固体火箭发动机喷管热结构一体化计算

基于user-defined function(UDF)技术将固体火箭发动机喷管热结构计算程序嵌入到FLUENT软件中,通过UDF宏命令实现FLUENT耦合传热结果数据的提取,编写了接触边界的自动识别程序,采用直接约束法模拟喷管界面间的接触非线性问题,实现了固体火箭发动机喷管热结构的一体化计算.      

IMAGE mission overview

The Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) mission is the first mission in NASA's MIDEX (Mid-size Explorer) program. It is the first satellite mission that is dedicated to imaging the Earth's magnetosphere. IMAGE will utilize the techniques of ultraviolet imaging, neutral atom imaging, and radio plasma imaging to map out global distributions of the electron and proton aurora; the helium ions of the plasmasphere; the ionospheric ion outflow; the medium-energy ions of the near-Earth plasma sheet, ring current, and polar cusp; the high-energy ions of the ring current and trapped radiation belts; and the total plasma density from the ionosphere out to the magnetopause. The imaging perspective is from an elliptical polar orbit with apogee at latitudes from 40° to 90° in the northern hemisphere. For ultraviolet and neutral atom imaging, the time resolution is set by the two-minute spin period of the IMAGE spacecraft, which will be sufficient to track the development of magnetospheric substorms. An important feature of the IMAGE mission is its completely open data set with no proprietary data or intervals. All data, along with software needed for plotting and analysis, will be available within 24 hours of acquisition.     

The IMAGE science and mission operations center

The Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) will produce forefront science by quantifying the response of the magnetosphere to the time variable solar wind. It will acquire, for the first time, a variety of three-dimensional images of magnetospheric boundaries and plasma distributions extending from the magnetopause to the inner plasmasphere. The images will be produced on time scales needed to answer important questions about the interactions of the solar wind and the magnetosphere. The IMAGE team will provide open access to all IMAGE data. Thus there will be no proprietary rights or periods. All IMAGE data products will be archived and available to the scientific research community. The IMAGE mission will operate with a near 100% duty cycle with all instruments in their baseline operational modes. A Science and Mission Operations Control Center or SMOC has been developed at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to be the main data and command processing system for IMAGE. The IMAGE Level-0 data will be processed into Level 0.5 and Level-1 data and browse products within 24 hours after their receipt of raw data in the SMOC. These data products will be transferred to the NSSDC, for long-term archiving, and posted immediately on the world-wide-web for use by the international scientific community and the public.     

Quantifying Global Plasmaspheric Images With in situ Observations

Simultaneous IMAGE EUV plasmaspheric images and Magnetospheric Plasma Analyzer (MPA) data from the Los Alamos National Laboratory's geosynchronous satellites are combined to understand plasmaspheric behavior and to quantify the global images. A brief review of the understanding of the plasmasphere as learned from in situ observations prior to the launch of IMAGE is given to place the results presented here into context.     

The IMAGE Observatory

The Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) mission will be the first of the new Medium-class Explorer (MIDEX) missions to fly. IMAGE will utilize a combination of ultraviolet and neutral atom imaging instruments plus an RF sounder to map and image the temporal and spatial features of the magnetosphere. The eight science sensors are mounted to a single deckplate. The deckplate is enveloped in an eight-sided spacecraft bus, 225 cm across the flats, developed by Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space Corporation. Constructed of laminated aluminum honeycomb panels, covered extensively by Gallium Arsenide solar cells, the spacecraft structure is designed to withstand the launch loads of a Delta 7326-9.5 ELV. Attitude control is via a single magnetic torque rod and passive nutation damper with aspect information provided by a star camera, sun sensor, and three-axis magnetometer. A single S-band transponder provides telemetry and command functionality. Interfaces between the self-contained payload and the spacecraft are limited to MIL-STD-1553 and power. This paper lists the requirements that drove the design of the IMAGE Observatory and the implementation that met the requirements.     

发动机旋转整流帽罩的水滴撞击特性分析

基于计算流体力学软件FLUENT,采用拉格朗日法,提出了一种求取旋转部件表面水滴收集系数的方法,并采用用户自定义函（UDF）予以实现。将该方法运用于发动机旋转整流帽罩的水滴撞击特性研究,结果表明：随着帽罩锥体锥角及转速的增大,帽罩表面的局部水收集系数沿其表面外形线下降较快,且撞击区域变小。     

Overview of the image science objectives and mission phases

The Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) mission uses a suite of imaging instruments to investigate the global response of the magnetosphere to changing solar wind conditions. Detailed science questions that fall under this broad objective include plasma processes that occur on the dayside, flanks, and nightside of the magnetosphere. The IMAGE orbit has been carefully designed to optimize the investigation of these plasma processes as the orbit precesses through the magnetospheric regions. We discuss here the phasing of the IMAGE orbit during the two-year prime mission and the relationship between the orbit characteristics and the critical science objectives of the mission.     

前飞状态涵道尾桨气动特性CFD分析

本文利用CFD商业软件Fluent为平台,以动量源代替桨叶对流场的作用,通过编写UDF程序把动量源加入到N-S方程中。动量源方法的基本思想是利用作用力与反作用的规律,由于代表桨叶的薄圆柱体里的任一网格处动量源的表达式只与桨叶的几何参数与该网格的瞬时速度有关,从而建立了一套适合于悬停和前飞状态的能够实现尾桨和涵道相互耦合作用的CFD数值模拟方法。本文将在前面悬停流场模拟的基础上,进一步对前飞状态涵道尾桨系统的气动特性进行分析。     

Dayside Proton Aurora: Comparisons between Global MHD Simulations and IMAGE Observations

The IMAGE mission provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the accuracy of current global models of the solar wind interaction with the Earth's magnetosphere. In particular, images of proton auroras from the Far Ultraviolet Instrument (FUV) onboard the IMAGE spacecraft are well suited to support investigations of the response of the Earth's magnetosphere to interplanetary disturbances. Accordingly, we have modeled two events that occurred on June 8 and July 28, 2000, using plasma and magnetic field parameters measured upstream of the bow shock as input to three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations. This paper begins with a discussion of images of proton auroras from the FUV SI-12 instrument in comparison with the simulation results. The comparison showed a very good agreement between intensifications in the auroral emissions measured by FUV SI-12 and the enhancement of plasma flows into the dayside ionosphere predicted by the global simulations. Subsequently, the IMAGE observations are analyzed in the context of the dayside magnetosphere's topological changes in magnetic field and plasma flows inferred from the simulation results. Finding include that the global dynamics of the auroral proton precipitation patterns observed by IMAGE are consistent with magnetic field reconnection occurring as a continuous process while the IMF changes in direction and the solar wind dynamic pressure varies. The global simulations also indicate that some of the transient patterns observed by IMAGE are consistent with sporadic reconnection processes. Global merging patterns found in the simulations agree with the antiparallel merging model, though locally component merging might broaden the merging region, especially in the region where shocked solar wind discontinuities first reach the magnetopause. Finally, the simulations predict the accretion of plasma near the bow shock in the regions threaded by newly open field lines on which plasma flows into the dayside ionosphere are enhanced. Overall the results of these initial comparisons between global MHD simulation results and IMAGE observations emphasize the interplay between reconnection and dynamic pressure processes at the dayside magnetopause, as well as the intricate connection between the bow shock and the auroral region.     

Deconvolution of Energetic Neutral Atom Images of the Earth's Magnetosphere

A method for deconvolving equatorial pitch angle distributions of energetic neutral atoms from images from the ENA instruments on the IMAGE satellite is described and illustrated using simulated data obtained from calculated models of ring current flux. The unknown flux is expanded in terms of cubic B-splines and Legendre polynomials. The expansion coefficients are obtained from the solution of a linear set of equations that select the smoothest solution that fits the data. In this way, all the information that is contained in the data is extracted but no more.     

固体火箭发动机气动喉部非定常过程

利用流体计算软件FLUENT,通过UDF编程对气动喉部调节固体火箭发动机推力的典型工作过程进行了数值模拟。对推力调节过程中的瞬态轴对称燃烧室流场进行了分析,得到了压强-时间曲线。分析了发动机空腔容积、二次流喷射角度对推力响应特性的影响,并得到了典型的推力-二次流总压调节特性曲线。其研究结果可为利用气动喉部技术的变推力发动机设计提供一定依据。     

过渡态工况下环形燃烧室热态三维数值模拟

利用商用软件对环形燃烧室从慢车到最大状态的过渡态过程进行了数值模拟,并通过与传统的工程计算方法(利用稳态计算来近似过渡态计算)得到的结果进行分析比较,研究了过渡态过程对燃烧室温度场的影响,结果表明:①过渡态计算与对应工况点的单点稳态计算存在一定的差别,主要表现在稳态计算的出口温度比过渡态计算的整体偏高;②时间步长是影响过渡态计算的关键因素,较小的时间步长能够使不同时刻流场参数之间的相互联系更加紧密,计算结果也就更接近于过渡态的真实过程;③过渡态计算中出口平均温度相对于油气比的变化在时间上具有一定的滞后性.      

防冰热载荷计算的一种新方法

提出了一种计算飞机防冰热载荷的新方法,该方法利用CFD软件FLUENT及其自带的用户自定义函数UDF进行数值模拟。首先用FLUENT的两相流欧拉模型模拟空气-水滴两相流动,进而使用FLUENT内部的数据结构,通过UDF二次开发计算水滴撞击量和防冰热载荷,并且利用FLUENT的后处理功能对计算结果进行可视化图形显示。以某3D迎角传感器为例,进行了三维空气-水滴两相流和防冰热载荷计算,防冰所需热功率计算结果和实验数据误差为7.5%,在工程计算允许范围内。     

The image/poetry education and public outreach program

Education and public outreach are viewed by NASA as significant undertakings for all of its space missions. The IMAGE satellite is one of the first missions to explicitly include `E&PO in its original proposal to NASA in 1996. We will discuss what IMAGE has accomplished in this area to date, and what new activities it will conduct following a successful launch.     

喷嘴损伤对环形回流燃烧室性能的影响

利用Fluent商用软件对模型环形回流燃烧室三维两相喷雾燃烧流场进行了数值模拟,研究了喷嘴损伤引起雾化效果变化对燃烧室性能的影响,采用可实现的k-ε模型模拟湍流黏性、离散相模型（DPM）通过添加UDF(user defined function)程序追踪燃油运动轨迹、正庚烷作替代燃料及层流小火焰模型.计算结果表明:采用的数值模拟方法可以预估实际燃烧室燃烧流场以及喷嘴损伤对其性能的影响,雾化性能变化导致燃烧室出口温度分布不均匀度升高,品质降低,并导致燃烧室燃烧效率降低;当燃油流量降低约19%时,燃烧室性能已不符合运行要求.      

基于模糊控制的惯性测量单元温控系统数值分析

针对捷联惯性测量单元(IMU)温控系统的高精度、高滞后性和时变性,提出一种基于CFD技术的捷联IMU模糊PID控制器设计方法.首先,对某型号IMU的热量传递机理进行分析,建立IMU传热特性三维数值计算模型,借助CFD软件Fluent的UDF功能实现对IMU数学模型温控系统的模糊PID控制.最后,通过改变环境温度获得IMU数学模型在瞬态计算条件下的温度分布规律,并将IMU不同部位的温升值与试验结果进行对比,分析温度分布对惯性仪表的影响.研究结果能为IMU温控系统的改进和优化提供依据.     

The First two Years of Image

The Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) is the first satellite mission that is dedicated to imaging the Earth's magnetosphere. Using advanced multispectral imaging techniques along with omnidirectional radio sounding, IMAGE has provided the first glimpses into the global structure and behavior of plasmas in the inner magnetosphere. Scientific results from the two-year prime mission include the confirmation of the theory of plasmaspheric tails and the discovery of several new and unpredicted features of the plasmasphere. Neutral-atom imaging has shown how the ring current develops during magnetic storms and how ionospheric ions are injected into the ring current during substorms. The first global imaging of proton auroras has allowed the identification of the ionospheric footprint of the polar cusp and its response to changes in the interplanetary magnetic field. Detached subauroral proton arcs have been found to appear in the afternoon sector following south-north and east-west rotations of the IMF. Low-energy neutral atom imaging has shown global-scale ionospheric outflow to be an immediate response to solar-wind pressure pulses. Such imaging has also provided the first measurements of solar wind and interstellar neutral atoms from inside the magnetosphere. Radio sounding has revealed the internal structure of the plasmasphere and identified plasma cavities as the source of kilometric continuum radiation. These and numerous other scientific results now set the stage for the extended mission of IMAGE in which the imaging perspective will change markedly owing to orbital evolution while the magnetospheric environment undergoes a transition from solar maximum toward solar minimum.     

尾部可调的发动机进口支板结冰数值模拟研究

基于模块化思想,在FLUENT软件基础之上开发了发动机进口支板的结冰计算程序,针对尾部可调支板的结冰问题进行了计算研究。通过分析发动机进口支板结冰的物理过程,将支板结冰计算分成四个模块,分别为两相流流场计算、水滴收集计算、热力学分析和表面结冰量计算、动网格计算。首先将各模块单独进行研究,通过FLUENT提供的UDF函数及宏函数逐一实现各模块功能,最后将各模块整合,实现了发动机进口支板的结冰计算。通过计算获得了调整角度为30°时,支板的液态水含量分布、不同时间下支板结冰的区域以及不同温度下支板结冰的特点,给出了可调支板应重点防冰区域。数值模拟方法为工程应用提供了一条可选的途径。     

An Overview of Results From rpi on Image

The Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) on the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) spacecraft was designed as a long-range magnetospheric radio sounder, relaxation sounder, and a passive plasma wave instrument. The RPI is a highly flexible instrument that can be programmed to perform these types of measurements at times when IMAGE is located in key regions of the magnetosphere. RPI is the first radio sounder ever flown to large radial distances into the magnetosphere. The long-range sounder echoes from RPI allow remote sensing of a variety of plasmas structures and boundaries in the magnetosphere. A profile inversion technique for RPI echo traces has been developed and provides a method for determining the density distribution of the plasma from either direct or field-aligned echoes. This technique has enabled the determination of the evolving density structure of the polar cap and the plasmasphere under a variety of geomagnetic conditions. New results from RPI show that the plasmasphere refills in slightly greater than a day at L values of 2.8 and that ion heating is probably playing a major role in the overall density distribution along the field-line. In addition, RPI's plasma resonance observations at large radial distances over the polar cap provided in situ measurements of the plasma density with an accuracy of a few percent. For the first time in the magnetosphere, RPI has also observed the plasma D resonances. RPI's long antennas and its very low noise receivers provide excellent observations in the passive receive-only mode when the instrument measures the thermal plasma noise as well as natural emissions such as the continuum radiation and auroral kilometric radiation (AKR). Recent passive measurements from RPI have been compared extensively with images from the Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) imager on IMAGE resulting in a number of new discoveries. For instance, these combined observations show that kilometric continuum can be generated at the plasmapause from sources in or very near the magnetic equator, within a bite-out region of the plasmasphere. The process by which plasmaspheric bite-out structures are produced is not completely understood at this time. Finally, RPI has been used to successfully test the feasibility of magnetospheric tomography. During perigee passages of the Wind spacecraft, RPI radio transmissions at one and two frequencies have been observed by the Waves instrument. The received electric field vector was observed to rotate with time due to the changing density of plasma, and thus Faraday rotation was measured. Many future multi-spacecraft missions propose to use Faraday rotation to obtain global density pictures of the magnetosphere.