Induction of genomic instability after an acute whole-body exposure of mice to Fe ions

The purpose of this study was to evaluate dose–response relationships for the in vivo induction of micronuclei (MN) as a measure of both initial radiation damage and the induction of genomic instability. These measurements were made in mouse blood erythrocytes as a function of radiation dose, radiation quality, time after irradiation, and the genetic background of exposed individuals. Blood samples were collected from two strains of mouse (CBA/CaJ and C57BL/6J) at different times up to 3 months following a whole-body exposure to various doses of 1 GeV/amu ⁵⁶Fe ions (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 Gy, at the dose rate of a 1 Gy/min) or ¹³⁷Cs gamma rays (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 Gy, at the dose rate of 0.72 Gy/min). Blood-smear slides were stained with acridine orange (AO). The frequencies of MN were measured in mature normochromatic-erythrocytes (MN-NCEs) and in immature polychromatic-erythrocytes (MN-PCEs). Effects of both types of radiation on erythropoiesis were also evaluated. As a measure of cell progression delay, a dose-dependent decrease in numbers of PCEs was observed at day 2 post-exposure in both strains, regardless of radiation quality. Subsequently, the levels of PCEs increased in all exposed mice, reaching control levels (or higher) by day 7 post-exposure. Further, at day 2 after the exposure, there was no increase in the frequency of MN-PCEs in CBA/CaJ mice exposed to ⁵⁶Fe ions while the frequency of MN-PCEs elevated as a function of dose in the C57BL/6J mice. At day 4, there was no dose related increase in MN-NCEs in either strain of mouse exposed to ¹³⁷Cs gamma rays. Additionally, at the early sacrifice times (days 2 and 4), ⁵⁶Fe ions were slightly more effective (per unit dose) in inducing MN-NCEs than ¹³⁷Cs gamma rays in CBA/CaJ mice. However, there was no increase in the frequency of MN-NCEs at late times after an acute exposure to either type of radiation. In contrast, both types of radiation induced increased MN-PCEs frequencies in irradiated CBA/CaJ mice, but not C57BL/6J mice, at late times post-exposure. This finding indicates the potential induction of genomic instability in hematopoietic cells of CBA/CaJ mice by both types of radiation. The finding also demonstrates the influence of genetic background on radiation-induced genomic instability in vivo.     

不同重力环境和倾斜角度对毛细管内界面振荡行为的影响

毛细现象与界面动态演化在航天器工程及空间流体管理中具有重要作用。在常重力条件下已发现毛细管内会产生界面振荡现象,该现象主要与毛细尺度、流体物性和壁面润湿性等因素相关。然而在空间应用过程中,毛细界面运动受到倾斜角度和重力环境变化的影响,其常规振荡行为会发生改变。针对这一问题,建立了毛细管内界面演化过程的理论模型,同时开展了数值模拟研究,获得不同重力条件及倾斜角度对毛细管内界面振荡行为的影响规律和可视化结果。研究表明,毛细管内界面振荡行为由Ohnesorge数（Oh）和Bond数（Bo）的比值决定。随着重力加速度增大,Oh/Bo变小,振荡现象加剧。毛细管倾斜后,界面振荡行为受到沿毛细管方向重力分量的影响,毛细振荡效应随倾斜角度的增加而弱化。     

A model of the effects of heavy ion radiation on human tissue

In heavy ion radiotherapy and space travel humans are exposed to energetic heavy ions (C, Si, Fe and others). This type of irradiation often produces more severe biological effects per unit dose than more common X-rays. A new Monte Carlo model generates a physical space with the complex geometry of human tissue or a cell culture based model of tissue, which is affected by the passage of ionizing radiation. For irradiation, the model relies on a physical code for the ion track structure; for tissues, cellular maps are derived from two- or three-dimensional confocal microscopy images using image segmentation algorithm, which defines cells as pixilated volumes. The model is used to study tissue-specific statistics of direct ion hits and the remote ion action on cells. As an application of the technique, we considered the spatial pattern of apoptotic cells after heavy ion irradiation. The pattern of apoptosis is modeled as a stochastic process, which is defined by the action cross section taken from available experimental data. To characterize the degree of apoptosis, an autocorrelation function that describes the spatial correlation of apoptotic cells is introduced. The values of the autocorrelation function demonstrate the effect of the directionality of the radiation track on the spatial arrangements of inactivated cells in tissue. This effect is intrinsic only to high linear-energy-transfer radiation.     

An update about recent developments of the PHITS code

PHITS (Particle and Heavy-Ion Transport code System) is a general-purpose three-dimensional Monte Carlo code, developed and maintained by RIST, JAEA and KEK in Japan together with Sihver et al. at Chalmers in Sweden. PHITS can deal with the transports of all varieties of hadrons and heavy ions with energies up to around 100 GeV/nucleon, and in this paper the current status of PHITS is presented. We introduce a relativistically covariant version of JQMD, called R-JQMD, that features an improved ground state initialization algorithm, and we will present the introduction of electron and photon transport in PHITS using EGS5, which have increased the energy region for the photon and energy transport from up to around 3 GeV to up to several hundred GeV depending on the atomic number of the target. We show how the accuracy in dose and fluence calculations can be improved by using tabulated cross sections. Benchmarking of shielding and irradiation effects of high energy protons in different materials relevant for shielding of accelerator facilities is also presented. In particular, we show that PHITS can be used for estimating the dose received by aircrews and personnel in space. In recent years, many countries have issued regulations or recommendations to set annual dose limitations for aircrews. Since estimation of cosmic-ray spectra in the atmosphere is an essential issue for the evaluation of aviation doses, we have calculated these spectra using PHITS. The accuracy of the atmospheric propagation simulation of cosmic-ray performed by PHITS has been well verified by experimental cosmic-ray spectra taken under various conditions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the simulation results, an analytical model called “PARMA” has been proposed for instantaneously estimating the atmospheric cosmic-ray spectra below the altitude of 20 km. We have also performed preliminary simulations of long-term dose distribution measurements at the ISS performed with the joint ESA-FSA experiment MATROSHKA-R (MTR-R) led by the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems (IMBP) and the ESA supported experiment MATROSHKA (MTR), led by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). For the purpose of examining the applicability of PHITS to the shielding design in space, the absorbed doses in a tissue equivalent water phantom inside an imaginary space vessel has been estimated for different shielding materials of different thicknesses. The results confirm previous results which indicate that PHITS is a suitable tool when performing shielding design studies of spacecrafts.     

The extension of the INCL model for simulation of shielding in space

Radiation hazard for space missions is mainly due to cosmic ray protons, helium nuclei and light ions, whose energy spectrum is maximum around 1 GeV per nucleon but remains non-negligible for energies up to 15 GeV per nucleon. Nuclear reactions induced by high energy protons are often described by intranuclear cascade plus evaporation models. The attention is focused here on the Liège Intranuclear Cascade model (INCL), which has been shown to reproduce fairly well a great deal of experimental data for nucleon-induced reactions in the 200 MeV to 2 GeV range, when coupled with the ABLA evaporation-fission code. In order to extend the model to other conditions relevant for space radiation, three improvements of INCL are under development. They are reported on here. First, the reaction model has been extended to nucleon–nucleus reactions at incident energies up to 15 GeV, mainly by the inclusion of additional pion production channels in nucleon–nucleon collisions during the cascade. Second, a coalescence mechanism for the emission of light charged particles has been implemented recently. Finally, the model has been modified in order to accommodate light ions as projectiles. First results are shown and compared with illustrative experimental data. Implications for issues concerning radiation protection in space are discussed.     

中纬电离层理论模式研究

本文利用谱方法建立起一维时变中纬度电离层理论模式．模式比较周密地考虑了中纬度地区电离层的主要动力学过程和光化学过程．模式的突出优点是计算耗时少．我们对日本Wakkanai站进行了模拟计算,模拟结果同实验结果符合得较好．     

离子发动机羽流二维轴对称数值模型与验证

为了解离子发动机羽流特别是交换电荷离子(CEX,Charge-Exchange)的分布和流动特性,建立了离子发动机羽流的物理模型,采用粒子网格(PCI,Particle in Cell)方法对2种型号的离子发动机羽流场进行数值模拟计算,与其地面实验数据进行对比分析.结果表明:在CEX离子密度大小及分布、电势的大小及最大电势梯度的位置、CEX离子流动角方面,模拟结果同实验结果符合得相当好.在电势结构方面,由于舱壁电势的影响,模拟结果同实验结果相比有一些差别.羽流模型和计算结果为相关羽流实验和数值模拟研究提供参考.      

用果蝇探查火箭飞行因素的生物遗传效应的实验结果

用黑腹果蝇检查T_7A—S1火箭飞行因素的遗传效应。通过两次飞行实验观察,发现亲代雌蝇在飞行后(主要是第4—6天)所产的卵中,无X染色体卵百分率增高而双X染色体卵百分率未见变化。其性质并非个别雌蝇产生了较多的无X染色体卵,而是产生无X染色体卵的雌蝇个数增多。第二次飞行实验结果也呈现,亲代雌蝇在飞行后第4—6天所产的子1代中,三龄幼虫成神经细胞染色体桥频率增高。上述实验结果表明,火箭飞行因素对雌果蝇生殖细胞遗传物质有轻微影响。     

捕获加速新生离子对Alfvén波的激发

根据准线性方程,求出了在离子持续产生并被太阳风捕获加速的情况下离子的渐近态分布函数.采用此分布函数分析了斜向传播的Alfven波的稳定性.     

中国武汉上空钠层分布的实验观测与理论模拟

介绍了中国科学院武汉物理与数学研究所钠层荧光激光雷达及其观测数据反演方法;对武汉上空钠层分布进行了初步理论模拟,并与观测结果进行了比较,对影响武汉上空钠层分布的因素进行了初步讨论。     

一个低纬电离层理论模式

建立一个改进的低纬F层时变理论模式．采用沿磁力线分布的固定网格点,利用算子分裂方法求解离子连续性和动量方程,给出O＋、N2＋、O2＋和NO＋密度随纬度、高度变化的二维分布．对太阳活动高年的春分季节东亚区赤道异常日变化进行的模拟计算,较好地再现了赤道异常的典型特征．计算结果也表明HWM90模式给出的低纬夜间风速可能偏大;东亚区垂直漂移速度可能比美洲区的要小．     

太阳和地磁活动对高中低纬度站点Es层的影响

关于地磁和太阳活动对Es层形成的影响,已有研究所得结论不同甚至相互矛盾.为研究太阳和地磁活动对Es层的影响,对4个太阳活动周期（1970-2010年）高中低纬度站点每小时Es层的参数进行了分析.结果表明太阳和地磁活动对Es层形成确实具有影响,而且不同纬度Es层与太阳和地磁活动的相关系数也不相同.同时对Es层各参数对于太阳和地磁活动不同反应的原因进行了解释.     

Global comparison of the model results of GSM TIP with IRI for summer conditions

This paper presents the results of the numerical calculations thermosphere/ionosphere parameters which were executed with using of the Global Self-consistent Model of the Thermosphere, Ionosphere and Protonosphere (GSM TIP)and comparison of these results with empirically-based model IRI-2001. Model GSM TIP was developed in West Department of IZMIRAN and solves self-consistently the time-dependent, 3-D coupled equations of the momentum, energy and continuity for neutral particles (O₂, N₂, O), ions (O⁺, H⁺), molecular ions (M⁺) and electrons and largescale eletric field of the dynamo and magnetospheric origin in the range of height from 80 km to 15 Earth’s radii. The empirically derived IRI model describes the E and F regions of the ionosphere in terms of location, time, solar activity and season. Its output provides a global specification not only of N_e but also on the ion and electron temperatures and the ion composition. These two models represent a unique set of capabilities that reflect major differences in along with a substantial approaches of the first-principles model and global database model for the mapping ionosphere parameters. We focus on global distribution of the N_e, T_i, T_e and TEC for the one moment UT and fixed altitudes: 110 km, h_mF2, 300 km and 1000 km. The calculations were executed with using of GSM TIP and IRI models for August 1999, moderate solar activity and quiet geomagnetic conditions. Results present as the global differences between the IRI and GSM TIP models predictions. The discrepancies between model results are discussed.     

Modelling the effects of microgravity on the permeability of air interface respiratory epithelial cell layers

Although it has been suggested that microgravity might affect drug absorption in vivo, drug permeability across epithelial barriers has not yet been investigated in vitro during modelled microgravity. Therefore, a cell culture/diffusion chamber was designed specifically to accommodate epithelial cell layers in a 3D-clinostat and allow epithelial permeability to be measured under microgravity conditions in vitro with minimum alteration to established cell culture techniques. Human respiratory epithelial Calu-3 cell layers were used to model the airway epithelium. Cells grown at an air interface in the diffusion chamber from day 1 or day 5 after seeding on 24-well polyester Transwell cell culture inserts developed a similar transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) to cells cultured in conventional cell culture plates. Confluent Calu-3 layers exposed to modelled microgravity in the 3D-clinostat for up to 48 h maintained their high TER. The permeability of the paracellular marker ¹⁴C-mannitol was unaffected after a 24 h rotation of the cell layers in the 3D-clinostat, but was increased 2-fold after 48 h of modelled microgravity. It was demonstrated that the culture/diffusion chamber developed is suitable for culturing epithelial cell layers and, when subjected to rotation in the 3D-clinostat, will be a valuable in vitro system in which to study the influence of microgravity on epithelial permeability and drug transport.     

复杂深空通信网络的LTP传递时延建模及验证

针对简化场景下建立的LTP（Licklider Transmission Protocol）传递时延模型无法直接应用于复杂场景的问题,提出了一种复杂深空通信网络的LTP传递时延理论模型。已有研究多关注于一到两跳的简化场景或 bundle 保管开启状态下多跳场景数据传输模型的建立,然而其结果在复杂深空通信网络中,对于在 bundle 保管关闭状态下的深空通信并不适用。本文对LTP在复杂深空通信网络中的传输机制进行了分析,基于此分析对LTP在复杂深空通信网络中的传递时延进行了理论建模,搭建了仿真验证平台,仿真分析了模型的正确性及优势。结果表明,该模型计算结果与实验结果较为吻合,相比基于简化场景建立的理论模型,本文所提出的模型更加适用于复杂深空通信网络。     

太阳极区低日冕重离子的回旋波加热机制

采用电子、质子、氦核和另外一种微量离子代替氧离子的4组元模型分别计算了Fe¹¹⁺,Mg⁹⁺,Mg⁷⁺,Ne⁷⁺和Si⁷⁺等微量离子的漂移速度和温度,并和SUMER的观测结果进行了比较.     

直流2000A大电流标准装置及检定系统

介绍了一种新建立的直流大电流标准装置及检定系统,该系统主要由直流电源、电流比例标准、标准电阻和数字电压表组成,测量范围为1A～2 000 A,2 000 A大电流源的扩展不确定度（最佳测量能力）为1×10^-4;2 000 A大电流表的扩展不确定度为5×10^-5,并对整套装置的扩展不确定度进行了全面的分析。     

LIPS300离子推力器加速栅电压的优化设计

在不改变推力器几何结构的前提下,为了获得LIPS300离子推力器的最佳加速栅电压,采用半经验分析和数值仿真计算相结合的方法分析了加速栅电压分别为-180V、-190V、-200V、-210V和-220V时LIPS300离子推力器栅极组件引出束流过程中束流离子从非平衡态到平衡态的演化过程,通过数值模拟计算得到了推力器运行过程中交换电荷离子轰击溅射到加速栅壁面的产额,利用寿命预测的半经验计算方法对5种情况下LIPS300离子推力器的栅极寿命进行估计,分析了关键失效模式,通过对比获得了LIPS300离子推力器的最佳加速栅电压。计算结果显示,在现有几何结构下加速栅电压的变化不会影响栅极组件的引出性能;加速栅下游更易受到交换电荷离子的轰击溅射;加速栅电压从-180V变化至-220V过程中,影响栅极寿命的关键失效模式为电子反流失效;对比5种情况下发生电子反流和结构失效时对应的栅极寿命可以发现,LIPS300离子推力器加速栅电压最佳值应为-220V,此时对应的栅极寿命为16170.4h。