小型核反应堆自主控制及其深空探测应用设想

针对空间小型模块化核反应堆的自主控制问题，提出自主控制体系结构，降低反应堆控制对人的依赖程度，满足了深空探测任务对空间堆自主控制的需求。首先介绍了核反应堆自主控制技术和空间探测自主技术的发展现状，分析了空间小型堆的自主控制需求，然后阐释了自主控制及核反应堆近自主控制的内涵。最后基于空间堆的运行特点，给出小型堆近自主控制分层体系结构的组成元素，并进一步建立了融合决策层和功能层的小型堆多智能体自主控制体系结构。     

地外天体着陆巡视探测自主智能技术进展

以月球、火星和小行星等地外天体着陆巡视探测任务为背景，对自主智能技术的发展现状、应用情况与未来趋势进行了分析研究。回顾了目前国内外地外天体着陆巡视探测任务的实施情况；从导航定位与环境感知、轨迹优化与制导控制、自主探测与路径规划、故障诊断与自主处理等四个方面，阐述了该领域自主智能技术的研究现状，并对未来发展态势进行了展望。     

Assessment of nanosystems for space applications

This paper first gives an overview of the applications of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) in space. Microsystems are advertised for their extremely low size and mass, along with their low power consumption and in some case their improved performances. Examples of actual flown MEMS and future missions relying on MEMS are given. Microsystems are now enjoying a dynamic and expanding interest in the space community. This paper intends to give an idea about the next step in miniaturization, since the microelectronic industry is already looking at nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS) driven by the more-than-Moore philosophy. We show that the impact of nanosystems should not be reduced at a homothecy in size, weight and power consumption. New forces appear at this scale (Casimir force…) which have to be considered in the system design. The example of a nano-mechanical memory is developed. We also show that performances of nanosystems are not systematically better than their microscopic counterparts through the study of the impact of dimension reduction on an accelerometer resolution and sensitivity. We conclude with the idea that nanosystems will find their greatest applications in distributed intelligent networks that will allow new mission concepts for space exploration.     

Comparative assessment of human–Mars-mission technologies and architectures

We compare a variety of mission scenarios to assess the strengths and weaknesses of options for Mars exploration. The mission design space is modeled along two dimensions: trajectory architectures and propulsion system technologies. We examine direct, semi-direct, stop-over, semi-cycler, and cycler architectures, and we include electric propulsion, nuclear thermal rockets, methane and oxygen production on Mars, Mars water excavation, aerocapture, and reusable propulsion systems in our technology assessment. The mission sensitivity to crew size, vehicle masses, and crew travel time is also examined. Many different combinations of technologies and architectures are applied to the same Mars mission to determine which combinations provide the greatest potential reduction in the injected mass to LEO. We approximate the technology readiness level of a mission to rank development risk, but omit development cost and time calculations in our assessment. It is found that Earth–Mars semi-cyclers and cyclers require the least injected mass to LEO of any architecture and that the discovery of accessible water on Mars has the most dramatic effect on the evolution of Mars exploration.     

The Use of Television Signals of Stationary Television Centers for Navigation Determination of Low-Orbit Satellites

For systems of autonomous satellite navigation, it is proposed to use television signals of stationary television centers positioned along the flight path in the band of satellite radio coverage as sources of primary navigation information. Television signal processing allows one to determine the time instants of transit through traverses of the television centers. An algorithm of calculating the parameters of satellite motion by times of transit through traverses is developed.     

强度关联遥感成像技术

过去十多年中,利用光场的量子（或经典）涨落及其关联获取目标图像信息的量子（强度）关联成像技术和基于自适应稀疏结构表象的信号处理技术的不断发展,为图像信息的获取提供了一条可突破传统光学成像技术图像分辨率和图像获取效率理论极限的全新技术途径。文章将概括地介绍这一研究方向,并简要讨论其在遥感领域中的应用前景和需要进一步研究的...     

Future robotic exploration using honeybee search strategy: Example search for caves on Mars

Autonomous control has an increasing role in Earth and Space based applications. High level autonomy can greatly improve planetary exploration and is, in many cases, essential. It has been suggested during the Mars cave exploration programme, that an effective way to explore a larger surface area would be the use of many, small and fully autonomous robots. However, there are many challenges to overcome if such a swarm exploration programme is to be implemented. This paper summarises these challenges and focuses on one of the most crucial one: strategy. Many effective group exploration behaviours can be observed in nature, most of which are optimised to work with agents that have limited capabilities as individuals. For this paper a computer program has been written to simulate the way bees search for new hives and investigate whenever it is an optimal method to search for cave entrances on Mars. It has been found that this method, using simple autonomous robots which can be constructed using available technologies, could greatly improve the speed and range of a planetary exploration mission. The simulation results show that 50 swarm robots can cover an area of over 300 meters square completely in 5 sols while they are searching for cave entrances and returning results to the Lander which is a major performance improvement on any previous mission. Furthermore areas of interests found by the explorers are sorted in order of importance automatically and without the need of computational analysis, hence larger quantities of data were collected from the more important areas. Therefore the system – just like a hive of bees – can make a complex decision easily and quickly to find the place which matches the required criteria best. Using a high performance search strategy such as the one described in this paper is crucial if we plan to search for important resources or even life on Mars and other bodies in the solar system.     

航天微系统技术综述

航天微系统技术包括专用集成电路(ASIC)、片上系统(SoC)、单片微波集成电路(MMIC)、混合集成电路(HIC)等微电子技术和微机电系统(MEMS)。文章介绍了这几种技术的特点、发展现状,以及在航天中的应用情况和应用前景。ASIC与SoC技术可显著提高电子系统的集成度和性能,已在航天中得到广泛应用。MMIC技术可用于航天器通信载荷和平台的射频通信部件,已在欧美航天器中大量应用,目前正朝高频段发展。HIC主要包括厚膜HIC和薄膜HIC,特别适于功率器件和微波器件的集成,目前国外已有大量产品用于航天,如"国际空间站"(ISS)。MEMS技术可用于航天器导航、热控、推进、光学遥感与通信等系统,甚至可对航天器设计方法产生重要影响,但目前还处于起步阶段。在以上技术领域,我国虽已开展了一些研究,但与国外相比还存在较大差距。文章针对航天微系统技术的产业布局、发展方式等提出了建议,可为我国的发展规划和战略决策提供参考。     

Localization,Exploration, and Navigation Based on Qualitative Angle Information

Abstract

Three of the major problems in building autonomous mobile robots are localization, exploration, and navigation. This paper investigates how well different qualitative methods based on angle information, most of them originally invented for representation of spatial knowledge, are suited for addressing these problems. It combines results from discrete and computational geometry with methods from qualitative spatial reasoning, gaining some new insights on the complexity of robot navigation. It turns out that essentially only with panoramas (special roundviews) the qualitative localization problem can be solved in a satisfactory manner. The exploration problem (qualitative map building), remains difficult for all considered approaches.     

具有容错性的自重构机器人变形原理

自重构机器人通过自主变形来适应环境和任务的需要，它具有低成本、多样性、自修理和容错性等特点。本文针对系统的容错性目标，深入研究了具有容错性的自重构机器人的自组织变形方法。首先建立能够表达失效模块信息的系统结构描述模型；然后建立自重构机器人的模块运动规则；提出可以实现容错性的自组织变形算法。在系统出现失效模块的情况下，机器人依然能够有效完成指定的任务。本文以平面正方形晶格机器人翻越障碍物为例对变形原理和算法进行了验证和仿真。     

开发月球车用的月表环境的地面模拟方法研究

当前中国正在进行自己的探月工程,预计将会发射月球车登陆月球表面.在研制月球探测器过程中,为了在地面验证月球车的可靠性和各项功能(如着陆冲击、自主巡航和遥控),必须建立相应的地面试验中心.根据目前对月球表面环境的认识和现有的仿真技术,文章提出了实现月表综合环境模拟的试验设施的设想.由于月球表面环境非常恶劣并且月表的地形也非常复杂,文章提出了一种组合式月表环境模拟器的设想.主要部分是模拟各种月貌特征(如陨石坑、斜坡、沟壑等)的可移动单元.每个单元是一个用模拟月壤制作的小沙盘,其化学成分、组成颗粒分布和力学性能和已经获取的真实月壤样品相似.根据不同的试验要求,选择相应的单元按照一定的规律组合成为试验场.这样在有限的场地面积内可以按需实现对月表不同地域的地貌特征模拟.同时,可以选择少量单元的组合构成更小规模的试验场,以方便与其它环境模拟器(如落塔,热/真空容器等)联合,实现模拟月表的综合环境.     

太赫兹雷达前沿探测成像技术

综述几种典型的太赫兹雷达前沿探测成像技术.首先,回顾太赫兹雷达技术的发展历程,分析其实用化进程中面临的挑战;然后,分别从太赫兹雷达增程、前视成像探测以及雷达信号处理三个方面展开论述,梳理太赫兹单光子探测、里德堡原子探测、孔径编码成像、涡旋目标微动探测以及智能信息处理五种典型的太赫兹雷达探测前沿技术的研究背景、基本原理、...     

基于激光测距的月球探测重载六足机器人自主避障控制

月面未知环境下具有高承载力的六足移动机器人是月球探测中不可或缺的装备。六足机器人虽然可以借助足地接触信息和姿态信息在不平坦路面行走,在遇到较小障碍物时可以做出适当的反射动作,但当遇到无法逾越的障碍物时,基于视觉信息实现腿式机器人避障运动是非常重要的。针对电驱动六边形对称分布的六足机器人,基于激光测距仪的信息实现了模拟月壤地面的地形建模,提出基于虚拟机体模型的自主避障策略,获得最优可行方向和运动最短距离,规划了实时避障的机体和足端运动轨迹。实验结果表明,六足机器人可以实时、准确地跟踪避障策略得到实时偏航角度,实现了机器人在未知环境下的自主避障运动,为月球探测重载足式机器人研究奠定了基础。     

星面探测机器人自主移动技术

为进一步扩大探测范围,提高探测效率,并为后续星面基地建设提供服务,星面探测机器人需从远程地面遥控方式向自主移动方式发展,为此需要解决地图构建、鲁棒定位、探测导航等问题。为推动星面探测机器人自主移动能力的发展,借鉴目前快速发展的无人驾驶技术和地面自主移动技术,归纳总结了目前国内外星面探测移动技术的研究现状和存在的问题,以及地面自主移动研究在地图构建、鲁棒定位、探测导航等方面取得的进展。在结合星面探测应用的特殊性的基础上,提出了未来在长期定位和可变形重建领域开展更深入研究的建议。     

国外卫星星座自主运行技术发展综述

综述国外卫星星座自主运行技术的研究和发展情况,重点介绍了导航星座、移动通信星座和区域覆盖星座的自主导航和自主轨道控制技术的发展现状,并对实现星座自主控制的关键技术进行了分析。这为我国发展星座自主控制技术提供参考。     

新型星载信息处理与控制微系统设计

研究星载信息处理与控制系统利用微系统技术解决空间装备小型化、高可靠、高性能与高效热管理的问题。首先介绍基于新型星载器件的数据处理与控制系统架构,然后通过以晶圆级处理、芯片堆叠、微凸点制备与微组装等为核心的三维微纳集成技术,将系统核心硬件部分缩小为原尺寸的20%,从而大幅减少体积、尺寸和重量。利用高导热封装材料,解决空间电子系统高效热管理问题,提出一种新型星载信息处理与控制微系统设计和实现的通用解决方案,并通过半实物仿真验证了在小型化、高可靠、高性能与高效热管理方面的优势。     

NEEMO 15: Evaluation of human exploration systems for near-Earth asteroids

The NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) 15 mission was focused on evaluating techniques for exploring near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). It began with a University of Delaware autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) systematically mapping the coral reef for hundreds of meters surrounding the Aquarius habitat. This activity is akin to the type of “far-field survey” approach that may be used by a robotic precursor in advance of a human mission to a NEA. Data from the far-field survey were then examined by the NEEMO science team and follow-up exploration traverses were planned, which used Deepworker single-person submersibles. Science traverses at NEEMO 15 were planned according to a prioritized list of objectives developed by the science team. These objectives were based on review and discussion of previous related marine science research, including previous marine science saturation missions conducted at the Aquarius habitat. AUV data were used to select several areas of scientific interest. The Deepworker science traverses were then executed at these areas of interest during 4 days of the NEEMO 15 mission and provided higher resolution data such as coral species distribution and mortality. These traverses are analogous to the “near-field survey” approach that is expected to be performed by a Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle (MMSEV) during a human mission to a NEA before extravehicular activities (EVAs) are conducted. In addition to the science objectives that were pursued, the NEEMO 15 traverses provided an opportunity to test newly developed software and techniques. Sample collection and instrument deployment on the NEA surface by EVA crew would follow the “near-field survey” in a human NEA mission. Sample collection was not necessary for the purposes of the NEEMO science objectives; however, the engineering and operations objectives during NEEMO 15 were to evaluate different combinations of vehicles, crew members, tools, and equipment that could be used to perform these science objectives on a NEA. Specifically, the productivity and acceptability of simulated NEA exploration activities were systematically quantified and compared when operating with different combinations of crew sizes and exploration systems including MMSEVs, EVA jet packs, and EVA translation devices. Data from NEEMO 15 will be used in conjunction with data from software simulations, parametric analysis, other analog field tests, anchoring models, and integrated testing at Johnson Space Center to inform the evolving architectures and exploration systems being developed by the Human Spaceflight Architecture Team.     

MEMS技术中的电镀工艺及其应用

电镀已经成为MEMS(Micro-Electro-Mechanical System)技术中的一种重要加工手段,相比于传统意义的表面处理作用,MEMS技术中的电镀主要用于制作微结构.介绍了几种常用的以电镀为核心方法的微结构加工工艺和它们的应用领域.微结构加工工艺包括LIGA/UV-LIGA、EFAB、PolyStrat...     

空间机器人多传感器信息融合

本文讨论了空间机器人的特点和多传感器信息融合技术的必要性.总结了相关的关键技术,包括信息的表示和融合方法,传感器的布置,启用传感器的策略和执行融合过程主计算机体系结构.最后给出了一个智能装配机器人多传感器信息融合实例.     

月球卫星氢镍蓄电池在轨管理技术及性能分析

针对月球卫星工作模式多,功率需求变化大,自主控制能力要求高的特点,防止蓄电池出现欠充电、过充电,确保卫星供电安全,文章提出了以电子电量计控制为主、压力控制为辅的氢镍蓄电池在轨自主管理技术,包括充电控制模式、多模式多速率充电管理、全光照期充电管理和月食充电管理等内容,并给出了电池在轨测试情况。在整个任务飞行过程中电池以优异的性能在轨运行,实践证明月球卫星氢镍蓄电池在轨管理技术合理、有效。