嫦娥探月待来时——我国月球探测二期工程展望

在中国探月工程一期圆满成功的同时,中国探月工程二期也已启动. 据中国探月工程领导小组组长、国防科工局局长陈求发透露,对一期工程的备份星进行技术改进的嫦娥二号卫星,将作为二期工程的先导星,用于试验验证二期工程轨道、测控和软着陆等相关的五个方面的关键技术,降低二期工程的技术风险.同时,嫦娥二号卫星搭载的CCD相机分辨率由120米提高到10米,深化月球科学探测.     

嫦娥二号眼力可达1米——访中国探月工程副总设计师、中国航天科技集团公司科技委副主任于登云

嫦娥二号卫星是探月二期工程中嫦娥三号、四号的探路者,是个"先锋".它所承担的重要科学试验、验证任务对探月工程具有承前启后、继往开来的作用,将给后续探月工程带来重大影响.     

探月二期工程组织管理

中国探月二期工程立项后,国防科工局牵头,成立了由国家有关部门和有关企事业单位组成的探月工程重大专项领导小组,领导探月工程的实施工作. 领导小组任命国防科工局局长陈求发担任工程总指挥,吴伟仁同志担任工程总设计师,聘任严峻同志为应用科学首席科学家,聘请栾恩杰院士、孙家栋院士、欧阳自远院士为领导小组高级顾问.     

嫦娥二号将作为先导星降低二期技术风险

3月12日，中国探月工程领导小组组长、国防科工局局长陈求发表示，将把由探月一期工程的备份星技术改进而成的嫦娥二号卫星，作为探月工程二期的先导星，用于试验验证二期工程轨道、测控和软着陆等五个方面的关键技术，降低探月工程二期的技术风险。嫦娥二号卫星搭载的CCD相机分辨率由120米提高到10米，它将于2011年底前完成发射。     

兰州航天科技园奠基开工

4月8日,集团公司五院510所兰州航天科技园在兰州市雁滩高新技术开发区奠基。建设兰州航天科技园是国家重大专项工程基础保障的重要组成部分。根据规划,兰州航天科技园一期工程总投资3．8亿元～4．2亿元,总建筑面积9万多平方米,包括11000平方米的生产厂房,17层国家重点实验室和综合科研大楼,为探月工程服务的探月楼,为载人航天工程服务的载人航天楼等;二期工程投资1．5亿元～2亿元,包括试验大楼和型号保障中心等。     

嫦娥二号卫星揭秘

高灵敏度X波段深空应答机技术 探月二期工程将采用×波段测控体制,嫦娥二号卫星对此体制将进行先期验证.目前,国内型号中尚无星地×波段测控体制应用的实践,×波段深空应答机的研制涉及设计、器件和工艺等一系列难点,将重点解决低信噪比的载波捕获与跟踪以及在解调损耗紧张、低信噪比条件下保持较高的灵敏度等关键技术.     

月球与行星探测测控系统建设与发展

全面回顾了中国探月工程"绕""落""回"三步走战略顺利实施17年,测控系统从近地走向深空的发展历程和建设成就.探月一期工程突破了远距离测控技术;探月工程二期率先建设两个深空站,初步建成深空测控网;探月工程三期建成了阿根廷深空站,形成了完整的深空测控能力.目前中国深空测控系统已成为世界上三大全球布局的深空测控网之一,具备...     

嫦娥-5:匠心独妙的“采样返回”——专访探月工程副总设计师于登云

<正>2014年10月24日-11月1日,我国探月三期再入返回飞行试验器—嫦娥-5T(CE-5T)任务圆满完成,成功着陆在预定区域。嫦娥-5T任务对探月三期下一步实施有什么重要意义?嫦娥-5探测器到底如何"采样返回"?本刊记者专访了中国航天科技集团公司科技委副主任、探月工程副总设计师于登云。记者:于总,您好,感谢您接受采访。请问探月工程三期在最初论证时是否规划了嫦娥-5T任务?于登云:由于考虑探月工程经费规模,所以在探月工程三期立项之前的最初论证时只计划了嫦娥-5/6两次任务,其中嫦娥-6作为嫦娥-5的备份,并未列入嫦娥-5T高速再入返回飞行试验任务,只是把高速再入返回作为一项关键技术。但是在后来的立项评估时,以中国航天科技集团公司王礼恒     

中国航天

<正>我国将进行探月三期再入返回飞行试验执行探月工程三期再入返回飞行试验任务的飞行试验器8月10日从北京运抵西昌卫星发射中心,并开展相关测试和试验。试验任务将于今年择机实施,主要验证嫦娥五号任务返回器以接近每秒11.2千米的第二宇宙速度再入返回相关技术。嫦娥三号任务圆满成功后,我国探月工程全面转入三期。作为"绕、落、回"规划的第三步,探月工程三期的主要目标是实现无人自动采样返回,突破月面采样、月面上升、月球轨道交会对接和接近第二宇宙速度再入返回四项核心关键     

日民间团队开发月球车

正日本宇宙开发创业企业ispace的探月团队"HAKUTO"于9月27日在日本鸟取县的鸟取沙丘对月球车进行了实证测试。该月球车计划在2017年内登陆月球表面。日本的该探月团队参加了美国财团主办的国际探月大赛。若想获得冠军,需要在所有参赛队中第一个在月面行走500米,并向地球回传一定数量影像。此次之所以选择在鸟取沙丘进行测试,是因其地形与月     

Research on the Relation Between the Seeker's Handover and the Geometrical Position of the Missile and the Target

 研究了雷达导引头的交班误差以及截获概率与交班时刻弹目几何位置的关系,提出了单个误差角的导引头天线指向角误差模型,它与两个误差角的导引头指向角误差模型相比可以更好地分析天线指向角误差,并得到使指向角误差最小的弹目几何位置;然后进一步得到使多普勒频率误差最小的弹目几何位置;给出了最终的截获概率的表达式,截获概率由目标处于导引头天线主波束的概率、目标回波多普勒频率落入接收机频带内的概率和目标的检测概率组成的;最后分析了一种典型的中末交班情况.     

火星地形对火星大气运动的影响及火星尘暴发生的可能机制

本文在准地转模式的假定下,讨论了火星地形对火星大气的影响,并根据文章所提供的信息对火星尘暴发生的物理机制作了粗略的解释。      

Comparison of the magnetic field before the subsolar magnetopause with the magnetic field in the solar wind before the bow shock

Crossings of the magnetopause near the subsolar point are analyzed using data of THEMIS mission. Variations of the magnetic field near magnetopause measured by one of THEMIS satellites are studied and compared with simultaneous measurements in the solar wind by another THEMIS satellite. The time delay of the solar wind arrival at the subsolar point of the magnetopause is taken into account. 30 and 90 s averaging of the magnetic field in the magnetosheath is produced. The results of averaging are compared with the results of measurements in the solar wind before the bow shock and foreshock. It is shown, that _Bx$B_x$ component of the magnetic field near magnetopause is near to zero, which supports the possibility to consider the magnetopause as the tangential discontinuity. Comparatively good correlation of _By$B_y$ component in the solar wind and near the magnetopause is observed. The correlation of _Bz$B_z$ component near the magnetopause and IMF is practically absent, the sign of the _Bz$B_z$ near the subsolar point does not coincide with the sign of IMF _Bz$B_z$ in ∼$\sim$30% cases.     

陀螺仪短周期性能测试方法研究

讨论了陀螺仪短周期重复性能的标定测试方法,即极轴翻滚试验方法。该方法以地球极轴为基准,通过对一周过程的电流值进行离散傅立叶分析,经过相应的运算处理求出误差模型参数的估计值。试验结果表明,该方法辨识参数多,全面反映了陀螺仪性能,可以科学地考察陀螺仪的短周期重复性。     

地磁暴恢复相中间层低热层高纬温度响应

利用TIMEGCM模拟了2005年9月10日至20日由日冕物质抛射引起的地磁暴事件,研究了此地磁暴恢复相高纬度中间层低热层（MLT）区域温度的变化,揭示了磁暴恢复相时温度、垂直风、总加热项和NO辐射冷却的内在联系.结果表明:地磁暴恢复相刚开始时,温度对磁暴的响应在晨侧为负扰动（降温）,在其他地区都为正扰动（增温）;随着磁暴的恢复,整个北半球都变为正的温度扰动（增温）.这种高纬MLT区域的温度响应主要与垂直风密切相关.当垂直风为正时,总加热为负,增温减弱;当垂直风为负时,总加热为正,增温变强.辐射冷却特别是NO辐射冷却作用在热层被称为恒温器,降低了磁暴期间80%的热层增温.但是,在MLT区域NO辐射冷却作用不明显,一般比总加热项小一个量级,对温度响应造成的影响较小.      

Method for the prediction of the effective dose equivalent to the crew of the International Space Station

This paper describes a methodology for assessing the pre-mission exposure of space crew aboard the International Space Station (ISS) in terms of an effective dose equivalent. In this approach, the PHITS Monte Carlo code was used to assess the particle transport of galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) and trapped radiation for solar maximum and minimum conditions through an aluminum shield thickness. From these predicted spectra, and using fluence-to-dose conversion factors, a scaling ratio of the effective dose equivalent rate to the ICRU ambient dose equivalent rate at a 10 mm depth was determined. Only contributions from secondary neutrons, protons, and alpha particles were considered in this analysis.     

Consequences of the application of the streamer fluid model to the study of the sprite inception mechanism

We present the results of a streamer-fluid model used to investigate the electrodynamical coupling between the troposphere and upper atmosphere due to the penetration of lightning electric fields into the mesosphere and the lower ionosphere, generating sprites. The model solves the continuity equation for electrons and ions coupled to Poisson equation. The dominant physical response of the atmosphere is the formation of a screening-ionization wave. The wave shields the atmosphere above it from the action of the lightning field and, together with the conductivity reduction below it due to attachment, the wave amplifies the total field below it, allowing for the penetration of intense electric fields in the mesosphere as it propagates downwards into regions of higher density that compress the wave. This is the key physical mechanism for sprite inception. We evaluated the effects of the thundercloud charge geometry, lightning current waveshape, atmospheric conductivity, via different electron density profiles, and the effect of ionization, attachment and electron mobility coefficients in the electrical breakdown process, related to halo production, and sprite streamer initiation. The results showed that electrons with higher mobility are more efficient in shielding the lightning electric field before breakdown, causing delay, and they contribute to the formation of the streamer seed after breakdown, anticipating the sprite streamer inception. Similarly, a higher effective ionization rate, produced by modifications in the attachment and ionization coefficients, anticipates sprite inception. The simulations with 6 different electron density profiles, and therefore conductivities, spanning 4 orders of magnitude, showed that the altitude of breakdown and sprite initiation, as well as their time delays from the lightning discharge are directly related to atmospheric conductivity: higher conductivities produce halo and sprite inception at lower altitudes with longer delays and may hinder sprite formation. We document that variations of 30 times in the lightning current leads to sprite initiation altitudes in the range 66.0–73.5 km, with delays between 1.550 and 34.500 ms, while variations of 4 orders of magnitude in the conductivity profile lead to initiation altitudes 61.0–70.6 km, with delays in the range 3.825–9.825 ms. Consequently, we suggest that lightning characteristics dominate over atmospheric parameters in determining sprites’ initiation altitude and delay. The simulation of a −CG, with a constant current of 30 kA, did not produce a sprite seed, confirming an asymmetry in the response of the atmosphere to positive and negative lightning. This is due to the free electron drift direction that is away from the screening ionization wave, preventing the formation of the streamer seed for the great majority of −CGs. The same does not apply to halos, which depend on the occurrence of breakdown and can be produced by discharges of both polarities.     

Influence of the Ionosphere on the Observation of the Mid-Latitude Pi2 Pulsations at the Global Scale

Results of our investigation showed that occurrence frequency of Pi2 over a 24 hour period undergoes seasonal variations in time coincidence with foF2. In the winter months, at sunrise and sunset (when foF2gradients are the largest) the observation probability of these oscillations is minimal. At periods of summer solstice when the F2-layer persists almost round the clock, no effect of Pi2 pulsation attenuation is observed at sunrise and sunset. The pulsation amplitudes behave in a similar manner. Results of this study suggest the conclusion that the propagation of signal from the Pi2 sourse into the mid-latitudes, and also the parameters of these pulsations are essentially affected by electron density in the ionospheric F2-layer.      

On the correlation of the solar wind observed at the L5 point and at the Earth

The L5 point is a promising location for forecasting co-rotating high-speed streams in the solar wind arriving at the Earth. We correlated the solar wind data obtained by the Nozomi spacecraft in interplanetary space and by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) at the L1 point, and found that the correlation is significantly improved from that of the 27-day recurrence of ACE data. Based on the correlation between the two spacecraft observations, we estimated the correlation of the solar wind velocity between the L5 point and at the Earth, and found that the correlation coefficient was about 0.78 in late 1999, while that of the 27-day recurrence was 0.51. Eighty-eight percent of the velocity difference falls within 100 km/s between the L5 point and the Earth. This demonstrates the potential capability of solar wind monitoring at the L5 point to forecast the geomagnetic disturbances 4.5 days in advance.     

辐射变色薄膜剂量计性能测试及加速器应用

本课题的目的是建立用于辐射加工高剂量水平吸收剂量测量的辐射变色薄膜剂量计。通过系统研究,批量制备了以尼龙为基材,副品红氰化物为染料的辐射变色薄膜剂量计。为了验证批制辐射变色薄膜剂量测量的可靠性,选择了国际上应用较广的FWT-60膜及丙氨酸薄膜剂量计与本实验室批制的辐射变色薄膜开展实验室内剂量比对,比对结果均在±4%内符合,归一化偏差En绝对值均小于1。通过在加速器上进一步应用实验表明批制辐射变色薄膜可用于电子束辐照参数测量。