

In the coming decades the detection of Earth-like extrasolar planets, either apparently lifeless or exhibiting spectral signatures of life, will encourage design studies for craft to visit them. These missions will require the elaboration of an interstellar planetary protection protocol. Given a specific dose required to sterilize microorganisms on a spacecraft, a critical mean velocity can be determined below which a craft becomes self-sterilizing. This velocity is calculated to be below velocities previously projected for interstellar missions, suggesting that an active sterilization protocol prior to launch might be required. Given uncertainties in the surface conditions of a destination extrasolar planet, particularly at microscopic scales, the potential for unknown biochemistries and biologies elsewhere, or the possible inoculation of a lifeless planet that is habitable, then both lander and orbiter interstellar missions should be completely free of all viable organisms, necessitating a planetary protection approach applied to orbiters and landers bound for star systems with unknown local conditions for habitability. I discuss the case of existing craft on interstellar trajectories – Pioneer 10, 11 and Voyager 1 and 2.     

Revised planetary protection policy for solar system exploration

In order to control contamination of planets by terrestrial microorganisms and organic constituents, U.S. planetary missions have been governed by a planetary protection (or planetary quarantine) policy which has changed little since 1972. This policy has recently been reviewed in light of new information obtained from planetary exploration during the past decade and because of changes to, or uncertainties in, some parameters used in the existing quantitative approach. On the basis of this analysis, a revised planetary protection policy with the following key features is proposed: deemphasizing the use of mathematical models and quantitative analyses; establishing requirements for target planet/mission type (i.e., orbiter, lander, etc.) combinations; considering sample return missions a separate category; simplifying documentation; and imposing implementing procedures (i.e., trajectory biasing, cleanroom assembly, spacecraft sterilization, etc.) by exception, i.e., only if the planet/mission combination warrants such controls.