飞机结构可靠性分析的若干问题

 本文提出了计算飞机结构在使用中破坏率的一组基本公式,估计了各种因素对结构可靠性的影响。本文指出,英国皇家航空研究院工程科学数据活页所建议的破坏率为10~(-7)/h量级,置信水平为95％的匹配是不合适的。对几个重要影响因素的数据处理,本文发展了新的方法,得到了若干新的结果。     

Interferometer Design for Elevation Angle Estimation

Radars that are developed for the purpose of monitoring aircraft landings in the terminal air traffic control system can be designed to exploit the relatively high signal-to-noise ratio that characterizes the power budgets calculated for such a link. An interferometer using a pair of low gain antennas can be used to obtain passive coverage over a targe azimuth and elevation sector. A large baseline can be used to obtain the desired elevation angle estimation accuracy. In this paper an optimal tradeoff between the width of the subarray aperture and the width of the interferometer baseline is performed that achieves a specified elevation angle estimation error while minimizing the overall height of the interferometer configuration. The algorithm searches through the class of antenna patterns that can be synthesized from so-called finite impulse response, linear phase digital filters. For the specific problem of designing an elevation sensor for monitoring landing aircraft on final approach, the elevation angle can be estimated with no more than 1-mrad rms error when the aircraft is within ± 60° azimuth, 2.5° to 40° elevation, using two 7-wavelength subarray antennas spaced 8 wave-lengths apart. The design of a separate sensor for resolving the interferometer ambiguities is formulated as a hypothesis testing problem and solved using statistical decision theory. A bound on the probability of an ambiguity error is derived that accounts for the effects of ground reflection multipath and receiver noise.     

飞机冲击载荷等效静载的确定方法研究

如何确定冲击载荷的等效静载对飞机结构的强度设计和验证具有重要意义。基于经典冲击载荷时域曲线后峰锯齿波、单自由度冲击动响应理论和位移等效原则，建立冲击载荷动态缩放系数求解公式；基于三角函数不等式关系，推导出动态缩放系数与冲击载荷作用时间、结构固有频率乘积的函数关系。建立求解冲击载荷等效静载方法的实施流程；以简化拦阻钩系统的冲击和缩比模型的水上迫降为例，对所提方法的有效性进行验证。结果表明：拦阻冲击载荷动态缩放系数的理论估计值与仿真计算值的相对误差小于4%，水上迫降等效静压与选用的设计压力相对误差为0.9%，所建立的动态缩放系数的理论计算公式精度较高，所提方法可供工程相关应用参考。     

离散时间T-S动态故障树在民用飞机辅助动力装置系统安全性评估中的应用研究

辅助动力装置（APU）是安装于飞机上的、用于提供辅助动力源的、自成体系的小型发动机。在民用飞机APU系统安全性评估过程中,逐步采用动态故障树对传统故障树进行优化,使故障树分析结果能够更加精确地体现系统失效的动态特性。不同于传统故障树可以根据布尔逻辑求解,动态故障树一般需要转化为同构的状态空间模型才能求解。这种求解过程欠缺通用性,并且存在指数爆炸问题。采用离散时间T S动态故障树计算方法,计算了APU系统故障树中的一段子树的顶事件的失效概率,并与使用马尔可夫模型计算的结果进行比较。计算结果发现随着任务时间分段的增加,相对误差单调下降。当任务时间分段大于5时,相对误差小于1%,在计算精度满足要求的情况下能够显著降低计算成本。     

Adaptive Radar Detection with Asymptotically Regulated False-Alarm Rate

An adaptive detection procedure is described by which the detection threshold is so adjusted as to provide an asymptotic false-alarm probability PFA that is approximately invariant with changes in radar clutter return amplitude probability density functions (pdf's) in a broad class. The class includes Rayleigh, chi, Weibull, and lognormal pdf's. The receiver noise is also taken into account. The clutter-plus-noise pdf is approximated by a truncated generalized Laguerre series, the coefficients of which are estimated from the radar returns using "cell averaging" techniques. This estimation is assumed to be perfect. The results obtained indicate that the "bias" error, defined as the normalized difference between the design PFA and the asymptotic PFA corresponding to the computed threshold, lies within a fraction of an order of magnitude for 10-3?PFA ? 10-6. For PFA ?10-6 the bias error is more than an order of magnitude. These results are for the case when a single independent radar return is processed at a time. The bias error decreases as the number of postdetection integrations of independent returns increases.     

Gray bootstrap method for estimating frequency-varying random vibration signals with small samples

During environment testing, the estimation of random vibration signals （RVS） is an important technique for the airborne platform safety and reliability. However, the available meth- ods including extreme value envelope method （EVEM）, statistical tolerances method （STM） and improved statistical tolerance method （ISTM） require large samples and typical probability distri- bution. Moreover, the frequency-varying characteristic of RVS is usually not taken into account. Gray bootstrap method （GBM） is proposed to solve the problem of estimating frequency-varying RVS with small samples. Firstly, the estimated indexes are obtained including the estimated inter- val, the estimated uncertainty, the estimated value, the estimated error and estimated reliability. In addition, GBM is applied to estimating the single flight testing of certain aircraft. At last, in order to evaluate the estimated performance, GBM is compared with bootstrap method （BM） and gray method （GM） in testing analysis. The result shows that GBM has superiority for estimating dynamic signals with small samples and estimated reliability is proved to be 100% at the given confidence level.     

基于案例推理的直接维修成本预计方法

在飞机研制初期就开始对直接维修成本(DMC)进行分析和控制对于降低飞机全寿命周期成本、增强飞机市场竞争力具有重要的意义。然而,现有的DMC预计方法存在精度低、大量依靠专家经验的缺陷,针对这些缺陷提出一种基于案例推理的预计方法。经过验证,此方法不仅需要的经验知识大大减少,而且简单、快捷,精度比其他方法提高了十几个百分点。     

Probability of Detecting Aircraft Targets

The statistics of aircraft radar cross section (RCS) are estimated by fitting members of the chi-square family of distributions to empirical distributions obtained from blocks of RCS data, each block of data corresponding to a particular aircraft azimuth aspect. The parameters of the fitted distributions vary with azimuth aspect angle, type of aircraft, and radar frequency. Detection probabilities based on the estimated statistics are calculated and compared with detection probabilities based on Rayleigh statistics. This comparison indicates that the average value of radar cross section has much more effect on probability of detection than the normalized variance of RCS, and in the usual situation tends to mask the effect of the normalized variance on probability of detection.     

隐蔽失效适航要求符合性验证分析

隐蔽失效的适航符合性验证对飞机系统安全性水平会产生重大影响。经过十余年论证,EASA在CS/AMC 25.1309中新增了隐蔽失效的要求。例如要求尽可能消除重大隐蔽失效;为了防止再发生一个失效即导致灾难性失效状态的情况,对由两个失效导致的每个灾难性失效状态,其中任一个在大于单次飞行中是隐蔽失效,要求从隐蔽限制方面限制运行时间,并且从剩余概率限制方面假定一个隐蔽失效已发生时限制所有单个显性失效组合的平均概率。针对系统安全性条款CS 25.1309(b)新增的隐蔽失效相关要求,分析条款的符合性方法,通过典型故障树分析及其最小割集的示例,说明隐蔽限制和剩余概率限制准则的应用方法。从工程角度说明了条款的应用范围,给出了隐蔽失效的概率和限制暴露时间的计算方法,提升型号系统安全性水平。     

反舰导弹末制导雷达最小方位搜索范围确定模型

针对目前各国日益重视电子干扰而反舰导弹末制导雷达搜索范围却呈现逐步扩大的趋势,进行了最小方位搜索范围确定模型的研究。把目标机动范围和目标指示精度误差作为圆分布来处理,按照捕捉概率不小于0.99的要求,利用解析算法,建立了反舰导弹末制导雷达最小搜索范围确定的基本模型,并在把主要误差综合为目标指示精度和侧向横移两类误差的基础上,对模型进行了修正。对开机距离为30 km,35 km和40 km时不同条件下高亚声速、超声速反舰导弹末制导雷达的最小方位搜索范围进行了仿真。结果显示,高亚声速反舰导弹末制导雷达的最小搜索范围在±40°之内,超声速反舰导弹在±27°之内,对应比某些现役反舰导弹末制导雷达的搜索范围要小。     

A fault-tolerant neural aided controller for aircraft auto-landing

This paper presents a neural-aided controller that enhances the fault tolerant capabilities of a high performance fighter aircraft during the landing phase when subjected to severe winds and failures such as stuck control surfaces. The controller architecture uses a neural controller aiding an existing conventional controller. The neural controller uses a feedback error learning mechanism and employs a dynamic Radial Basis Function neural network called Extended Minimal Resource Allocating Network (EMRAN), which uses only on-line learning and does not need a priori training. The conventional controller is designed using a classical design approach to achieve the desired autonomous landing profile with tight touchdown dispersions called herein as the pillbox. This design is carried out for no failure conditions but with the aircraft being subjected to winds. The failure scenarios considered in this study are: (i) Single faults of either aileron or elevator stuck at certain deflections, and (ii) double fault cases where both the aileron and elevator are stuck at different deflections. Simulation studies indicate that the designed conventional controller has only a limited failure handling ability. However, neural controller augmentation considerably improves the ability to handle large faults and meet the strict touchdown dispersion requirements, thus enlarging the fault-tolerance envelope.     

基于航迹分割的航空器噪声预测模型

根据航空器的航迹来预测其影响区域的噪声情况,基于航迹的几何特性,将航迹分成直线段航迹和曲线段航迹两个基本航迹元素;确定了直线段和曲线段的各自影响范围之后,分别计算各航迹段对它们影响区域的噪声值贡献情况;统计了各个航迹段对监测点的噪声影响之后,综合得出整个航迹段对监测点的噪声影响,从而建立了航空器航迹噪声预测的模型。将该模型计算的结果分别和软件模拟数据、实际监测数据进行对比分析,发现该模型在航迹段内对监测点噪声均值的预测较为准确,监测点噪声峰值预测结果更接近实测数据。     

基于SVM的航空发动机油样光谱诊断界限值制定

运用支持向量机(SVM)估计航空发动机油样光谱数据的概率密度函数,根据光谱数据的概率分布求出航空发动机光谱诊断各金属元素的质量分数、质量分数梯度及质量分数比例的正常、警告、以及异常界限值.利用实际的航空发动机光谱数据进行了研究,并与传统的基于正态分布假设下所确定的界限值进行了比较分析.结果表明,实际的航空发动机光谱数据...     

裂纹检测概率曲线的统计测定

本文提出了一种估计裂纹检测概率曲线的试验方法和数据处理方法。给出的估计检测概率置信下限的公式精确、简单,并附有实例。文中还提出了估计裂纹检测概率曲线的工程简化方法。     

The Effect of Aircraft Lateral Dynamics on Aircraft Positioning Accuracy When Using Loran-C

The dynamics of an aircraft following a fixed course line using Loran-C for position fixing are shown to interact with Loran-C receiver dynamics to result in cross-track aircraft positioning errors that are smaller than cross-track Loran receiver errors. In a particular case considered, this error reduction is on the order of 50 percent.     

Cyclic code shift keying: a low probability of intercept communication technique

A low probability of intercept (LPI), or low probability of detection (LPD) communication technique known as cyclic code shift keying (CCSK) is described. We discuss the basic concepts of CCSK and describe a system based on the use of random or pseudorandom codes for biphase modulation. We use simulation to show that the bit error rate (BER) for CCSK can be closely estimated by using existing equations that apply to M-ary orthogonal signaling (MOS). Also, we show that significantly fewer computations are required for CCSK than for MOS when the number of bits per symbol is the same. We show that using biphase modulation results in waveforms that have a large time-bandwidth product and very low input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and thus inherently have an LPI by a radiometer. We evaluate detection by a radiometer and show that LPI can be achieved by using codes of lengths greater than about 2/sup 12/ (i.e., by transmitting more than about 12 bits per symbol). Results illustrate the effect that the CCSK symbol length and error probability, and the radiometer integration time and probability of false alarm (PFA), have on detection by a radiometer. We describe a variation of CCSK called truncated CCSK (TCCSK). In this system, the code of length 2/sup k/ is cyclically shifted, then truncated and transmitted. Although shortened, the truncated code still represents k bits of information, thus leading to an increased data rate. We evaluate radiometer detection of TCCSK and it is shown that the probability of detection is increased compared with the detection of CCSK.     

民用飞机飘降总轨迹计算分析

飘降分析是民用飞机性能计算中的重要内容,目前波音飞机性能手册中只提供飞机的飘降净轨迹,本研究用计算机FORTRAN90语言编制程序实现了积分计算,以B757—200／RB211-535E4为算例对飘降总轨迹做了计算,并分析了温度、飞机重量、初始巡航高度等因素对飞机飘降总轨迹的影响。     

阵风减缓系统传感器失效影响研究

阵风减缓系统可以有效降低机翼的阵风载荷,然而由于系统本身以及失效模式中存在大量不确定性,极大地增加了设计和审定的复杂程度。通过蒙特卡洛方法研究了阵风减缓系统传感器卡死失效的影响,考虑阵风输入和失效传感器的不确定性,以通用运输机模型为算例,分别在时域和频域内对1-cosine离散阵风和冯·卡门谱连续湍流的翼尖加速度响应进行了仿真计算,给出了在系统正常工作和失效时翼尖加速度最大/最小值以及功率谱密度均方根的概率分布。为阵风减缓系统的适航符合性验证及审定中系统失效影响分析提供了指导方法和技术支持。     

Ultra wideband technology for aircraft wireless intercommunications systems (AWICS) design

Current intercommunications system (ICS) designs for military, multicrew aircraft utilize lengthy, encumbering cords to physically attach the crewmember's helmet or headset to a distributed audio intercom system. Typical ICS long-cords are approximately 100 feet in length and allow crewmembers to maintain communications as they move about the aircraft while performing their mission duties. These cords also allow crewmembers to maintain communications with the aircraft when disembarked, as when they are controlling aircraft during engine start-up. Unfortunately, the current wired topology significantly reduces mission effectiveness, impedes crewmember movement, and greatly increases the crewmember's risk of injury. These drawbacks are more pronounced onboard military rotary winged aircraft (helicopters) where several crewmembers have been injured or killed during emergencies requiring the aircraft to ditch at sea. During ditching, crewmembers often became entangled in their lengthy ICS cord, preventing or delaying aircraft egress. This paper discusses the development of an aircraft wireless intercommunications system (AWICS) which utilizes ultra wideband (UWB) technology to address mission requirements for these multicrew, military aircraft. UWB offers unique advantages in this application - multipath mitigation, low probability of detection, low probability of interference to onboard legacy systems, and high throughput in a multiuser environment.     

飞机结构缺陷漏检概率评估与控制技术

提出了一种飞机结构缺陷漏检概率评估与控制技术,利用该技术可以有效地提高单机乃至机群中缺陷 (裂纹 )检出概率 ( POD),并可以对缺陷 (裂纹 )的漏检概率进行准确地评估和控制,使飞机因裂纹漏检而造成事故的可能性降至最低程度,从而确保飞机的安全飞行。