Effect of KOH concentration on LEO cycle life of IPVnickel-hydrogen flight cell-update II

For update I see Energy and Environment: A Continuing Partnership, vol.3, American Nuclear Society (1991). An update of validation test results confirming the breakthrough in the low-Earth-orbit (LEO) cycle life of nickel-hydrogen cells containing 26% KOH electrolyte is presented. The results are part of an investigation of the effect of KOH concentration on life cycle. The cycle life of boiler plate cells was about 40000 LEO cycles compared to 3500 cycles for cells containing 31% KOH. The cycle regime was a stressful accelerated LEO, which consisted of a 27.5 min charge followed by a 17.5 min discharge (2×normal rate). The depth-of-discharge (DOD) was 80%. The cell temperature was maintained at 23°C. Results for six 48-Ah recirculation design IPV nickel-hydrogen flight battery cells currently being evaluated to validate the above findings are reported. Three of the cells contain 26% KOH (test cells), and three contain 31% KOH (control cells). They are undergoing real-time LEO cycle life testing. The 31% KOH cells failed at cycles 3729, 4165, and 11355. One of the 26% KOH cells failed at cycle 15314. The other two 26% KOH cells have been cycled for over 16600 cycles without failure     

Status of the Air Force nickel hydrogen low earth orbit life test

The US Air Force NiH₂ LEO (low earth orbit) life test consists of 200 cells undergoing real-time LEO cycling, pulse discharge testing, and storage testing. To date, three of the program's four objectives have been met: NiH₂ performance in LEO applications has been demonstrated. A significant number of cells have completed more than 20,000 cycles at 40% DOD. A database for cells of both 3.5 in. and 4.5 in. diameter has been generated. There have been no indications of any performance problems related to scaling up in terms of cell size. Initial data on the pulse discharge performance of a small number of cells has been demonstrated. Concerning the goal of achieving 20,000 cycles at 60% DOD, the data are mixed. Overall, it appears highly unlikely that cell designs such as those currently in the US Air Force test can achieve 20,000 cycles at 60%     

Life cycle testing of a sealed 24-V, 42-Ah nickel-cadmium aircraftbattery

Extensive research has been conducted in the design and manufacture of very long life sealed maintenance free nickel-cadmium aircraft batteries. This study presents data on a 100% depth of discharge (DOD) life test performed on a nominal capacity 42-Ah battery. The purpose of this study is to validate design concepts, determine the life characteristics of the newly designed sealed Ni-Cd batteries, and develop baseline information on failure rates and mechanisms. The data from this experiment can be used to compare depth of discharge versus battery life with similar tests such as the lower DOD experiments performed on spacecraft batteries. This information is important in the ongoing development of long life batteries and in developing failure models for life prediction     

某Ⅰ级涡轮盘低循环疲劳寿命试验研究

为了确定某Ⅰ级涡轮盘的技术寿命,根据该盘的标准循环载荷谱,对该盘进行了应力分析,确定在标准循环时该盘中心孔与径向销孔相交处为考核部位。为模拟标准循环时该盘在其考核部位的应力谱,专门设计了该Ⅰ级涡轮盘的试验转子及试验参数,在轮盘低循环疲劳试验器上,对该Ⅰ级涡轮盘的一个旧盘进行了高温低循环疲劳试验。试验结果表明：该旧盘低循环疲劳试验至第６０４７ 次循环时,有５ 个销孔考核部位出现了裂纹。断口分析表明：该旧盘剩余的试验低循环疲劳失效寿命为６０４７ 周     

SIMPLIFYING AND CONDENSING A SET OF RANDOM SPECTRA FOR TRANSPORT

ＳＩＭＰＬＩＦＹＩＮＧＡＮＤＣＯＮＤＥＮＳＩＮＧＡＳＥＴＯＦＲＡＮＤＯＭＳＰＥＣＴＲＡＦＯＲＴＲＡＮＳＰＯＲＴＺｈａｎｇＢａｏｆａ；ＦｕＸｉａｎｇｊｉｏｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ，ＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＰｏｌｙｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌＵ...     

Large lithium ion batteries for aerospace and aircraft applications

Eagle-Picher Energy Products (EPEP) has been manufacturing and testing large lithium ion cells (up to 100-Ah) for several years. Recently, work has focused on the testing of different chemistries at variable temperatures and designing and fabricating 100-Ah cylindrical cells. For the aircraft application the largest concern is irreversible capacity loss at elevated temperatures (70°C). In contrast, for the aerospace application shelf-life and cycle life are critical. EPEP has found that the major contributor to the loss in low temperature performance due to high temperature testing, was the positive electrode. EPEP discuss recent results of variable temperature cycling and 100-Ah cell performance     

某发动机后机匣的低循环疲劳寿命试验研究

本文从标准循环载荷的确定、试验件及其安装设计、全尺寸机匣多点协调加载应力试验和循环试验、批准循环寿命和使用寿命的确定等几方面具体介绍某发动机后机匣低循环疲劳寿命试验研究的方法和概况。      

2.5维机织复合材料的纬向力学性能试验

通过室温(20℃)及高温(180℃)静态拉伸及拉 拉疲劳试验,获得了25维树脂基机织复合材料在不同温度下的力学性能及拉 拉疲劳寿命。基于宏观试验,探讨了材料在静载及拉 拉疲劳载荷作用下的破坏模式和失效机理,对比了材料在疲劳载荷作用后的剩余强度与静强度的关系,之后分析了温度对材料静态力学性能及疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明:在20~180℃温度范围内材料的纬向模量对温度不敏感,但纬向强度及疲劳寿命随温度的升高而显著下降。在高温高应力水平（高于80%静强度）下材料的纬向疲劳寿命非常短(小于104次循环),但当应力水平仅下降2%后,材料的纬向疲劳寿命趋于106次循环。另外,高温下材料的剩余强度大于高温静强度。      

任意应力比下涡轮盘的塑性应变能寿命模型

以首次加、卸载时由于塑性变形导致循环应力应变曲线偏离弹性线的面积为损伤参量,从能量的角度建立了塑性应变能寿命模型,并运用平方插值的方法获得了任意应力比下塑性应变能和疲劳寿命的关系.利用某发动机涡轮盘的螺栓孔模拟试件与级间盘的跑道孔模拟试件的试验结果进行验证与对比.结果显示:根据应力比采用平方插值时塑性应变能寿命模型计算精度更高.螺栓孔试件的计算寿命与试验结果相差9.42%;跑道孔试件仅相差1.88%.总体上看,该模型计算结果与试验结果吻合很好,具有较高的精度.      

激光选区熔化制备钛合金点阵材料无损表征

通过激光选区熔化制备BCC和DOD结构的钛合金金属点阵,使用Micro–CT对两种结构的钛合金点阵材料进行扫描和三维重建。Micro–CT图像清晰地显示金属点阵内部结构,BCC和DOD单胞整齐地以周期性进行排列,且内部存在少量圆形、椭圆形缺陷。通过将实际样品三维数据与CATIA数模进行比对,发现钛合金点阵在制备过程中出现一定程度翘曲。此外使用共聚焦显微镜并基于Micro–CT图像对BCC和DOD两种金属点阵进行表面粗糙度测定。结果表明,Micro–CT在钛合金点阵材料内部结构、缺陷、制备误差、粗糙度测试等表征方面具有显著的应用价值。     

低周疲劳寿命的试验研究

用GH33A钢制成圆柱形棒、鼓形平板和带中心孔平板3种试件进行拉-拉低循环试验。试验测定的疲劳寿命与采用局部应力-应变法预测的寿命结果符合较好。随着应力集中系数的增加,试验寿命与预测寿命之比有所增大。实验中,一次超载造成较大的寿命降低。由于较厚板缺口处存在双向应力-应变状态,较厚试件的疲劳寿命比较薄平板的寿命长。     

高低周复合载荷对TC11钛合金疲劳性能的影响

为了解高周振动应力对TC11钛合金疲劳性能的影响,进行了TC11的低周疲劳、高周疲劳、以及高低周复合疲劳试验.试验结果表明:高低周复合循环降低了TC11钛合金的抗疲劳性能;复合循环载荷中,高周平均应力水平 σ _major和应力比 R _minor对高低周复合寿命有较大的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)比较分析了不同类型载荷下的断口宏观和微观形貌特征,高低周复合疲劳断口与高周断口有较明显的区别,高低周复合载荷中的低周循环引起的较大滑移是引起疲劳寿命降低的主要原因.      

Five-year update: nickel hydrogen industry survey

A 1984 survey of the nickel hydrogen (NiH₂) battery industry is updated. Late 1980s and early 1990s issues are identified, and usage and testing results of the survey are summarized. NiH₂ is the system of choice for new geosynchronous-earth-orbit (GEO) satellites and is being seriously considered for low-earth-orbit (LEO) applications. In five years, the annual cell production rate has doubled from approximately 1000 to 2000 cells. A number of cells under test have exceeded 20000 cycles at 40% DOD in LEO regimes, while other cells have achieved over 35 seasons in accelerated GEO regimes. The LEO database clearly indicates that NiH₂ performance is at least as good as the best conventional nickel-cadmium performance demonstrated under test     

航空发动机设计任务循环的选取

由某型发动机的未来使用任务推导了其设计飞行任务剖面和飞行任务混频,然后根据该发动机的高度－速度特性得出了其转速剖面。在该转速剖面下对发动机的压气机盘进行了应力和疲劳寿命计算,由计算结果得出该发动机设计任务循环的选取范围,认为：航空发动机的设计任务循环除0－最大－0、慢车－最大－慢车和巡航－最大－巡航3类循环以外,还应当包括对发动机构件疲劳寿命有较大影响的其它载荷循环,否则将造成设计载荷估计精度大大降低。     

CFRP超高周疲劳损伤演化过程

碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）在航空航天等领域得到广泛应用，CFRP构件的超高周疲劳问题逐渐凸显出来。本文采用超声三点弯曲疲劳试验系统对CFRP复合材料的损伤演化过程进行研究。结果表明：CFRP复合材料在超高周三点弯曲加载下的S-N曲线呈阶梯状，尤其在10⁸周次后，其疲劳强度明显下降。通过对CFRP复合材料在同一视场不同周次下的损伤过程进行分析，发现该材料在超高周加载下的损伤形貌主要表现为3种特征：纤维束交叉处基体损坏、近纤维束平行段基体空洞、基体贯穿，并随着加载周次的增加，其损伤过程也按照这3种特征依次呈现出来。     

2024-T3铝合金孔板高低周复合疲劳试验研究

对2034-T3铝合金孔板试件进行了高低周复合疲劳性能试验,研究高低周循环次数比对复合疲劳寿命的影响,建立了高低周循环次数和应力幅比与高低周复合疲劳寿命之间的关系式,并对现有损伤累积模型的适用性进行了分析讨论。试验和分析结果表明：随着高低周循环次数增大,复合疲劳寿命有显著的降低,复合疲劳寿命与高低周循环次数比呈对数线性关系。现有的累积损伤准则对试验结果的预测偏于危险,非线性累积损伤准则优于线性累积损伤准则。     

弹性模量对低周疲劳性能参数的影响

对材料1C r11N i2W 2M oV进行了500℃的等温低周疲劳试验和静力拉伸试验。考察了静力拉伸弹性模量与动态弹性模量的差别,以及弹性模量对该材料等温低周疲劳性能参数的影响。结果表明:当循环寿命较大(N_f大于5 000周)时弹性模量对等温低周疲劳寿命预测的精确度有较大的影响,分散带的大小有数量级的差别,应该采用疲劳试验机测出的弹性模量对等温低周疲劳寿命进行预测。      

航空涡轮发动机主轴使用寿命实验研究

本文论述了航空涡轮发动机主轴损伤换算比的确定方法。根据线性累积疲劳损伤理论和S-N曲线,采用不同寿命主轴的剩余寿命对比试验,可获得飞行换算率A_p。预定安全标准循环寿命除以A_p,就可以获得发动机主轴的使用寿命(小时)。本文进一步介绍了在机动飞行和螺旋载荷掺合作用下目标寿命的确定方法。     

超声疲劳试验技术的应用

论述应用超声疲劳试验技术研究金属合金受高频(20000Hz)振动载荷下的疲劳寿命及裂纹扩展性能, 研究材料受超声疲劳循环载荷的机械损伤和断裂机理。该试验技术应用于疲劳断裂研究领域具有省时、省力、省钱和无噪音等突出优点, 并能很好地模拟航空发动机有关构件实际工作状态下的机械损伤模式。      

Performance characteristics of lithium-ion cells for NASA's Mars2001 Lander application

NASA requires lightweight rechargeable batteries for future missions to Mars and the outer planets that are capable of operating over a wide range of temperatures, with high specific energy and energy densities. Due to the attractive performance characteristics, lithium-ion batteries have been identified as the battery chemistry of choice for a number of future applications, including Mars rovers and landers. The Mars 2001 Lander (Mars Surveyor Program MSP 01) will be one of the first missions which will utilize lithium-ion technology. This application will require two lithium-ion batteries, each being 28 V (eight cells), 25 Ah and 8 kg. In addition to the requirement of being able to supply at least 200 cycles and 90 days of operation on the surface of Mars, the battery must be capable of operation (both charge and discharge) at temperatures as low as -20°C. To assess the viability of lithium-ion cells for these applications, a number of performance characterization tests have been performed, including: assessing the room temperature cycle life, low temperature cycle life (-20°C), rate capability as a function of temperature, pulse capability, self-discharge and storage characteristics, as well as mission profile capability. This paper describes the Mars 2001 Lander mission battery requirements and contains results of the cell testing conducted to-date in support of the mission,