Low-Level Signal Detection Using a New Transform Class

A system is developed to detect tracks crossing two-dimensional noise fields. This is accomplished by filtering and integration of signal power in the frequency domain of a new class of generalized transforms which include the FFT and FBT as limiting forms. If the track is essentially parallel to a transform axis and if filters are derived from hard-limited linear approximations to tracks, the FBT offers considerable hardware economy over the FFT in the mechanization algorithm.     

具有（N-1）/2次乘法的快速傅里叶变换

 本文提出递归傅里叶变换的一种快速实现方法。对于一个质数长度的离散傅里叶变换,仅需用一个复数系数就可以递归算出全部N个（N=P）频率分量。恰当地选用这个系数,使其为2^-m形式,就可以用（m-1）次移位代替乘法,免去了递归结构内部的乘法,大大提高运算速度。这种方法结构简单,总共需用（N-1）/2次实数常数乘法,尤其适于硬件实现。文中给出快速运算的系数表、硬件实现的方案及乘法次数的比较,讨论了系数误差的影响,并提出了高精度实现的方案。     

Frequency Domain Interpolation

A formula is derived for interpolation between output samples of a fast Fourier transform (FFT), i.e., in the frequency domain. Such a formula is useful for obtaining greater frequency resolution when two coarse FFT outputs are available. Consideration is also given to the effect of such interpolation on a weighted FFT.     

快速傅立叶变换的多机并行计算

快速傅立叶变换(FFT)运算速度相比离散傅立叶变换(DFT)提高了1至2个数量级,但当离散信号的有限序列太长时,FFT算法同样也无法满足实时系统的需要.本文提出一种基于共享存储的多处理机计算FFT的并行算法,并给出该算法的性能分析.计算机仿真实验表明,该FFT并行算法有效、高速,适合于实时处理系统.     

Adaptive Radar Detection in Doubly Nonstationary Autoregressive Doppler Spread Clutter

The problem of adaptive radar detection in clutter which is nonstationary both in slow and fast time is addressed. Nonstationarity within a coherent processing interval (CPI) often precludes target detection because of the masking induced by Doppler spreading of the clutter. Across range bins (i.e., fast time), nonstationarity severely limits the amount of training data available to estimate the noise covariance matrix required for adaptive detection. Such difficult clutter conditions are not uncommon in complex multipath propagation conditions where path lengths can change abruptly in dynamic scenarios. To mitigate nonstationary Doppler spread clutter, an approximation to the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detector is presented wherein the CPI from the hypothesized target range is used for both clutter estimation and target detection. To overcome the lack of training data, a modified time-varying autoregressive (TVAR) model is assumed for the clutter return. In particular, maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of the TVAR parameters, computed from a single snapshot of data, are used in a GLRT for detecting stationary targets in possibly abruptly nonstationary clutter. The GLRT is compared with three alternative methods including a conceptually simpler ad hoc approach based on extrapolation of quasi-stationary data segments. Detection performance is assessed using simulated targets in both synthetically-generated and real radar clutter. Results suggest the proposed GLRT with TVAR clutter modeling can provide between 5–8 dB improvement in signal-to-clutter plus noise ratio (SCNR) when compared with the conventional methods.     

桨扇近场噪声的FFT算法

Hanson的升力而理论是进行桨扇近场谐波噪声预测的最有效的方法,在Hanson的原始公式中,对波数的无穷积分非常复杂。本文介绍一种利用快速傅立叶变换(FFT)计算Hanson公式的方法,通过一次FFT就可以得到平行桨扇轴线任一表面上的噪声分布。本文详细讨论了FFT算法的计算公式和计算中的技术问题。通过对桨扇噪声的实际计算表明,这种方法非常适应于桨扇噪声分布场的计算和分析,计算结果与实验值相符。     

FFT相位误差的修正及转子轨迹图

提出了一种ＦＦＴ相位误差修正的方法，利用经相位修正的ＦＦＴ数据重构时间序列来描绘双转子振动响应的轨迹图。这种数据分离综合的实现，较清晰地描述转子系统的振动特性，而为研究双转子发动机转静件碰摩和裂纹等故障现象描述提供了较好的工具。     

一种截获高速机动目标的方法

分析了采用滤波器组的方法截获快速机动目标存在的缺点,提出通过采用对回波信号进行FFT提取多普勒频移的方法得到目标的径向速度,并介绍了基4FFT算法原理,给出了采用FPGA设计FFT的方法。     

High-Resolution Frequency Measurement by Linear Prediction

The efficacy of linear prediction spectrum analysis (LPSA) (also called autoregressive or maximum entrophy spectrum analysis) for problems concerning narrowband signals in noise is examined by means of Monte Carlo simulation. For the case of pure tones (sinusoids) in white noise, both frequency estimation accuracy and resolution of two closely spaced tones with the linear prediction approach are discussed. In addition, estimation of the carrier frequency of a narrowband random (fading) Gaussian signal in noise is considered. The results are compared with standard fast Fourier transform (FFT) methods. These comparisons indicate that there is no significant advantage to using the linear prediction approach with real (bandpass) data. It is concluded that these experiments should be repeated with complex (baseband) data before a complete assessment of the LPS approach can be made.     

Modified fast Fourier transform in FBMC for satellite communications

In this paper,a Doppler scaling fast Fourier transform (Doppler-FFT) algorithm for filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) is proposed,which can efficiently eliminate the impact of the Doppler scaling in satellite communications.By introducing a Doppler scaling factor into the butterfly structure of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm,the proposed algorithm eliminates the differences between the Doppler shifts of the received subcarriers,and maintains the same order of computational complexity compared to that of the traditional FFT.In the process of using the new method,the Doppler scaling should be estimated by calculating the orbital data in advance.Thus,the inter-symbol interference (ISI) and the inter-carrier interference (ICI) can be completely eliminated,and the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) will not be affected.Simulation results also show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a 0.4 dB performance gain compared to the frequency domain equalization (FDE) algorithm in satellite communications.     

新型Σ-Δ多通道动态测试分析系统研究与实现

 动态测试与分析系统需要动态范围（DRN）大、信噪比（SNR）高,传统方法实现复杂且成本高。本文分析了Σ-Δ调制的动态特性,提出基于Σ-Δ ADC(模-数转换器)ADS1271,Σ-Δ DAC（数-模转换器）AIC23及浮点数字信号处理器（DSP）芯片TMS320C6713的新型高精度动态测试与分析系统,实现了多通道实时动态测试与分析,系统具有24位采集精度,8通道可级联基本模块,实时频率细化FFT（Zoom-FFT）、功率谱密度（PSD）等分析功能, 正弦、瞬态扫频、随机和冲击响应谱等信号源功能以及高速USB2.0数据传输功能。系统用于振动、冲击、噪声工程等测试与分析系统,可取代国外最新产品。     

高速风扇噪声的频谱分析中带宽的影响

叶片通过频率分量是风扇噪声的主要成分,但在对噪声测量信号进行频谱分析中发现选择不同带宽可导致显著不同的叶片通过频率分量谱值.讨论了使用不同带宽对相同风扇噪声记录进行的快速傅里叶变换(FFT)分析过程,由于FFT分析得到的频谱声压级是带宽内谱能量和,当由于转速波动引起的叶片通过频率波动范围超过分析带宽时带宽的变化将引起声压级的差异,本文提出了获得确定声压级频谱的方法.     

FFT处理器的FPGA设计

在雷达信号处理中,FFT占有很重要的位置,其运算时间影响整个系统的性能。传统的实现方法速度很慢,难以满足雷达信号处理的实时性要求。针对这一现状,本文研究FFT算法的VHDL程序设计方法;讨论新一代大容量、高速FPGA实现FFT处理中的若干问题;时序分析结果与matlab计算结果相一致,验证了程序的正确性。利用FPGA实现FFT处理,运算速度非常快,可以满足需要高速处理的应用场合。     

Near lossless data compression onboard a hyperspectral satellite

To deal with the large volume of data produced by hyperspectral sensors, the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) has developed and patented two near lossless data compression algorithms for use onboard a hyperspectral satellite: successive approximation multi-stage vector quantization (SAMVQ) and hierarchical self-organizing cluster vector quantization (HSOCVQ). This paper describes the two compression algorithms and demonstrates their near lossless feature. The compression error introduced by the two compression algorithms was compared with the intrinsic noise of the original data that is caused by the instrument noise and other noise sources such as calibration and atmospheric correction errors. The experimental results showed that the compression error was not larger than the intrinsic noise of the original data when a test data set was compressed at a compression ratio of 20:1. The overall noise in the reconstructed data that contains both the intrinsic noise and the compression error is even smaller than the intrinsic noise when the data is compressed using SAMVQ. A multi-disciplinary user acceptability study has been carried out in order to evaluate the impact of the two compression algorithms on hyperspectral data applications. This paper briefly summarizes the evaluation results of the user acceptability study. A prototype hardware compressor that implements the two compression algorithms has been built using field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and benchmarked. The compression ratio and fidelity achieved by the hardware compressor are similar to those obtained by software simulation     

Robust range alignment algorithm via Hough transform in an ISARimaging system

The inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) algorithm for imaging objects moving in a straight line requires range alignment as a preprocessing step since scatterers migrate through the various range bins. The conventional correlation alignment method fails when applied in ground scenarios like an airport due to the clutter environment. A procedure using Hough Transform (HT) alignment is presented which overcomes this disadvantage and provides information for clutter elimination     

Comparison of various periodograms for sinusoid detection andfrequency estimation

With the advent of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm, the periodogram and its variants such as the Bartlett's procedure and Welch method, have become very popular for spectral analysis. However, there has not been a thorough comparison of the detection and estimation performances of these methods. Different forms of the periodogram are studied here for single real tone detection and frequency estimation in the presence of white Gaussian noise. The threshold effect in frequency estimation, that is, when the estimation errors become several orders of magnitude greater than the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB), is also investigated. It is shown that the standard periodogram gives the optimum detection performance for a pure tone while the Welch method is the best detector when there is phase instability in the sinusoid. As expected, since the conventional periodogram is a maximum likelihood estimator of frequency, it generally provides the minimum mean square frequency estimation errors     

基于混沌和LWT-SVD的盲信息隐藏算法

为了提高秘密信息的安全性和鲁棒性,将混沌、提升小波变换（LWT）和奇异值分解（SVD）结合,提出一种盲信息隐藏算法。首先将要隐藏的秘密图像用混沌序列进行加密;然后对载体图像进行提升小波变换,并对低频子带进行分块奇异值分解;最后根据最大奇异值最高位的奇偶性将已加密的秘密图像进行隐藏。提取秘密图像时,不需要载体图像。仿真实验表明,该算法隐蔽性好,对加噪、滤波、旋转、剪切、缩放和JPEG压缩等攻击具有良好的鲁棒性。     

406 MHz ELT signal spectra for SARSAT

The signal format and spectral properties of the 406-MHz emergency locator transmitter (ELT) used in the search and rescue satellite aided tracking (SARSAT) system are examined. The ELT improves location estimate accuracies and can relay information about the particular aircraft and its problem, by means of the digitally modulated message fields. It is shown that due to the RF signal frequency characteristics and the Doppler shift, processing must be performed over a frequency band of approximately 25 kHz. Through the use of the fast Fourier transformation (FFT), the frequency spectrum of the ELT is analyzed, taking account of effects due to noise, multiple simultaneously received signals, and Doppler shift. It is demonstrated that the FFT provides an effective means for detecting and recognizing the presence of one or more ELT signals over this 25-kHz frequency band. Some recommendations are made to improve the spectral characteristics and the performance of the ELT     

Block floating point for radar data

Integer, floating point, and block floating point (BFP) data formats are analyzed and compared in order to establish the mathematical tools for selection of an optimal format which fulfils the demands of high resolution radar (SAR) data to large dynamic range and adequate S/N. The analysis takes quantization noise and saturation distortion into account and concludes that it is preferred to use small blocks and a (new) modified BFP format applying fractional exponents. Data from the EMISAR radar system are applied to illustrate the merits of the different schemes