民用飞机新技术的实用化研究

美国和欧洲研究人员已经明确了新一代民用飞机所采用的若干先进技术，包括桁架支撑机翼、层流机翼、短距起飞和着陆技术、开式转子发动机等，并且正在致力于这些新技术的实用化研究和发展。     

超临界自然层流机翼设计及基于TSP技术的边界层转捩风洞试验

为了实现绿色航空节能减排的目标,层流设计技术成为飞行器设计者的研究热点。对于跨声速客机而言,超临界自然层流机翼设计技术将显著减小飞行阻力,提升气动性能,减少燃油消耗和污染物排放。首先,基于高精度边界层转捩预测技术耦合翼型优化设计系统,实现超临界自然层流翼型设计;经过合理的翼型配置,形成超临界自然层流机翼。转捩数值模拟分析结果表明,超临界自然层流机翼的层流流动特性良好。然后,以比例为1：10.4的试验模型在荷兰高速低湍流度风洞进行边界层转捩风洞试验,使用温度敏感材料涂层（TSP）技术拍照获得机翼表面在不同马赫数、雷诺数和迎角工况下的层流-湍流分布。最后,通过超临界自然层流机翼边界层转捩试验结果,探讨了该类型机翼的转捩特性随来流参数的变化规律,总结了超临界自然层流机翼设计的关键因素。此外,该模型也可用来验证边界层转捩预测技术在超临界、高雷诺数工况下的预测精度。     

F-16XL为HSCT进行超音速层流试飞

目前一架F-16XL研究机已经被改装成一架超音速层流控制概念研究机。该机的左机翼被装上了一个带有很大的吸气表面翼套。这项试验将对美国高速民用运输机(HSCT),即下一代超音速民用飞机的研制具有重要的意义。装上新翼套的F-16XL已完成了首次飞行。为其制订的一系列试验计划将要验证仅仅使用目前的吸气技术是否能在超音速飞行下维持机翼表面的大部分区域为层流区,从理论上讲,通过对机翼前段翼型外形的正确设计,组     

高效层流翼型设计及试验验证

层流机翼设计技术是民用飞机减阻设计重要的发展方向之一。采用CST参数化方法及现代优化算法开展了面向工程应用的层流翼型设计方法研究,基于某层流技术验证机需求设计了一款层流翼型,采用数值计算和高速风洞试验对其层流特性进行了验证研究。研究结果表明,发展的设计方法可以实现层流翼型优化设计及反设计,优化翼型表面的层流区域显著扩大,升阻比有所提升;为验证机设计的层流翼段在设计点具有超过50%的层流区域,较传统翼段减阻量超过10%。研究结果对军民用高亚声速运输类飞机的层流减阻设计具有一定的参考价值。     

超临界层流机翼边界层及气动特性分析

高空长航时无人机设计巡航状态的雷诺数较小,黏性边界层对气动特性的影响较大。详细分析了雷诺数对机翼边界层和气动力的影响,用数值方法对超临界层流机翼三维层流-转捩-湍流混合边界层特性进行了研究,分析比较了高空小雷诺数和中空大雷诺数情况下机翼三维边界层的特性,尤其是边界层转捩点位置、表面摩阻和气动特性的雷诺数效应。研究表明雷诺数对于高空无人机机翼边界层厚度、摩擦阻力和升阻比影响较大;对层流机翼的转捩点位置和升力系数影响较小;自然层流机翼技术可以应用于高空无人机设计。     

民用飞机机翼电加热防/除冰应用现状及技术难点

对民用飞机机翼电加热防/除冰技术的工作原理及应用进行了介绍,并就相关的技术难点进行了梳理和初步探讨,为民用飞机机翼防/除冰方案的论证、权衡分析以及多电飞机或者使用复合材料机翼飞机的机翼电加热结冰保护系统设计提供了参考。     

NLF—1自然层流机翼低速转捩位置测定

自然层流机翼是我国下一代民用客机采用机翼之一。本文对自然层流机翼ＮＬＦ－１用热膜法和升华法在南京航空学院ＮＨ－２低速风洞中进行机翼边界层转捩位置的测定。结果表明，该机翼的转捩位置在离开机翼前缘的７０％左右的当地弦长处，因此ＮＬＦ－１机翼确为较好的层流机翼。     

基于层流机翼的增升装置设计研究进展

层流机翼的增升装置设计可以起到减阻和降噪的作用。将低阻的层流区域与高效的增升装置相结合,通过采用有效的外形设计和恰当的结构选型,可以实现巡航时层流区域的扩大、起降时增升效果的提升,并显著降低机体噪声。本文根据绿色航空的发展需求,分析了层流机翼和增升装置的技术特征,阐述了在层流机翼状态下增升装置的设计方法,系统地介绍了结构外形、运动机构和辅助装置等的应用现状,在此基础上综述了实现增升装置适应性调整所需要重点研究的技术内容,给出了层流机翼增升装置的未来发展方向和思路。     

层流控制和自然层流机翼可压缩边界层计算和应用

本文对后掠层流机翼可压缩边界层进行了计算研究。引入新的相似变换形式,避免了Kaups-Cebeci方法在变换中可能出现的奇性,导出了在新的相似变换下的偏微分方程组。对层流控制(LFC)和自然层流(NLF)机翼进行了计算,得到了满意的结果。     

跨音速机翼设计计算软件研制

1.引言 对于民用飞机设计,机翼性能的好坏直接影响着飞机的性能.机翼设计技术是飞机设计中的一项关键技术.本文所述为一套比较实用有效的跨音速机翼设计计算软件.     

降雨对飞机气动性能影响的研究综述

研究了降雨的自然特性,分析了降雨条件下机翼表面复杂的物理现象.重点从实验测试和数值模拟两方面论述了国内外关于降雨对飞机气动性能影响的研究进展,内容涉及降雨条件下机翼的气动性能损失、降雨对机翼气动性能的影响机理和机翼对各种影响因素的敏感度研究等方面.指出了当前国内外关于这一研究在自然飞行测试、实验相似准则、风洞实验中边界层固定转捩和多相流数值建模等方面所面临的关键问题和重大技术挑战.      

层流流动控制技术及应用

民机受到的摩阻占其总阻力很大比例,减少摩阻对改善民机性能和降低成本具有重要意义.层流摩阻远小于湍流摩阻,因此扩大层流区,甚至实现全层流流动是减阻的一个重要途径.为此,形成了包括自然层流流动、全层流流动和混合层流流动3种层流流动控制技术.本文从减阻分析,对3种层流流动控制技术的概念、方法、优缺点、可带来的效益,层流流动控...     

层流流动主/被动控制技术

摩擦阻力在民机总阻力中占很大比重,减少摩擦阻力对改善民机性能和实现绿色航空具有重要意义。层流摩擦阻力远小于湍流摩擦阻力,因此扩大层流区,甚至实现全层流流动,是减阻的一个重要途径。目前形成了自然层流流动、全层流流动和混合层流流动控制（HLFC）3种层流流动主动控制技术。本文基于减阻和流动不稳定分析,对3种控制技术的概念、方法、优缺点、可带来的效益和应用层流流动控制技术的飞机的设计方法及维护（包括预防昆虫和冰粒等污染的措施）等方面作了较为系统的阐述。概要地介绍了X21A、Jetstar、Boeing 757等飞机的HLFC飞行试验验证项目,结果表明了层流流动主动控制技术的有效性和困难性。本文也从原理到飞行试验较为系统地介绍了一种层流流动被动控制技术。     

Transition prediction and sensitivity analysis for a natural laminar flow wing glove flight experiment

Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency. Accurately and efficiently predicting the laminar-to-turbulent transition and revealing the maintenance mechanism of laminar flow in a transport aircraft’s flight environment are significant for developing natural laminar flow wings. In this research, we carry out natural laminar flow flight experiments with different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The critical N-factor is calibrated as 9.0 using flight experimental data and linear stability theory from a statistical perspective, which makes sure that the relative error of transition location is within 5%. We then implement a simplified e^N transition prediction method with a similar accuracy compared with linear stability theory. We compute the sensitivity information for the simplified e^N method with an adjoint-based method, using the automatic differentiation technique (ADjoint). The impact of Reynolds numbers and pressure distributions on TS waves is analyzed using the sensitivity information. Through the sensitivity analysis, we find that: favorable pressure gradients not only suppress the development of TS waves but also decrease their sensitivity to Reynolds numbers; there exist three special regions which are very sensitive to the pressure distribution, and the sensitivity decreases as the local favorable pressure gradient increases. The proposed sensitivity analysis method enables robust natural laminar flow wings design.     

跨声速层流翼型的混合反设计/优化设计方法

跨声速层流翼型设计须兼顾优良的超临界特性和自然层流特性,因而对设计方法提出了更高的要求。针对现有反设计方法和直接优化设计方法的不足,发展了一种适用于跨声速层流翼型的混合反设计/优化设计方法。该方法引入了基于经验的局部流场特征作为反设计目标,翼型性能指标作为直接优化设计目标,然后加权形成了混合反设计/优化设计总目标,并同时考虑了气动和几何约束。优化算法采用基于自适应并行加点技术的代理优化,流动数值模拟采用耦合基于线性稳定性理论的e^N转捩自动判定的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程求解器。针对现代中短程民用客机需求,以NPU-LSC-72613翼型为基准,开展了层流翼型减阻的混合反设计/优化设计。分别将局部目标压力分布、总阻力作为反设计和直接优化设计目标,得到了较好的优化结果,验证了方法的有效性。经过2轮优化结果显示混合反设计/优化设计总目标显著下降。所设计翼型吸力面局部压力分布与目标压力分布基本一致,总阻力下降15.5%;吸力面和压力面层流范围均大于55%倍弦长,激波强度显著减弱,说明所设计翼型同时具有优良的超临界和层流特性。将所设计翼型配置到机翼上,通过三维数值模拟进行校验,结果显示所设计跨声速层流机翼升阻比提高了6.64%,在一定升力系数范围内,气动性能均有显著提高,验证了所设计跨声速层流翼型在机翼设计中的适用性。     

Laminar flow control research at TsAGI: Past and present

This paper presents a brief review of activities in laminar flow control being performed at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute named after Prof. N.E. Zhukovsky (TsAGI). These efforts are focused on the improvement of the existing laminar flow control methods and on the development of new ones. The investigations have demonstrated the effectiveness of aircraft surface laminarization applications with the aim of friction drag reduction. The opportunity of considerable delaying of laminar-turbulent transition due to special wing profile geometry and using boundary layer suction and surface cooling has been verified at sub- and supersonic speeds through various wind tunnel testing at TsAGI and during flying laboratory experiments at the Flight Research Institute (LII). The investigations on using hybrid laminar flow control systems for friction drag reduction were also carried out. New techniques of laminar flow control were proposed, in particular, the method of local heating of the wing leading edge, boundary layer laminarization by means of receptivity control, and electrohydrodynamic methods of boundary layer stability control.     

Proportional fuzzy feed-forward architecture control validation by wind tunnel tests of a morphing wing

In aircraft wing design, engineers aim to provide the best possible aerodynamic performance under cruise flight conditions in terms of lift-to-drag ratio. Conventional control sur-faces such as flaps, ailerons, variable wing sweep and spoilers are used to trim the aircraft for other flight conditions. The appearance of the morphing wing concept launched a new challenge in the area of overall wing and aircraft performance improvement during different flight segments by locally altering the flow over the aircraft's wings. This paper describes the development and appli-cation of a control system for an actuation mechanism integrated in a new morphing wing structure. The controlled actuation system includes four similar miniature electromechanical actuators dis-posed in two parallel actuation lines. The experimental model of the morphing wing is based on a full-scale portion of an aircraft wing, which is equipped with an aileron. The upper surface of the wing is a flexible one, being closed to the wing tip; the flexible skin is made of light composite materials. The four actuators are controlled in unison to change the flexible upper surface to improve the flow quality on the upper surface by delaying or advancing the transition point from laminar to turbulent regime. The actuators transform the torque into vertical forces. Their bases are fixed on the wing ribs and their top link arms are attached to supporting plates fixed onto the flex-ible skin with screws. The actuators push or pull the flexible skin using the necessary torque until the desired vertical displacement of each actuator is achieved. The four vertical displacements of the actuators, correlated with the new shape of the wing, are provided by a database obtained through a preliminary aerodynamic optimization for specific flight conditions. The control system is designed to control the positions of the actuators in real time in order to obtain and to maintain the desired shape of the wing for a specified flight condition. The feasibility and effectiveness of the developed control system by use of a proportional fuzzy feed-forward methodology are demon-strated experimentally through bench and wind tunnel tests of the morphing wing model.     

HLFC后掠翼优化设计的若干问题

使用扩展自由变形参数化方法,基于径向基函数的动网格技术和改进的混合粒子群算法,考虑吸气的e^N转捩预测方法和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes求解器,搭建了针对混合层流流动控制（HLFC）后掠翼的优化设计平台,对HLFC后掠翼的气动外形设计、雷诺数影响、吸气分布设计等多个问题进行了研究,对比分析了在这些因素影响下HLFC后掠翼的阻力系数和层流区长度的差别,进而探索了相应的设计准则。研究表明,对于层流区较长和阻力系数较小的HLFC后掠翼来说,它们上表面的压力分布具有共同的特征：头部峰值较低,之后有一个小的逆压,接下来是一段较长的均匀稳定的顺压,这段顺压最后终结于一道激波。应用HLFC技术后,通过实现大面积的层流区,机翼的摩擦阻力和压差阻力均可显著地降低,降低的幅度远大于不考虑层流控制的设计结果。同时,HLFC机翼的设计应综合考虑摩擦阻力、压差阻力、激波强度和配平阻力（低头力矩）,层流区最长不一定意味着阻力最小。一般来说,雷诺数越高,越难维持层流,但应用混合层流控制技术后,即使在难以实现自然层流的高雷诺数下,HLFC机翼依然有较长的层流区。通过对吸气分布的设计进行研究,说明了非均匀吸气比均匀吸气要更有效率一些,能够节省吸气量。     

Continuous morphing trailing-edge wing concept based on multi-stable nanomaterial

Morphing technology is one of the most effective methods to improve the flight efficiency of aircraft. Traditional control surfaces based morphing method is mature and widely used on current civil and military aircraft, but insufficiently effective for the entire flight envelope. Recent research on morphing wing still faces the challenge that the skin material for morphing should be both deformable and stiff. In this study, a continuous morphing trailing-edge wing with a new multi-stable nano skin material fabricated using surface mechanical attrition treatment technology was proposed and designed. Computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to study the aerodynamic performance of the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing. Results show that the lift coefficient increases with the increase of deflection angle and so does the lift-drag ratio at a small angle of attack. More importantly, compared with the wing using flaps, the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing can reduce drag during the morphing process and its overall aerodynamic performance is improved at a large angle of attack range. Flow field analysis reveals that the continuous morphing method can delay flow separation in some situations.