Surface temperature estimation in Singhbhum Shear Zone of India using Landsat-7 ETM+ thermal infrared data

Land surface temperature (LST) is an important factor in global change studies, heat balance and as control for climate change. A comparative study of LST over parts of the Singhbhum Shear Zone in India was undertaken using various emissivity and temperature retrieval algorithms applied on visible and near infrared (VNIR), and thermal infrared (TIR) bands of high resolution Landsat-7 ETM+ imagery. LST results obtained from satellite data of October 26, 2001 and November 2, 2001 through various algorithms were validated with ground measurements collected during satellite overpass. In addition, LST products of MODIS and ASTER were compared with Landsat-7 ETM+ and ground truth data to explore the possibility of using multi-sensor approach in LST monitoring. An image-based dark object subtraction (DOS3) algorithm, which is yet to be tested for LST retrieval, was applied on VNIR bands to obtain atmospheric corrected surface reflectance images. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was estimated from VNIR reflectance image. Various surface emissivity retrieval algorithms based on NDVI and vegetation proportion were applied to ascertain emissivities of the various land cover categories in the study area in the spectral range of 10.4–12.5 μm. A minimum emissivity value of about 0.95 was observed over the reflective rock body with a maximum of about 0.99 over dense forest. A strong correlation was established between Landsat ETM+ reflectance band 3 and emissivity. Single channel based algorithms were adopted for surface radiance and brightness temperature. Finally, emissivity correction was applied on ‘brightness temperature’ to obtain LST. Estimated LST values obtained from various algorithms were compared with field ground measurements for different land cover categories. LST values obtained after using Valor’s emissivity and single channel equations were best correlated with ground truth temperature. Minimum LST is observed over dense forest as about 26 °C and maximum LST is observed over rock body of about 38 °C. The estimated LST showed that rock bodies, bare soils and built-up areas exhibit higher surface temperatures, while water bodies, agricultural croplands and dense vegetations have lower surface temperatures during the daytime. The accuracy of the estimated LST was within ±2 °C. LST comparison of ASTER and MODIS with Landsat has a maximum difference of 2 °C. Strong correlation was found between LST and spectral radiance of band 6 of Landsat-7 ETM+. Result corroborates the fact that surface temperatures over land use/land cover types are greatly influenced by the amount of vegetation present.     

Built-up land mapping capabilities of the ASTER and Landsat ETM+ sensors in coastal areas of southeastern China

Worldwide urbanization has accelerated expansion of urban built-up lands and resulted in substantial negative impacts on the global environments. Precisely measuring the urban sprawl is becoming an increasing need. Among the satellite-based earth observation systems, the Landsat and ASTER data are most suitable for mesoscale measurements of urban changes. Nevertheless, to date the difference in the capability of mapping built-up land between the two sensors is not clear. Therefore, this study compared the performances of the Landsat-7 ETM+ and ASTER sensors for built-up land mapping in the coastal areas of southeastern China. The comparison was implemented on three date-coincident image pairs and achieved by using three approaches, including per-band-based, index-based, and classification-based comparisons. The index used is the Index-based Built-up Index (IBI), while the classification algorithm employed is the Support Vector Machine (SVM). Results show that in the study areas, ETM+ and ASTER have an overall similar performance in built-up land mapping but also differ in several aspects. The IBI values determined from ASTER were consistently higher than from ETM+ by up to 45.54% according to percentage difference. The ASTER also estimates more built-up land area than ETM+ by 5.9–6.3% estimated with the IBI-based approach or 3.9–6.1% with the SVM classification. The differences in the spectral response functions and spatial resolution between relative spectral bands of the two sensors are attributed to these different performances.     

Assimilation of endmember variability in spectral mixture analysis for urban land cover extraction

Variable Endmember Constrained Least Square (VECLS) technique is proposed to account endmember variability in the linear mixture model by incorporating the variance for each class, the signals of which varies from pixel to pixel due to change in urban land cover (LC) structures. VECLS is first tested with a computer simulated three class endmember considering four bands having small, medium and large variability with three different spatial resolutions. The technique is next validated with real datasets of IKONOS, Landsat ETM+ and MODIS. The results show that correlation between actual and estimated proportion is higher by an average of 0.25 for the artificial datasets compared to a situation where variability is not considered. With IKONOS, Landsat ETM+ and MODIS data, the average correlation increased by 0.15 for 2 and 3 classes and by 0.19 for 4 classes, when compared to single endmember per class.     

Sensor calibration impacts on dust detection based on MODIS and VIIRS thermal emissive bands

Dust detection using remotely sensed measurements has been one of the challenging problems encountered by atmospheric scientists. MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Terra (T) and Aqua (A) platforms have been a versatile sensor for well over 21 and 18 years respectively, and have been extremely useful in the retrieval of aerosol information over the entire globe. The MODIS radiances from the Level 1B in general are expected to be within 5% accuracy in the reflective wavelengths and within 1% in the thermal emissive wavelengths. In this paper, we evaluate the sensitivity of previously developed dust detection technique based on thermal emissive wavelengths, which correspond to MODIS bands 20, 29, 31, and 32 respectively. The Thermal Emissive Dust Index (TEDI) performed very comparably to the traditional Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) retrievals by MODIS reflective channels. Since the MODIS Thermal Emissive Bands (TEB) are well calibrated on-orbit using a BlackBody (BB) source, the calibration of these long wave infrared bands is quite robust. As A-MODIS continues to perform well beyond its designed lifetime of 6 years, the instrument has undergone various levels of degradation during its mission time. As a consequence, it is imperative to check the impacts of calibration on the higher-level retrievals. In this paper, we rigorously analyze the sensitivity of TEDI due to the impact of calibration by the afore-mentioned TEB. The perturbation of the dominant (linear) calibration term demonstrated the following: first, there was a correlation in the sensitivity of the TEDI due to the uncertainty in the linear calibration term. Based on a perturbation in the linear calibration term for all aforementioned bands over a range of ±5% yielded the TEDI sensitivity to vary from approximately ?3.2% to about ?3.6%. When considering the uncertainty in each individual band significant changes were observed. The least change was observed for the perturbation in the calibration of band 20 with the TEDI sensitivity and the largest sensitivity in TEDI was observed in the perturbation of band 31 calibration. Thus, in the case of TEDI, noticeable sensitivity due to calibration uncertainty was observed in bands 29, 31, and 32, reiterating the importance of the TEB calibration in these bands. Also, the dust detection scheme based on A-MODIS was successfully transferred to the follow-on sensors such as Suomi (SNPP) and NOAA 20 (N20) VIIRS. The results presented in this paper would be extremely helpful in understanding impacts of calibration on the higher-level products for both current and future missions based on the MODIS heritage. Finally, the work also identifies the importance of radiometric fidelity in maintaining the accuracy of the dust detection. Results presented will show drastic improvement of the Saharan dust detection after the reduction of the electronic crosstalk in the 8.5 µm channel of T-MODIS.     

Water surface temperature estimation from Landsat 7 ETM+ thermal infrared data using the generalized single-channel method: Case study of Embalse del Río Tercero (Córdoba,Argentina)

Monitoring of warm distribution in water is fundamental to understand the performance and functioning of reservoirs and lakes. Surface water temperature is a key parameter in the physics of aquatic systems processes since it is closely related to the energy fluxes through the water–atmosphere interface. Remote sensing applied to water quality studies in inland waterbodies is a powerful tool that can provide additional information difficult to achieve by other means. The combination of good real-time coverage, spatial resolution and free availability of data makes Landsat system a proper alternative. Many papers have developed algorithms to retrieve surface temperature (principally, land surface temperature) from at-sensor and surface emissivity data. The aim of this study is to apply the single-channel generalized method (SCGM) developed by Jiménez-Muñoz and Sobrino (2003) for the estimation of water surface temperature from Landsat 7 ETM+ thermal bands. We consider a constant water emissivity value (0.9885) and we compare the results with radiative transfer classic method (RTM).     

Modeling urban heat islands in heterogeneous land surface and its correlation with impervious surface area by using night-time ASTER satellite data in highly urbanizing city,Delhi-India

The present study is an assessment and identification of urban heat island (UHI) in the environment of one of the fastest urbanizing city of India, Delhi Metropolis, employing satellite image of ASTER and Landsat 7 ETM+ in the thermal infrared region 3–14 μm. Temporal (2001 and 2005) ASTER datasets were used to analyze the spatial structure of the thermal urban environment subsequently urban heat island (UHI) in relation to the urban surface characteristics and land use/land cover (LULC). The study involves derivation of parameters governing the surface heat fluxes, constructing statistics of ASTER thermal infrared images along with validation through intensive in situ measurements. The average images reveal spatial and temporal variations of land surface temperature (LST) of night-time and distinct microclimatic patterns. Central Business District (CBD) of Delhi, (Connaught Place, a high density built up area), and commercial/industrial areas display heat islands condition with a temperature greater than 4 °C compared to the suburbs. The small increase in surface temperature at city level is mainly attributed to cumulative impact of human activities, changes in LULC pattern and vegetation density. In this study the methodology takes into account spatially-relative surface temperatures and impervious surface fraction value to measure surface UHI intensity between the urban land cover and rural surroundings. Both the spatial and temporal variation in surface temperature associated with impervious surface area (ISA) has been evaluated to assess the effect of urbanization on the local climate.     

基于X射线脉冲星导航试验卫星观测数据的到达时间估计

中国首颗X射线脉冲星导航试验卫星（X-ray Pulsar Navigation-1, XPNAV-1）搭载了两种体制的X射线探测器,其主要任务是在轨开展X射线脉冲星的探测以及进行脉冲星导航体制的验证。为了实现到达时间（Time of Arrival,TOA）的高精度估计,提出了利用阵列信号处理领域的多重信号子空间分类（Multiple Signal Classification,MUSIC）方法进行脉冲星导航的TOA估计,进行了试验仿真验证,并且对XPNAV-1观测到的蟹状星云（Crab）脉冲星的光子数据进行处理。在观测时间为协调世界时（Coordinate Universal Time,UTC）57727.0约简儒略日（Modified Julian Day,MJD）到UTC57812.0MJD内,选取了0.5~10keV频段内的121段光子观测数据,对这些数据进行了脉冲轮廓折叠,得到了Crab脉冲星的折叠轮廓,然后分别利用互相关法和MUSIC方法进行折叠轮廓的TOA估计,最后对比了两种方法的估计结果。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ions and the diffuse interstellar bands.

Neutral naphthalene (C10H8), phenanthrene (C14H10), and pyrene (C16H10) absorb strongly in the ultraviolet and may contribute to the extinction curve. High abundances are required to produce detectable structures. The cations of these PAHs absorb in the visible. C10H8+ has 12 discrete absorption bands which fall between 6800 and 5000 angstroms. The strongest band at 6741 angstroms falls close to the weak 6742 angstroms diffuse interstellar band (DIB). Five other weaker bands also match DIBs. The possibility that C10H8+ is responsible for some of the DIBs can be tested by searching for new DIBs at 6520, 6151, and 5965 angstroms, other moderately strong naphthalene cation band positions. If C10H8+ is indeed responsible for the 6742 angstroms feature, it accounts for 0.3% of the cosmic carbon. The spectrum of C16H10+ is dominated by a strong band at 4435 angstroms in an Ar matrix and 4395 angstroms in a Ne matrix, a position which falls very close to the strongest DIB, that at 4430 angstroms. If C16H10+, or a closely related pyrene-like ion is indeed responsible for the 4430 angstroms feature, it accounts for 0.2% of the cosmic carbon. We also report an intense, very broad UV-to-visible continuum which is associated with both ions and could explain how PAHs convert interstellar UV and visible radiation into IR.     

热离子质谱分析仪的研制及定标

热离子质谱分析是空间等离子体探测的核心技术之一.热离子质谱分析仪采用了半球形静电分析器结合基于碳膜的飞行时间系统方案,是目前应用最广泛、最成熟的空间热离子质谱分析技术.热离子质谱分析仪解决了三项关键技术,即5mV高分辨扫描高压,10~20nm超薄碳膜处理以及30kV超高加速电压.分析仪原理样机在瑞士伯尔尼大学完成了定标试验,实现指标参数如下:能量范围为0.499eV~29.94keV,能量分辨率为10.5%;能够实现离子成分H+,He+,O+的分辨;视场范围为360°×8.4°,角度分辨率为22.5°×8.4°.基于热离子质谱分析仪的研制基础,可以进一步开发出更高质谱分辨、更大探测视场以及小型化的等离子体探测载荷.      

线性伪谱模型预测能量最优姿态机动控制方法

针对大气层外飞行器大角度姿态机动控制问题,提出了一种能量最优的线性伪谱模型预测大角度姿态机动控制方法。首先,通过离线弹道规划获得满足初始、终端约束且能量最优的姿态机动控制轨迹;然后,以离线弹道为基准对姿态动力学方程进行小扰动线性化处理,获得以状态偏差为自变量的线性误差传播方程;最后,以能量最优作为性能指标,通过高斯伪谱法对原问题进行离散,推导获得满足终端偏差修正的控制解析表达式。数值计算和蒙特卡罗仿真表明,该方法不仅计算精度高、求解速度快,满足实时计算要求,而且具有较强的鲁棒性,能够实时消除各种干扰。此外,在同等控制精度条件下,该方法相对传统线性二次型调节器（LQR）跟踪方法,能量消耗减小10%。      

A reflectance spectra-based approach to mapping salt fields using PCA-fused Landsat TM data

In this paper a method based on in situ measured reflectance spectra was developed for accurately mapping salt fields in the Taibei Salt Farm in Lianyungang City of East China. After radiometric correction and geometric rectification, six multispectral ETM+ bands were fused with the panchromatic band via principal components analysis (PCA). The fused data were used to map salt fields in the farm. Salt fields were mapped 91.95% correctly in comparison with ground statistics from raw multispectral bands. This accuracy level rose to 96.4% with the use of the panchromatic band (15 m resolution). However, PCA-fused data produced the highest accuracy of 98.8%. At the zone level, coarse resolution data resulted in an accuracy of 98.93% for crystallization ponds, but only 82.68% for condensation ponds. Use of the panchromatic band alone improved the accuracy for condensation ponds but decreased the accuracy for crystallization and evaporation ponds. Results derived from PCA-fused data are highly consistent with the ground statistics at a discrepancy between 0.35% for evaporation zone and 1.80% for condensation zone. It is concluded that a fine spectral resolution is important to separation of ponds of a varying salt content while a fine spatial resolution is important to their mapped area. Ponds of a lower salt content can be mapped more accurately from fused data than from raw spectral bands.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

燕尾榫连接结构微动疲劳全寿命预测方法

微动损伤使航空发动机榫连接结构疲劳寿命显著降低。以钛合金Ti-6Al-4V燕尾榫连接结构为例,提出一种适用于复杂结构微动疲劳全寿命预测方法。基于修正的Manson-McKnight方法和多轴疲劳理论,疲劳损伤参数由等效应力参数（ESP）表征,微动疲劳裂纹萌生位置和成核寿命通过有限元分析（FEA）和ESP预测。基于断裂力学理论和最大周向应力准则,提出微动疲劳裂纹扩展数值模拟方法,建立微动疲劳扩展寿命与裂纹长度函数关系,依据裂纹终值长度预测微动疲劳扩展寿命。结果显示:钛合金Ti-6Al-4V燕尾榫连接结构微动疲劳裂纹扩展角预测值与实验值均为18°,裂纹生长方向预测值与实验值相符;微动疲劳全寿命（成核寿命+扩展寿命）预测值在实验值的2倍分散带内;最大拉伸载荷对榫连接结构的微动疲劳全寿命影响显著,在相同应力比下,最大拉伸载荷从18 kN变化到24 kN,钛合金Ti-6Al-4V燕尾榫连接结构微动疲劳全寿命降低1个数量级。      

AUSM系列算法对比研究及背景太阳风初步应用

磁流体力学数值模拟是研究日地物理学现象的一个重要手段. 对比三种AUSM算法, 即AUSM, AUSM+和AUSMPW+, 结合HDC磁场散度消去方法计算多维MHD问题的性能. 通过分析三种算法计算Rotor算例和Orszag-Tang vortex算例的结果发现, AUSM+算法的性能最好. 进一步使用AUSM+算法基于6片网格构造模拟了日冕结构, 计算结果表明这种算法能够正确计算出日冕的大尺度结构. 对于日冕结构模拟块, HDC方法能够较好 地控制磁场散度误差.      

VCM-DDV建模与控制仿真

基于AMESim和Simulink的协同仿真环境,对新型音圈电机直接驱动伺服阀(VCM-DDV,Voice Coil Motor-Direct Drive Valve)进行了仿真研究.采用AMESim建立了VCM-DDV的非线性模型及虚拟液压测试系统,采用Simulink建立了数字控制器模型,通过接口组成了协同仿真环境.将VCM-DDV视为线性部分与非线性部分叠加,并将非线性部分视为线性系统状态空间的一个状态,建立了系统的状态空间模型.用全状态观测器得到非线性干扰项,设计了LQR(Linear Quadratic Regulator)全状态反馈和非线性补偿的复合控制方法.仿真结果表明:非线性补偿提高了系统的稳态控制精度,LQR状态反馈可以使系统达到需要的动态性能.     

等离子涂层典型界面损伤与破坏的数值模拟

基于界面损伤力学思想,提出了三结点界面单元的概念,和传统界面单元相比,具有能够表征任意形状界面法线方向的优点,将改进的单元通过ABAQUS的用户子程序UEL与有限元软件进行了结合.考虑等离子涂层界面粗糙度的影响,模拟了余弦形界面在热循环载荷下的损伤以及在拉伸载荷下的破坏过程.计算结果表明,界面单元结点间位移出现不连续现象,体现了裂纹的逐渐张开过程,界面损伤随热循环次数的增加而增加,其中第一个循环造成的损伤最大,波峰处是界面断裂的危险位置,法向分离起主导作用;等离子涂层粗糙界面承受法向拉伸载荷的能力较平直界面显著增加.采用改进的界面单元模拟异质材料复杂形状界面的损伤与破坏是可行的,结果是合理的.      

Thermal and TEC anomalies detection using an intelligent hybrid system around the time of the Saravan,Iran, (Mw = 7.7) earthquake of 16 April 2013

A powerful earthquake of M_w = 7.7 struck the Saravan region (28.107° N, 62.053° E) in Iran on 16 April 2013. Up to now nomination of an automated anomaly detection method in a non linear time series of earthquake precursor has been an attractive and challenging task. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) have revealed strong potentials in accurate time series prediction. This paper presents the first study of an integration of ANN and PSO method in the research of earthquake precursors to detect the unusual variations of the thermal and total electron content (TEC) seismo-ionospheric anomalies induced by the strong earthquake of Saravan. In this study, to overcome the stagnation in local minimum during the ANN training, PSO as an optimization method is used instead of traditional algorithms for training the ANN method. The proposed hybrid method detected a considerable number of anomalies 4 and 8 days preceding the earthquake. Since, in this case study, ionospheric TEC anomalies induced by seismic activity is confused with background fluctuations due to solar activity, a multi-resolution time series processing technique based on wavelet transform has been applied on TEC signal variations. In view of the fact that the accordance in the final results deduced from some robust methods is a convincing indication for the efficiency of the method, therefore the detected thermal and TEC anomalies using the ANN + PSO method were compared to the results with regard to the observed anomalies by implementing the mean, median, Wavelet, Kalman filter, Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) methods. The results indicate that the ANN + PSO method is quite promising and deserves serious attention as a new tool for thermal and TEC seismo anomalies detection.     

The structure of Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices with super-sonic flow

We have done two-dimensional simulations of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) with super-sonic flow using the CIP method. The linear analyses of a simple uniform density case show that the KHI cannot grow vigorously when the velocity jump is more than twice the sound speed (when the flow speed relative to the vortex is super-sonic). In this study, by situating a high density contrast across the shear layer, we set the flow in only one of the sides to be super-sonic and then show that the KHI does grow and rolls up a vortex. The formation of a shock is essential for the KHI vigorous growth and the structure of the vortex is strongly influenced by the shock geometry. The results should have substantial implications to velocity shear layer dynamics involving large density jump, such as planetary magnetospheric boundary layers.     

四元数微分方程最小参数解法研究

对一种求解正交矩阵微分方程的三阶最小参数方法进行改造 ,将其用于四元数微分方程求解 ,并对其在捷联惯性导航系统姿态矩阵实时求解中的应用进行了仿真。结果表明 ,其计算精度比经典的三阶Peano Baker数值解法提高 35倍 ,而浮点运算次数则仅为后者的一半 ,对于提高捷联惯性导航系统姿态计算的精度具有重要意义。