A new inversion method of plasma density distribution of plasmasphere in the geomagnetic equatorial plane from IMAGE data

The plasma density distribution of plasmasphere in the geomagnetic equatorial plane can help us study the magnetosphere like plasmasphere, ionosphere and their kinetics. In this paper, we introduce a new inversion method, GE-ART, to calculate the plasma density distribution in the geomagnetic equatorial plane from the Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) data of IMAGE satellite under the assumption that the plasma density is constant along each geomagnetic field line. The new GE-ART algorithm was derived from the traditional Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques (ART) in Computed Tomography (CT) which was different from the several existing methods. In this new method, each value of the EUV image data was back-projected evenly to the geomagnetic field lines intersected by this EUV sight. A 3-D inversion matrix was produced by the contributions of all the voxels contained in the plasmasphere covered by the EUV sensor. That is, we considered that each value of the EUV image data was relative to the plasma densities of all the voxels passed through by the corresponding EUV radiation, which is the biggest difference to all the existing inversion methods. Finally, the GE-ART algorithm was evaluated by the real EUV data from the IMAGE satellite.     

Some Investigations on the Ionosphere during 2012–2014 in China

In this national biannual report, we will outline some recent progresses in ionospheric studies conducted by Chinese scientists since 2012. The mentioned aspects include: the solar activity control of the ionosphere; couplings between the ionosphere, lower atmosphere and plasmasphere;ionospheric climatology and disturbances; ionospheric irregularities and scintillation; models, data assimilation and simulations; unusual phenomena of the ionosphere; possible seismic signatures presented in ionospheric observations, and some methodology progresses. These progresses will enhance our ability to observe the ionosphere, provide more reasonable understanding about the states of the ionosphere and underlying fundamental processes, and stimulate ionospheric modeling, forecasting and related applications.     

A study of the plasmasphere density distribution using computed tomography methods from the EUV radiation data

In this paper, we introduce a new topic for imaging plasmasphere density with CT techniques. Both parallel-beam and fan-beam reconstruction formulas are derived with a special weighting function. Different from the traditional X-ray CT, the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation may be totally absorbed by the Earth. Only the portion between the Earth and the detector enters the EUV sensor and be measured. The key step in our derivation is to remove the complete absorption effect with a specific weighting function. Computer-simulation studies are present to verify our formulas for the plasmasphere density.     

连续磁活动对等离子体层演化的影响

利用嫦娥三号极紫外相机观测的2014年2月21日等离子体层极紫外对数图像,分析了一系列磁活动状态下等离子体层晨侧视角的演化.由等离子体层质子的相空间分布,模拟了 2014年2月18-22日发生一系列磁暴事件时等离子体层在磁赤道面的演化.通过观测与模拟发现,等离子体层实际的填充速度大于模拟时等离子体层的填充速度.推测昏侧...     

Modeling of ionospheric parameter variations in East Asia during the moderate geomagnetic disturbances

The results of modeling of ionospheric disturbances observed in the East Asian region during moderate storms are presented. The numerical model for ionosphere–plasmasphere coupling developed at the ISTP SB RAS is used to interpret the data of observations at ionospheric stations located in the longitudinal sector of 90–130°E at latitudes from auroral zone to equator. There is obtained a reasonable agreement between measurements and modeling results for winter and equinox. In the summer ionosphere, at the background of high ionization by the solar EUV radiation in the quiet geomagnetic period the meridional thermospheric wind strongly impacts the electron concentration in the middle and auroral ionosphere. The consistent calculations of the thermospheric wind permit to obtain the model results which are closer to summer observations. The actual information about the space-time variations of thermosphere and magnetosphere parameters should be taken into account during storms.     

Survey of current situation in radiation belt modeling.

The study of Earth's radiation belts is one of the oldest subjects in space physics. Despite the tremendous progress made in the last four decades, we still lack a complete understanding of the radiation belts in terms of their configurations, dynamics, and detailed physical accounts of their sources and sinks. The static nature of early empirical trapped radiation models, for examples, the NASA AP-8 and AE-8 models, renders those models inappropriate for predicting short-term radiation belt behaviors associated with geomagnetic storms and substorms. Due to incomplete data coverage, these models are also inaccurate at low altitudes (e.g., <1000 km) where many robotic and human space flights occur. The availability of radiation data from modern space missions and advancement in physical modeling and data management techniques have now allowed the development of new empirical and physical radiation belt models. In this paper, we will review the status of modern radiation belt modeling.     

基于数据网格化方法的低轨辐射带建模技术

地球辐射带中的高能带电粒子是引起航天器材料和器件性能退化甚至失效的主要空间环境因素.因此,航天器设计中所采用的辐射带模型的准确程度对于航天器的生存能力和航天任务的完成质量至关重要.在利用我国自主辐射带高能粒子探测数据进行的辐射带建模中,探测数据的空间网格化是一项非常重要的工作.介绍了我国辐射带探测数据的情况,以及辐射带建模的方法和步骤;重点研究了不同插值方法在低地球轨道(LEO)空间辐射带建模数据网格化中的应用,并开展了误差分析.研究结果表明:在各种常用的插值方法中,反距离加权法、自然邻点法和最近邻点法适合工程化应用.其中,反距离加权法生成的数据网格对粒子通量的反演结果精度最高,该方法采用低阶距离时得到的反演结果更为合理.      

Whistler studies of the plasmasphere shape and dynamics

Whistler studies of the plasmapause/plasmasphere are traced from their beginnings during the IGY through the early 1960's, when extensive data from Antarctica became available. Highlights of this period include discovery of the ‘knee’ in the equatorial electron density profile, initial comparisons with results from the Lunik probes, identification of magnetic storm effects, and discovery of the duskside bulge, or region of larger plasmasphere radius, as well as smaller-scale (Δφ ≈ 20°) variations in radius with longitude. In the mid-1960's, whistlers provided the first evidence of cross-L plasma drift patterns in the outer plasmasphere. From a present day perspective, the plasmasphere is seen as a region penetrated, perhaps most efficiently in the dusk sector, by the unsteady component of high latitude electric fields. In the pre-dawn sector, post substorm outward drifts may be an aftereffect of the shielding of the plasmasphere against the steadier components of the substorm electric fields. The available indirect whistler evidence of plasmasphere erosion during large disturbances suggests that erosion occurs primarily in the dusk-premidnight sector.     

Boundedness of Formation Configuration for Nonlinear Three-body Dynamics

The configuration boundedness of the three-body model dynamics is studied for Sun-Earth formation flying missions. The three-body formation flying model is built up with considering the lunar gravitational acceleration and solar radiation pressure. Because traditional linearized dynamics based method has relatively lower accuracy, a modified nonlinear formation configuration analysis method is proposed in this paper. Comparative studies are carried out from three aspects, i.e., natural formation configuration with arbitrary departure time, initialization time and formation configuration boundedness, and specific initialization time for bounded formation configuration. Simulations demonstrate the differences between the two schemes, and indicate that the nonlinear dynamic method reduces the error caused by the model linearization and disturbance approximation, and thus provides higher accuracy for boundedness analysis, which is of value to initial parameters selection for natural three-body formation flying.      

Orbital dynamics of magnetospherically trapped lunar ejecta

$\text{In situ}$ measurements by dust experiments on HEOS II showed significant enhancement of fluxes for submicron particles. Recent studies have shown that lunar ejecta in this size range can, in a highly simplified model, be trapped in the earth's magnetosphere. The present work is a more detailed study of the dynamics of lunar ejecta in the magnetosphere. The particle size ranges for which the guiding center approximation is valid, for which corotation is negligible, and for which electromagnetic forces dominate gravitational forces have been calculated. Temporal details of charge acquisition by ejecta in the plasmasphere are considered.     

Magnetospheric Physics in China:2014—2015

In the past two years, much progress is made in magnetospheric physics by using the data of Double Star Program, Cluster, THEMIS, RBSP, Swarm missions etc., or by computer simulations. This paper briefly reviews these works based on papers selected from the 191 publications from January 2014 to December 2015. The subjects cover various sub-branches of magnetospheric physics, including geomagnetic storm, magnetospheric substorm, magnetic reconnection, solar windmagnetosphere-ionosphere interaction, radiation belt, outer magnetosphere, magnetotail, plasmasphere, geomagnetic field, auroras and currents.      

Magnetospheric Physics in China

In the past two years, much progress has been made in magnetospheric physics by using the data of Double Star Program, Cluster, THEMIS, RBSP, Swarm, MMS, ARTEMIS, MESSENGER missions etc., or by computer simulations. This paper briefly reviews these works based on papers selected from the 227 publications from January 2016 to December 2017. The subjects cover most sub-branches of magnetospheric physics, including geomagnetic storm, magnetospheric substorm, magnetic reconnection, solar wind-magnetosphereionosphere interaction, radiation belt, plasmasphere, outer magnetosphere, magnetotail, geomagnetic field, auroras, and currents.      

Magnetospheric Physics in China

In the past two years, many progresses were made in Magnetospheric Physics by using the data of SuperMAG, Double Star Program, Cluster, THEMIS, RBSP, DMSP, DEMETER, NOAA, Van Allen probe, Swarm, MMS, ARTEMIS, MESSENGER, Fengyun, BeiDa etc., or by computer simulations. This paper briefly reviews these works based on papers selected from the 248 publications from January 2018 to December 2019. The subjects covered various sub-branches of Magnetospheric Physics, including geomagnetic storm, magnetospheric substorm, magnetic reconnection, solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere interaction, radiation belt, ring current, whistler waves, plasmasphere, outer magnetosphere, magnetotail, planetary magnetosphere, and technique.      

悬停状态下小型无人直升机飞行动力学模型辨识

为了更好地研究小型无人直升机悬停状态动力学特性,对一个8.1 kg三轴陀螺仪增稳的电动直升机,从线性系统辨识方面及非线性建模方面,进行了动力学模型深入研究。在线性系统辨识过程中,应用频域辨识方法,在飞行中同时采集陀螺仪之前及之后的操纵数据进行双系统辨识。在非线性建模过程中,机体、旋翼及尾桨动力学被分别建模。尾桨动力学应用3阶段辨识法单独提取基底、陀螺仪及整体增稳模型。结合2种分析过程,应用非线性-线性模型结合修正方法,提高相互的仿真精度。结果表明:13阶高阶模型在线性辨识过程中相对比11阶模型表现更优;双系统线性模型的基底模型数据具有高质量高频特性,最高频率限制可达30 rad/s;除挥舞方程参数和尾桨参数以外,非线性数学模型（NMM）进行了7个非线性变量的修正,有效地拟合了悬停实验数据。      

气象卫星扫描辐射计的辐射定标

阐述了气象卫星扫描辐射计的辐射定标。包括卫星发射前的地面定标,飞行中的星上定标及星地对比定标。指出飞行中的可见光波段的定标至今还未能投入业务使用,仍处于研究阶段,而静止气象卫星的飞行中定标,无论红外或是可见光波段只能做到相对定标。为解决绝对定标问题,必须寻求星体外的客观目标作为定标源。采用这一途径,即使星上定标设备失效,也不致影响卫星数据的使用。     

一种预测驾驶员操纵行为的建模方法

在飞机设计中,应用驾驶员数学模型预测飞机飞行品质是避免人机系统出现不良耦合的重要途径之一.驾驶员神经网络模型是利用飞行模拟实验数据建立的驾驶员模型.基于该模型,针对纵向单通道俯仰跟踪任务,详细讨论了具有不同增益、不同短周期振荡频率飞机构型的驾驶员操纵行为变化规律.研究结果表明:对于特性相似的飞机构型,其驾驶员操纵特性也相似.因此,提出了一种利用相似构型的驾驶员操纵行为特性建立驾驶员预测模型的方法.通过对预测模型进行精度评价,可以证明采用本方法能够获得比较满意的驾驶员操纵行为特性预测结果.     

Study on impact energy absorption and adhesion of biomimetic buffer system for space robots

Space buffer landers offer the unique promise of ensuring that high-speed flying space robots steadily attach to the surface of the target spacecraft for repairs and rescues. A stable attachment and an easy detachment mechanism of the robot are required to enable space buffer landers to land smoothly on spacecraft in space environments. In this paper, we present an approach to fabricate a buffer lander with an elastic multi-leg configuration and adhesive feet with a microarray structure. We set up a theoretical model of a buffer lander with six elastic legs and adhesive feet. We analyze the influence of the initial position of the lander on the buffer kinetic energy absorption characteristics by theoretical modeling. Based on this model, we establish a discrete element multibody dynamics coupling simulation platform. Through the simulation, we analyze the factors influencing the buffer kinetic energy absorption characteristics and optimize the parameters of the buffer. We obtain the contact force of the adhesion feet and the torque of each joint of the buffer during the cushioning process with EDEM-ADAMS coupling simulations. Finally, we build a launching platform for the buffer collision test and simulate a high-temperature and high-vacuum space environment with a heating cage and a vacuum tank, respectively. Then, the effects of the high-temperature and high-vacuum environment on the kinetic energy absorption and adsorption characteristics of the buffer are analyzed.     

Radiation protection problems for the space station and approaches to their mitigation.

With the advent of a permanent manned space station the longstanding problems of radiation protection in manned spaceflight have acquired an immediacy. This paper endeavors to emphasize the gaps of our knowledge which must be closed for effective radiation protection. The information that is required includes the accurate determination of the exposure inside the space station to the various components of tile ionizing radiation, the evaluation of the biological importance of the different radiation qualities and the depth dose distribution of the less penetrating component. There is also the possibility of an interaction with weightlessness. It is necessary to establish adequate radiation protection standards and a system of dosimetric surveillance. There is a need for studies of possible methods of hardening selective shielding of the space station. Spaceflight experiments, which might contribute to the solution of some of these problems are discussed.     

Do ring current ions set the outer plasmasphere in motion?

GEOS-2 experiments have observed on a regular basis the transition from teh plasmasphere to the trough revealing a more tenuous and energetic population. This transition occured typically between 18 and 21 h local time under quiet geomagnetic conditions. On the plasmasphere side of the transition, large electric fields of several mV/m, mainly in the duskward direction, were observed. The present statistical results, over one year of data, assess clearly the mean magnitude and direction of these electric fields in relation to the boundary between these two plasma regimes under quiet geomagnetic conditions. The possibility of ring current energetic ions loosing part of their energy to the plasmasphere and accelerating this plasma sunward will be discussed.