月尘静电迁移研究进展

月尘的静电悬浮和迁移是Apollo时期留下的最有争议的问题之一. 其既是研 究月球表面物质演化历史的重要线索, 也是探月工程必须考虑的重要因素. 月尘在月表环境下易因电子附着、光电效应、二次电子发射等过程带电, 并 在月球全球性静电场作用下发生迁移运动. 但目前对月尘静电迁移过程的认 识还不全面, 其主要原因在于对月尘静电特性的了解不够准确, 对静电迁移 过程的地面模拟不够充分以及对月球尘埃环境的探测较为缺乏. 未来需进一 步开展模拟月尘的研制, 月尘静电特性的分析, 静电迁移过程模拟以及尘埃 环境的探测等工作.     

月尘环境效应及地面模拟技术

介绍了月球尘的特点及其对探月活动的影响。在分析月球尘环境及其对月面探测器污染、磨损、阻塞、静电效应的基础上,对月球尘环境模拟技术、月球尘扬尘及其运动学和动力学规律、月球尘效应防护及试验评价方法等研究方向和重点提出了一些初步看法。针对研究内容的需求,梳理出一台完整的月球尘地面模拟试验设备应具备真空、温度、太阳风、太阳紫外、月球尘、月面电场、月面磁场等环境因素。在此基础上,设计了一种月球尘地面模拟试验装置方案,并对月球尘环境效应试验方法进行了初步讨论。为月球探测后期任务条件保障建设及相关研究工作提供参考。     

月尘/月壤环境效应地面模拟方法研究

月壤/月尘会附着并污染航天器、月球车的表面,如果不及时清除,还会进一步诱发部件过热、机械机构卡死、密封失效、材料磨损等一系列问题.本文综述了关于月尘特性、月尘与航天器系统的互相作用机理、月尘环境模拟方法等方面的研究成果,提出了一种小型月尘环境模拟系统的设计方案.该系统将使关于月尘特性的实验研究成为可能,并可作为登月飞船及月球车材料选择、机械机构可靠性试验、除尘策略试验的平台.     

Effects of lunar and mars dust simulants on HaCaT keratinocytes and CHO-K1 fibroblasts

Exposure to lunar dust during Apollo missions resulted in occasional reports of ocular, respiratory and dermal irritations which showed that lunar dust has a risk potential for human health. This is caused by its high reactivity as well as its small size, leading to a wide distribution also inside habitats. Hence, detailed information regarding effects of extraterrestrial lunar dusts on human health is required to best support future missions to moon, mars or other destinations. In this study, we used several methods to assess the specific effects of extraterrestrial dusts onto mammalian skin by exposing HaCaT keratinocytes and CHO-K1 fibroblasts to dusts simulating lunar or mars soils. These particular cell types were chosen because the skin protects the human body from potentially harmful substances and because a well orchestrated program ensures proper wound healing. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts were exposed to the dusts for different durations of time and their effects on morphology and viability of the cells were determined. Cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay and by monitoring culture impedance, while phalloidin staining of the actin cytoskeleton was performed to address structural integrity of the cells which was also investigated by propidium iodide intake. It was found that the effects of the two types of dust simulants on the different features of both cell lines varied to a considerable extent. Moreover, proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes, as analyzed by Ki67 labeling, was suppressed in sub-confluent cultures exposed to lunar dust simulant. Furthermore, experimental evidence is provided for a delay in regeneration of keratinocyte monolayers from scratch-wounding when exposed to lunar dust simulant. The obtained results will facilitate further investigations of dust exposure during wound healing and will ease risk assessment studies e.g., for lunar lander approaches. The investigations will help to determine safety measures to be taken during extraterrestrial expeditions in order to minimize risks to human health associated with exposure of human skin to dust contaminants.     

彗星环境中尘埃等离子体的电荷涨落和静电波动

本文分析了尘埃等离子体中尘埃颗粒的带电过程,给出了一套自洽的工流体方程组．运用这组方程研究了尘埃电荷的起伏涨落,得到了非磁化均匀尘埃等离子体中静电波动的色散关系．针对彗星空间环境中尘埃等离子体的特点,讨论了尘埃电荷的涨落对各种静电波动的影响．     

一种低能量远焦距电子枪技术

针对可移动非接触式月球表面电位探测器的电位无扰动测量单元对低能远焦电子束的需求,设计了低能远焦电子枪。以平板二极管电子枪为电子源,匹配两个静电聚焦透镜,将电子源引出的发散电子束聚焦为需要的形状,并加速至所需能量。优化电子枪的几何参数以及施加在电极上的电位,电子枪引出的电子束能量在5~500 eV内,并且具有良好的电子光路特性。电子束能量为5 eV时,初始半径r为5 mm,束腰至电子枪出口的距离p约为133 mm。随着能量增加,r逐渐减小至500 eV时的3 mm左右,p逐渐减小至105 mm。电子束经月球表面电场反射被电子收集平极接收,仿真数据和理论分析结果均表明,电子枪的工作距离为400~600 mm,平板接收的电子占发射电子比例在96%以上。电子枪结构质量仅408 g,满足探测器对电子枪的质量需求。     

Analysis of driving efficiency for LRV wheels using forced-slip method

To investigate and improve the mobility of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV), it is necessary to consider the mechanical properties of the interaction between the wheels and the ground. In this paper, a new solution method, the forced-slip solution method, which uses a semi-empirical approach, was presented. That is, given the wheel’s vertical load and drawbar pull or driving torque as known input values, the unknown slip ratio can be resolved. The alternative method involves predicting the mechanics for a given slip ratio. The proposed method correlates better with actual wheel movements, and by studying a single wheel, this solution method can also be used to resolve the mechanical properties of the front and rear wheels in a four-wheel-drive (4WD) LRV configuration. It can also be used to consider the multi-pass effect of the rear wheels on lunar soil. The calculation results show that the 4WD LRV driving efficiency varies with the position of the center of mass. Thus, the LRV driving efficiency can be optimized by adjusting the position of its center of mass.     

基于CFD的水收集系数及防冰表面温度预测

利用计算流体力学(CFD,Computational Fluid Dynamics)软件FLUENT,对二维机翼在结冰气象条件下飞行时的水收集系数,以及防冰系统工作并达到稳定后的防冰表面温度进行了计算.水收集系数计算采用FLUENT中的欧拉两相流模型以及用户自定义函数.特定飞行条件及热气防冰系统结构下的防冰表面平衡温度分布预测采用防冰腔内外热流耦合的方法.所得结果和理论分析一致,表明了利用FLUENT可以有效的进行防冰研究,包括水收集系数及防冰表面温度的预测,为今后进一步研究设计热气或电热防冰系统打下基础.      

功率组件基于等离子清洗的免钎剂真空软钎焊技术

为解决功率电子产品中陶瓷电路板与热沉载体功率组件焊接效率低、空洞率高等问题,对焊接过程中的焊料类型,真空度以及空洞率进行了研究,提出了一种新的免钎剂真空焊接方法。研究结果表明,使用等离子清洗的焊片可显著提高抽真空速率,并减少气泡,降低空洞率;采用新焊接方法得到的试样空洞率低、焊接效率高、质量一致性好,可用于高可靠性功率电子产品中。     

塞锥截短对塞式喷管性能影响的实验

为了研究塞锥截短对塞式喷管性能的影响,对截短率为80%、40%、30%和20%的塞式喷管进行了冷流实验.介绍了实验系统的组成和推力测量方式,得到了不同塞锥截短率的推力系数效率的高度特性曲线.实验结果表明:截短率越小,效率越低,不同截短率的效率差别随着压强比的增加而减小;随着截短率增大,截短率对效率的影响程度逐渐降低.截短率太小,性能损失较大;截短率太大,塞锥的尺寸增大,而性能提高却不明显.通常的取值范围是30%~40%.      

采用欧拉两相流法对翼型表面霜冰的数值模拟

基于欧拉两相流理论提出一种翼型表面霜冰的数值模拟方法.采用同位网格上的SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations) 算法求解空气控制方程;提出一种可穿透型壁面边界模拟水滴对翼型表面的撞击,通过求解过冷水滴的控制方程得到翼型表面的水滴收集特性;利用冰层时间推进法模拟积冰过程,使用积冰法向生长假设生成积冰外形.对NACA 0012翼型在0°和4°迎角下的积冰情况进行了研究,冰形预测结果与实验结果一致.通过对结冰翼面的压力分布进行分析,表明积冰对翼型气动性能会产生不利影响.     

双摆线滚子行星传动

双摆线滚子行星传动是一种新型的传动装置。它具有传动比范围大、结构紧凑、承载能力大、效率高等优点。文中对其啮合原理、方案设计和传动比计算进行了初步的探讨。     

1+3/2级对转涡轮气动性能试验研究

无导叶对转涡轮是高性能发动机的关键技术之一。本文采用试验方法对1+ 3/2级对转涡轮进行了气动性能研究。本试验分为3个阶段,第1阶段为单独高压涡轮（HPT）试验,第2阶段为加大HPT和低压涡轮（LPT）间轴向间距联合试验,第3阶段为HPT和LPT间正常轴向间距联合试验。在正常轴向间距HPT和LPT试验中,LPT状态的确定通过利用单独HPT试验获得的效率与压比特性反推获得。试验表明,HPT喉道面积减小,而LPT喉道面积增大,这导致在总膨胀比一定情况下,HPT膨胀比增大,LPT膨胀比下降,同时LPT的存在对HPT特性影响不大。在总膨胀比分配中,HPT膨胀比变化很小,而LPT膨胀比变化范围较宽。涡轮级总效率由HPT决定,LPT轮一般相对较低,加大HPT和LPT间轴向间距对LPT性能影响很小。      

气体二次喷射矢量喷管三维流场计算

采用三维雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程和κ-ε湍流模型对气体二次喷射推力矢量喷管复杂干扰内流场进行数值模拟.比较了在不同喷射参数和不同喷管落压比NPR(Nozzle Pressure Ratio)下的流场特征,分析了这些参数对矢量偏转效率和推力系数的影响.结果表明,二次流喷射位置、喷射角度和二次流质量流量对矢量角的影响相互耦合,喷管达到最大矢量角时,各参数并不能同时达到各自的最优值;矢量角越大,推力系数越小,推力损失越大;矩形喷射口的推力矢量性能优于圆形喷射口;减小喷管落压比可以提高矢量偏转角度.