Evaluation of active hybrid fuel cell/battery power sources

Hybrid fuel cell/battery power sources have potentially widespread uses in applications wherein the power demand is impulsive rather than constant. Interposing a dc/dc converter between a fuel cell and a battery can create two configurations of actively controlled hybrid fuel cell/battery power sources. Those two configurations are compared using both theory and experiment with special attention to the peak power enhancement, and power losses in the converter. Both of the defined configurations were built, using a 35 W polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, an 8-cell lithium-ion battery pack, and a high-efficiency power converter. Both two configurations yielded a peak power output of 135 W, about 4 times as high as the fuel cell alone could supply, with only a slight (13%) increase of weight. The converter losses were quantitatively analyzed. Which of the two configurations yields a smaller loss depends on the load power demand characteristics including peak power and load duty ratio. The study results provide guidance for the design of hybrid sources according to the particular load power requirements.     

基于DSM的发电侧与销售侧峰谷分时电价联动方案

峰谷分时电价是现阶段一种有效的需求侧管理(DSM)手段,有利于“削峰填谷”,提高电力系统的负荷率和运行的稳定性。考虑到现阶段暂时还不能实行竞价上网以及普遍存在发电侧与销售侧间利益分配不平衡的情况,为同时鼓励发电侧和销售侧执行峰谷分时电价,提出了发电侧与销售侧电价联动的设想,并进行了分析。首先探讨销售侧峰谷分时电价的测算方法,在此基础上研究和提出了一套发电侧峰谷电价与销售侧峰谷电价联动的方案,包括参加调峰的发电机组范围的确定,发电侧实行峰谷分时电价的确定以及发电机组间峰谷电量的分配。     

Nickel-Cadmium Batteries as Capacitive Filters for Pulsed Loads

This investigation consisted of several tests of specially fabricated nickel-cadmium batteries having circular disk-type electrodes. These batteries were evaluated as filter elements between a constant current power supply and a 5 Hz pulsed load demanding approximately twice the power supply current during the load on a portion of the cycle. Short tests lasting 104 cycles were conducted at up to a 21 C rate and an equivalent energy density of over 40 J/Ib. In addition, two batteries were subjected to 10h dischar cycles, one at a 6.5 C rate and the other at a 13 C rate. Assuming an electrode-to-battery weight ratio of 0.5, these tests represent an energy density of about 7 and 14 J/Ib, respectively. Energy density, efficiency, capacitance, average voltage, and available capacity were tracked during these tests. After 10y capacity degradation was negligible for one battery and about 20 percent for the other. Cadmium electrode failure may be the factor limiting lifetime at extremely low depth of discharge cycling. The output was examined and a simple equivalent circuit was proposed.     

民航客运票价影响因素探讨

以宏观经济学供给与需求关系理论为基础,分析了影响民航客运票价的因素,包括供给、需求、竞争、航线距离、季节性和特殊航线等,建立了基于引力模型和多元线性回归,以运力、客座率和航线距离等为输入的国内拟开航线经济舱票价预测模型,成为类比法的一种补充。并提出通过调整乘数系数的方法,使得模型适用于季节性、特殊航线和长期预测需求。     

优化UPS蓄电池的循环寿命

在交流电正常供电时,不间断电源（UPS）的蓄电池可储存能量,并维持正常的充电电压。当供电巾断时,蓄电池立即对逆变器供电,以保证交流电正常供电的连续性。本文介绍了不间断电源的应用及对蓄电池的维护。     

基于TTP协议的飞机配电系统通信仿真研究

针对飞机配电系统典型单元,建立基于时间触发的四节点控制与通信模型;实现系统典型节点的信号交互,并进行实时控制与仿真分析。以供电系统处理机(PSP)、发电机控制器和汇流条控制器的组合(GCUs+BPCU),某个负载管理中心(ELMC)、以及多个固态功率控制器(SSPCs)为四个典型节点,在研究模型节点内部控制与逻辑关系、建立消息时刻表的基础上,仿真了配电系统在双发、单发、应急情况下,汇流条和负载的自动管理。仿真结果表明,信号严格按照确定的消息时刻表传送,通信具有较高的实时性和可靠性。研究结果为时间触发协议在航空器领域的应用提供了参考。     

Hybrid power sources for Land Warrior scenario

Hybrid systems utilizing a zinc-air battery or a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) as the high energy density component coupled with a rechargeable battery (lead-acid or nickel-metal hydride) or electrochemical capacitor (EC) bank as the high power density component were tested under a high-pulse application load, Land Warrior (LW). The hybrid power sources successfully operated the LW cyclic load beyond the capabilities of the specific single chemistry systems studied. The zinc-air battery hybrids allowed approximately triple the operation time of PEMFC hybrids. The best performing hybrid system was the zinc-air battery/lead-acid battery. It provided the greatest operating voltage and longest operating time     

A microcontroller-based intelligent battery system

State-of-charge indication for a secondary battery is becoming increasingly important for battery-operated electronics. Consumers are demanding fast charging times, increased battery lifetime, and fuel gauge capabilities. All of these demands require that the state of charge within a battery be known. One of the simplest methods employed to determine state of charge is to monitor the voltage of the battery. However, this method alone is not a good indicator of battery energy, since both NiMH and NiCd batteries have voltage-versus-energy curves that are essentially flat. This paper presents a more effective method of determining the state of charge in secondary cell batteries. A NiMH battery is used as our test vehicle, since it is one of the more difficult batteries to determine state of charge. This method monitors the battery's temperature, voltage, and discharge/charge rate. A microcontroller then manipulates the information, using look-up tables to determine the state of charge. Also, by modifying the look-up tables, this technique can be employed in many other battery technologies and is not limited to NiMH     

编制飞-续-飞谱的倒雨流计数技术

 介绍了编制飞－续－飞谱的一种技术，它是雨流计数的逆过程，包括修正雨流计数法和整循环随机插入法。除了有雨流法的优点外，它还能确保每个循环的峰谷或谷峰顺序信息。对于飞机疲劳问题3个主要环节：载荷的统计计数、编谱、损伤计算都用相同的雨流计数法，这些无疑会提高疲劳试验和寿命计算的精度，并使计数和编谱规范化。试验结果表明：这种方法编出的谱的疲劳寿命与基准谱最接近。     

一种机载无线电连接器的设计与试验

目前,无线技术发展相对成熟,对于飞机系统有巨大的应用前景,能有效避免有线传输方式带来的重量大、布线难和连接器易故障等问题。文中提出一种无线连接器,基于无线通信技术和无线传能技术,完成信息和能量的无线传输,并完成样机开发和功能与应用场景测试实验。试验结果表明,该无线连接器在10 mm内具备15 W的负载供电能力,且通讯传输波特率可达115 200 bps,可以有效避免有线电连接器对外界因素敏感易失效等问题,为机载系统连接器的设计提供新的解决方案。     

Hybrid power sources for pulsed current applications

A battery-capacitor hybrid power source was discharged under pulsed current conditions and various ambient temperatures. Significant improvements in voltage drop and run time were obtained with the hybrid device over the battery alone. An equivalent circuit was established to evaluate the voltage behavior of the hybrid device. It was found that at the peak discharge current, as much as 50% of the total energy supplied was provided by a capacitor with only about one-third of the battery's volume     

民用飞机液压系统建模与负载流量需求计算的研究

飞机液压系统的一个重要设计指标是能够满足全飞行剖面场景下的负载流量需求。介绍了一种用于飞机液压系统负载流量需求分析的数字仿真分析方法,通过开发数学模型构建了液压能源子系统和液压用户的负载子系统模型,进而仿真分析典型飞行剖面下液压系统的负载流量需求,模拟了飞机液压系统的动态工作过程,能够反映飞机液压系统与液压用户负载之间的耦合动态特性。仿真结果表明,这套模型满足液压系统分析需求,可用于液压系统的设计支持工作。     

Parallel operation of shunt active power filters with capacitylimitation control

This paper presents a capacity-limitation technique to enlarge the power capacity that can be handled by the shunt active power filters (APFs). The capacity limited includes the reactive power as well as the amplitude of the distortion current supplied by the APFs. Under capacity-limitation control m+1 APFs supply the load reactive power with m APFs supplying their rated power and one APF supplying a fraction of its rated value. Similarly, n+1 APFs supply the load current harmonic with n APFs supplying the distortion current limited in amplitude and one APF supplying a fraction of its limited amplitude. Advantages of the proposed approach include high flexibility for extending system capacity, high reliability due to no control interconnection, reducing power capacity demand of APF, high modularity due to identical APFs, stable reactive power and harmonic current sharing and its performance is insensitive to parameters mismatch of APFs, cost-effective due to modularization, and so on. Three single-phase 1 KVA APFs are designed and implemented. The effectiveness is demonstrated by some experimental results     

航空蓄电池能量均衡技术研究

航空电池组中单体电池之间会逐渐出现不一致性,会降低电池组性能和使用寿命,甚至引发安全事故。本文提出了一种基于主动均衡的航空蓄电池组能量均衡系统结构,提出了一种能量集中式双向传递的Cúk型均衡电路,设计了顶部均衡和底部均衡的均衡控制策略。开发了航空镍镉蓄电池能量均衡系统,进行了镍镉电池组能量均衡实验分析,实验结果表明新型能量均衡器具有均衡速度快、均衡电池单体可任意选择、能量双向传递的优点,通过电池组能量均衡控制能明显改善电池组内单体之间的不一致性,提高电池组容量利用率和使用寿命。     

飞机扭转敏捷性与飞行品质关系研究

借鉴模拟或试飞获得飞机绕飞行速度滚转且截获 90°倾斜角所需时间 TRC90 的技术,设计数字仿真用的飞机扭转敏捷性机动动作及其相应的舵面操纵规律。具体计算某机不同 H,Ma和 ny 下的 TRC90 和 TA尺度,以及定常水平盘旋飞行时的模态特性。讨论和分析飞机扭转敏捷性指标与飞行品质之间的关系     

混合型逆变器的空间矢量调制策略优化

高速永磁同步电机驱动系统具有电磁时间常数小、高速区载波比低的特征,加剧了电流纹波,影响系统效率、振动噪声和电磁干扰。为降低高速永磁同步电机的电流纹波,基于SiC-MOSFET/Si-IGBT混合型逆变器设计了一种改进型低损耗空间矢量调制算法。首先,通过调整零电压矢量的生成方式和各功率器件的开关动作时序,将大部分开关动作转移至低损耗的SiC-MOSFET中,并为高损耗的Si-IGBT提供零电压开关条件,降低了逆变器损耗,提高了驱动系统的效率和可用开关频率,逆变器开关频率的提高有效降低了电机电流纹波。其次,对该算法作用时的电流纹波特性进行深入分析,在此基础上提出一种变开关频率模式的最优交轴电流纹波峰值调制算法以优化交轴电流纹波性能。然后,根据预测的交轴电流纹波峰值实时调整载波频率,通过削峰填谷的方式对交轴电流纹波进行平均,在不增加开关损耗的条件下,分散开关能量、降低转矩脉动、改善振动噪声和电磁兼容性能。所提方案的优势在于：较于传统型逆变器,逆变器开关损耗降低、效率提高,可进一步提升开关频率以改善电流纹波;较于传统空间矢量调制算法,改进了电压矢量的生成方式,并利用载波频率这一新增自由度分散能量,降低了交轴电流纹波。最后,通过仿真与实验对所提出算法的有效性进行了验证。     

Battery configurations for multi-megawatt pulse power

The capability of lead-acid batteries for supplying very high power for a short time is explored. The application of such a battery for accelerating a hypersonic plane is used to illustrate the requirements. A technique for analyzing batteries and controlling voltage for pulse loads is described. Evaluation of lead-acid batteries in production and voltage regulation by switching batteries in and out are covered. Alternatives to batteries, including superconducting magnetic energy storage, are discussed     

论企业财务信息供给

供给与需求是经济领域十分重要的概念，财务信息作为一种公共物品，同样具有商品的某些特征，同样也存在供给与需求的矛盾。本文从财务信息供给者的角度，分析了企业财务信息供给的动因、目标以及影响其供给的因素，以谋求企业财务信息供给与需求的平衡。     

两相爆震波多管同步点火技术的实验研究

为了研究基于液态燃料的爆震波点火技术,进行了一系列液态煤油/氧气爆震波点火实验。实验中氧气和煤油的供给压力分别为1.0 MPa和0.7 MPa,火花塞点火能量为50 mJ。研究了两相爆震波点火技术的基本特性,实验表明:采用低点火能量能够快速产生充分发展的爆震波,煤油/氧气爆震压力可达4.0 MPa,爆震波速度可达1500 m/s到2001 m/s,尾焰温度约为2075 K。开展了两相爆震波由单管向多管传播的实验,验证了两相爆震波多管点火技术的可行性,目前可实现四管同步点火。实验显示两相爆震波点火技术重复性强,多管点火具有较好的同步性,时间差别为几十个微秒量级,适用于多燃烧室液态火箭发动机的同步点火。     

Ultracapacitors + DC-DC converters in regenerative braking system

An ultracapacitor system for an electric vehicle has been implemented. The device allows higher accelerations and decelerations of the vehicle with minimal loss of energy and minimal degradation of the main battery pack. The system uses a DC-DC power converter, which is connected between the ultracapacitor and the main battery pack. The design has been optimized in weight and size, by using water-cooled heat sinks for the power converter, and an aluminum coil with air core for the smoothing inductance. The ratings of the ultracapacitor are: nominal voltage: 300 Vdc; nominal current: 200 Adc; capacitance: 20 Farads. The amount of energy stored allows us to have 40 kW of power during 20 seconds, which is enough to accelerate the vehicle without the help of the traction batteries. The vehicle uses a brushless DC motor with a nominal power of 32 kW and a peak power of 53 kW. A control system based on a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) manipulates all the aforementioned variables and controls the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) switching pattern of the converter transistors. The car used for the implementation of this system is a Chevrolet LUV truck.