航天器用丙烯环路热管的研究现状与展望

环路热管是一种依靠毛细力驱动的高效两相传热装置,可解决高精度控温、大功率、远距离热传输等热控难题,广泛应用于各航天器。目前,大功率的航天器平台（例如新一代大功率通信卫星等）在存储或故障工况下,为维持辐射器生存温度需额外消耗能源,补偿较大的加热功率;木星系、太阳系边际等深空探测任务要求热控系统拓展其低温适应性。上述空间任务对具有低温适应性的丙烯环路热管技术提出了迫切需求。相比常用的氨工质,丙烯具有低冰点（–185℃）特性,丙烯工质环路热管可在低温下存储和运行,空间应用时不存在冻结风险（航天器辐射器温度一般不低于–150℃）,无需额外补偿加热,提高了热控系统的低温适应性和可靠性。本文分析了丙烯环路热管的理论建模、稳态性能和动态特性实验研究现状及典型空间应用形式,对未来研究工作提出了建议。     

并联蒸发器环路热管实验研究

采用并联蒸发器环路热管作为传热元件,并联冷却管辐射器作为散热部件,建立了包括热量收集、传递与排散的环路热管(LHP)集成试验系统,并进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:在并联蒸发器LHP系统中,蒸发器按顺序先后启动是其稳定的启动方式;在LHP运行过程中,当LHP工作在可变热导模式下,只有一个液体补偿器中保持汽液两相状态,并控制着LHP的运行温度,另一个液体补偿器则被充满液体,且处于过冷状态;在总热负荷不变的情况下,随着热负荷在蒸发器之间的分配不同,LHP的运行温度改变。当LHP工作在固定热导模式下,LHP的运行温度只与总热负荷有关,而与热负荷的分配情况无关。     

热管辐射器设计,试验及其在通信广播卫星上的应用

首先介绍了热管辐射器的计算及优化设计的理论。制作了两个铝蜂窝板热管辐射器单元试件，一个是热管预埋的，一个是热管外贴的。通过试验比较了这两种形式辐射器，并验证了理论计算。还介绍了用于广播通信卫星行波管散热用热管辐射器的设计及太阳模拟热平衡试验结果。     

高分辨率立体测绘相机系统热控设计及验证

高分辨率立体测绘相机的光学系统及探测器的温度稳定性影响测绘相机的测绘精度。针对透射式光学系统,采用多级外热流抑制技术,使星相机透镜的温度稳定性提高了6倍;针对反射式光学系统,采用间接辐射式控温等热控技术,使主镜、次镜的温度稳定性达到±0.3℃;针对大功率电荷耦合元件（CCD）,采用基于环路热管（LHP）的节能型控温技术,在满足温度指标的前提下使环路热管驱动功率的周期平均值由60 W降低至33.8 W,同时节省约40%的主冷凝器面积及质量;针对CMOS,采用两级温度波动抑制技术,使其温度稳定性达到±0.3℃。研究了地面热试验的方法,报告了测绘相机系统关键部组件在极端空间环境下的在轨数据,全面验证了热控设计方法的正确性。     

GEO长寿命卫星热管在轨等温性能分析

热管是GEO长寿命卫星热控设计大量使用的重要传热元件，其在轨等温传热性能是影响卫星安全可靠工作的关键因素。针对中国在轨长期稳定运行的GEO长寿命卫星热管，基于热管在轨温度遥测数据，采用数理统计方法分析热管在轨等温性能随时间的实际变化规律，分析表明：GEO长寿命卫星热管在轨等温性能稳定性良好，等温性受热管自身温度水平影响较大，年周期内呈现季节性变化，全寿命周期内随飞行时间推移呈现性能衰减下降趋势，寿命末期等温性优于1.6℃，并从热管设计、热负荷大小与分布、使用环境等方面进行等温性改进分析及应用建议。     

第三届中国空间热物理学术会议征文

<正> 兹定于1982年第四季度召开第三届中国空间热物理学术会议. 征文内容: 1.航天器的热设计:航天器的外热流计算;航天器轨道段温度计算和分析;各种温控机构:热管、百叶窗、热开关、旋转盘、相变材料、辐射器等;航天     

空间两相环路热控系统的动力学特性

针对两种典型的两相环路热控系统——毛细力驱动的平板型环路热管和机械泵驱动的两相环路热控系统(硅微条探测器控温系统, TTCS)展开讨论, 分析其工作原理, 介绍地面测试实验系统, 使用SINDA/FLUINT和Maltab/Simulink软件分别建立其动态模型. 研究结果表明, 平板型环路热管和TTCS均存在启动问题; 平板型环路热管运行时可能有较严重的稳定性问题, 而TTCS的稳定性相对较高; 重力对平板型环路热管的性能有较大影响, TTCS受重力的影响不大; 双通道平板型环路热管可以比单通道环路平板型环路热管有更优异的传热性能, 而TTCS的双辐射器结构可以有良好的流量和热量自调节能力. 在选择两相环路热控系统时, 需考虑热源的分布特点、寿命要求、控温要求以及系统尺寸和质量等因素, 这两种两相热控技术未来可交叉借鉴、优势互补.      

肋片参数对辐射器散热性能的影响研究

采用蒙特卡罗法计算等截面圆管直肋式辐射器的肋片和外管壁相互间的辐射换热,数值模拟了第一类换热边界条件下散热器的散热过程。分析了辐射器的肋片数、肋片高度、肋片厚度及管壁温度对肋片散热性能的影响。结果发现,在肋片质量一定的条件下肋片数及肋片高度均存在一优值,在该值附近肋片的散热效率最高,且该值受管壁温度的影响,温度越高该值越小;在肋片外形不变的条件下,增加肋片的厚度来提高辐射器的散热性能并不是经济的途径;肋片的散热效率随管壁温度的升高而减小,壁温较高时安装肋片的必要性降低。     

测量引线热电势对热电阻测温系统测温结果的影响分析CSCD

热电阻测温系统广泛采用单向电流恒定激励,通过测量热电阻两端电势差获得热电阻阻值的方法进行温度测量。而此类测温系统受到测量引线热电势的影响,所测得热电阻的阻值往往与实际阻值存在一定的偏差,从而影响测温结果。对电路中热电势对热电阻测温结果产生影响的机理进行了分析,并通过实验验证了分析结果,提出了减小或消除热电势差对测温结果影响的建议。     

负压式平板型环路热管试验

为解决高热流密度电子器件的散热问题,设计了一套负压式铜 甲醇环路热管,其蒸发器设计成平板型。研究表明,该平板型环路热管具有较高的散热能力,能够在无重力姿态和重力姿态下顺利启动。当重力倾角分别为0°、18°和30°,热负荷为160W时,蒸发器壁面温度分别达到85.8℃、66.3℃和64.6℃。按照环路热管启动状态,其启动过程可分为3个阶段：加热阶段、预启动阶段和后启动阶段。在低热负荷区域,环路热管会出现温度波动现象。增大重力倾角,有利于降低蒸发器壁面温度和热阻。当重力倾角为30°,热负荷从10W递增到160W时,环路热管的热阻从4.97℃/W降低到0.39℃/W。     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

基于最小值原理的冗余度机器人动力学控制

为了解冗余度机器人全局法优化中数值求解的困难,本文讨论了动力学方程的建立,无约束和有约束最优控制问题之间的内在联系,重点分析了求解最优控制问题的数值方法,文中提出了双向异步积分迭代的求解正则方程组的直接迭代法,较好解决了状态方程和协态方程稳定相逆给求解两点这值问题带来的困难。     

基于GPS载波相位的微卫星姿态算法研究

GPS姿态系统是利用GPS载波相位测量来确定载体的航向和姿态角。本文对微卫星的GPS姿态系统进行了研究。重点解决短基线的GPS状态算法，讨论了姿态价格函数的了小化方法。测试结果表明，所提的算法对小于1m的基线是有效的。