机加展开壁板负实体结合参数化建模方法

整体壁板的加工首先需要建立三维模型,再进行数控铣削,最后弯曲成形。展开壁板数字化模型的质量直接影响壁板零件的质量,所以机加展开壁板的建模具有重要意义。为了提高飞机壁板展开建模的准确性和效率,本文通过实例介绍了应用CATIA V5软件,对机加整体壁板展开的参数化及负实体建模新方法,以及在建模过程中所遇到问题的处理方法。     

超声速流动中功能梯度曲壁板的热气动弹性颤振机理

对高超声速环境中功能梯度曲壁板的热气动弹性颤振机理及分岔特性进行了研究。分别采用活塞理论和Eckert参考焓方法模拟气动力以及气动加热效应,在求解板内二维热传导方程以及考虑温升对材料物性影响的基础上,建立了一个气动加热-气动弹性双向耦合的功能梯度曲壁板的热气动弹性颤振模型。采用有限元方法对曲壁板控制方程进行了数值模拟,着重分析了不同拱高下曲壁板的分岔行为,探讨了拱高变化对曲壁板分岔图的影响,发现了曲壁板颤振三种典型的颤振行为,即:热屈曲、混沌以及规则振动。对初始拱高板厚比为1时,曲壁板的两种规则振动行为进行对比发现,随着马赫数的增大,气动加热效应所引起的热内力会使曲壁板的规则振动更加复杂,同时振动的主振型及频率均会发生变化。     

风扇出口导向叶片低噪声设计Ⅱ:数值验证

作为风扇出口导向叶片（Outlet Guide Vanes，OGV）低噪声设计系列文章的第2篇，本文对气动/声学一体化设计获得的2个OGV低噪声方案的降噪效果进行了数值验证。为了对低噪声优化方案的降噪效果进行详细评估，首先，采用非线性谐波法对优化前后的风扇/增压级开展了数值仿真，对OGV不同截面和叶片表面脉动压力进行了对比分析，发现低噪声优化设计方案有效降低了转/静干涉引起的脉动压力；然后，通过掠形和倾斜的合理组合，改变了叶片表面的相位分布，沿径向的相位变化增加了OGV对尾迹响应相互抵消的机会，从而有利于噪声的降低；最后，采用Wilson的波分解方法开展了对各方案的模态分析，对降噪效果进行了量化评估。结果显示，优化后的低噪声方案除起飞状态1BPF外，降噪量均超过了5 dB。     

高速飞行器壁板颤振分析的研究进展

壁板颤振是壁板结构在高速气流中发生的一种自激振动现象，特别是超音速和高超音速飞行器上特别容易发生这种现象。壁板颤振引发的非线性振动将对高速飞行器结构的疲劳强度、飞行性能和飞行安全带来不利的影响。随着高速飞行器研发工作的开展，壁板颤振问题将得到越来越多的重视。根据目前国内外高速飞行器壁板颤振的研究现状，介绍了壁板颤振的六种分析模型并从结构理论和气动力理论出发详述了这种分类的依据。阐述了温度、气流偏角、壁板几何尺寸及边界条件对壁板颤振的影响规律。并介绍了目前用于分析壁板颤振问题的频域和时域方法并总结了各种分析方法的优缺点。最后归纳了目前对高速飞行器壁板颤振研究得出的几个重要结论，提出了今后在高速飞行器壁板颤振研究中需要解决的若干问题。     

民用飞机机身整体壁板设计

介绍了整体壁板的特点及民用飞机机身整体壁板的设计原则，详细地论述了壁板的蒙皮厚度、长桁截面参数的确定以及凸台的功能及设计方法，另外，对整体壁板的维修性及新工艺方法也进行了简要的论述。     

大型复合材料机身壁板多机器人协同装配调姿控形方法

针对飞机大型复合材料机身壁板尺寸大、曲率大、外形偏差不易控制等装配工艺特点，提出了一种基于多机器人协同的复合材料机身壁板装配调姿控形方法。实现了各机器人末端夹持单元预定位，并建立了多机器人柔性装配工装的全局运动学模型；通过多机器人主从协同运动实现复合材料机身壁板的调姿定位，分析了协同运动误差；构建了壁板形状控制点偏差与机器人运动量的变换关系，通过机器人的运动实现了复合材料机身壁板的形状控制。最后，对所提出的方法进行了应用实验验证，结果表明采用主从协同运动的调姿方法，调姿定位精度优于0.08 mm。形状调控后复合材料机身壁板形状精度可达0.6 mm，证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

金属加筋壁板蒙皮有效宽度分析方法

民用飞机机身、机翼的壁板、气密框以及翼梁结构为典型的壁板加筋结构,在承受压缩载荷时需考虑成由蒙皮与筋条组成的复合剖面共同承载,其通常为中长柱,工程分析时常取30倍的蒙皮厚度作为蒙皮有效宽度。取30倍的蒙皮厚度作为蒙皮有效宽度存在着一定的保守性,介绍了Von Karman迭代分析方法、有限元分析方法及常用的工程分析方法。在加筋壁板结构的轴压承载能力计算中,蒙皮有效宽度的确定是较为关键的设计因素,对飞机机身、机翼结构效率的提高和重量控制至关重要。随着加工能力的提升,虽然部分壁板结构由组合式逐渐过渡到了整体机加形式,但所述方法仍有一定的借鉴意义,对目前国内外常用的金属加筋壁板有效宽度的工程分析方法进行了研究,并结合有限元分析对工程分析方法进行了验证。     

焊接顺序对TA15钛合金壁板焊接变形的影响

建立了TA15钛合金壁板焊接有限元模型,利用热弹塑性有限元法分析了焊接顺序对壁板变形的影响。通过对比焊缝截面宏观形貌和残余应力,建立了TIG穿透焊焊接工艺的双椭球热源模型,进而模拟了5种焊接顺序下壁板变形情况。结果表明:按从一侧开始的顺序进行焊接时,下壁板中部边缘凸起,最大变形量为3.9mm;采用对称施焊,可有效地控制壁板变形量。     

机头壁板结构设计基础

民用飞机的机头壁板设计在机体结构设计中具有典型性和特殊性。介绍了民用飞机机头壁板设计中需掌握的关键技术,分别阐述壁板在机身整体传载承载中的作用以及长桁的选型、蒙皮钉问屈曲概念等,通过基本的强度分析计算方法使得结构设计量化、参数化。重点介绍非密框区狭长板屈曲分析过程,提供一套新的张力场计算方法并实际用于壁板强度校核。     

民用飞机机身壁板复杂试验载荷优化技术

针对民用飞机复合材料机身壁板强度试验中的载荷预计问题，构造了基于应变误差矩阵的壁板试验载荷优化模型，并利用多维极小值优化算法预计了壁板试验载荷。首先，基于机身壁板在试验装置中的受载形式，建立了机身壁板及试验装置有限元模型，并计算了各试验基准载荷作用下的机身壁板应变矩阵；其次，基于机身壁板在全机身受载状态下和试验受载状态下的应变矩阵之差，同时考虑矩阵中各元素的加权系数，构建了机身壁板应变误差矩阵，并以应变误差矩阵所有项的平方和最小为目标，以各基准载荷的系数为优化变量，以各基准载荷系数的上下限为约束，构建了基准载荷系数优化函数；基于罚函数法对优化函数进行了无约束处理，并利用最速梯度法进行了载荷系数优化；最后，基于优化得到的载荷，计算了机身壁板在试验复合载荷作用下的应变，并与机身壁板在全机身受载状态下的应变相对比，应变的分布趋势基本一致，应变误差在10%以内，证明该方法可以为机身壁板试验载荷的确定提供支持。     

外涵偏轴分开排气喷管的流场和声场数值计算

以某型涡扇发动机为原型,建立了1/10缩比的分开排气式涡扇发动机排气喷管物理模型,采用大涡模拟(LES)计算了不同外涵偏轴距离的排气喷管非稳态流场,利用FW-H(Ffows Williams-Hawkings)声学模型和傅里叶变换得到了排气喷流噪声声压级空间分布特征.计算结果表明:外涵偏轴式分开排气喷管有抑制排气喷流噪声的作用.喷流噪声整体抑制效果与偏轴距离有关,在偏轴距离为0.15D时,排气喷管下方的噪声降低达到最大,且排气噪声峰值由原型的146.7dB降低到139.5dB,降低了7.2dB.研究的排气结构和数值计算方法可作为分开排气式涡扇发动机降噪设计的参考.      

Efficient prediction of ground noise from helicopters and parametric studies based on acoustic mapping

Based on the acoustic mapping, a prediction model for the ground noise radiated from an in-flight helicopter is established. For the enhancement of calculation efficiency, a high-efficiency second-level acoustic radiation model capable of taking the influence of atmosphere absorption on noise into account is first developed by the combination of the point-source idea and the rotor noise radiation characteristics. The comparison between the present model and the direct computation method of noise is done and the high efficiency of the model is validated. Rotor free-wake analysis method and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation are applied to the aerodynamics and noise prediction in the present model. Secondly, a database of noise spheres with the characteristic parameters of advance ratio and tip-path-plane angle is established by the helicopter trim model together with a parametric modeling approach. Furthermore, based on acoustic mapping, a method of rapid simulation for the ground noise radiated from an in-flight helicopter is developed. The noise footprint for AH-1 rotor is then calculated and the influence of some parameters including advance ratio and flight path angle on ground noise is deeply analyzed using the developed model. The results suggest that with the increase of advance ratio and flight path angle, the peak noise levels on the ground first increase and then decrease, in the meantime, the maximum Sound Exposure Level (SEL) noise on the ground shifts toward the advancing side of rotor. Besides, through the analysis of the effects of longitudinal forces on miss-distance and rotor Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) noise in descent flight, some meaningful results for reducing the BVI noise on the ground are obtained.     

Comments on "Optimum Bandwidth of a Low-Pass Filter for Detection of a Pulse in Nonstationary Noise"

In a recent correspondence1 a calculation of the optimum bandwidth of a low-pass RC filter for the detection of a pulse signal in nonstationary noise was presented. The purpose of this correspondence is: 1) to point out additional references to the work which has been conducted in the stationary noise case, and 2) to present an interesting alternate derivation of the expected output noise power for the nonstationary noise case.     

Doppler visibility of coherent ultrawideband random noise radar systems

Random noise radar has recently been used in a variety of imaging and surveillance applications. These systems can be made phase coherent using the technique of heterodyne correlation. Phase coherence has been exploited to measure Doppler and thereby the velocity of moving targets. The Doppler visibility, i.e., the ability to extract Doppler information over the inherent clutter spectra, is constrained by system parameters, especially the phase noise generated by microwave components. Our paper proposes a new phase noise model for the heterodyne mixer as applicable for ultrawideband (UWB) random noise radar and for the local oscillator in the time domain. The Doppler spectra are simulated by including phase noise contamination effects and compared with our previous experimental results. A genetic algorithm (GA) optimization routine is applied to synthesize the effects of a variety of parameter combinations to derive a suitable empirical formula for estimating the Doppler visibility in dB. According to the phase noise analysis and the simulation results, the Doppler visibility of UWB random noise radar depends primarily on the following parameters: 1) the local oscillator (LO) drive level of the receiver heterodyne mixer, 2) the saturation current in the receiver heterodyne mixer, 3) the bandwidth of the transmit noise source, and 4) the target velocity. Other parameters such as the carrier frequency of the receiver LO and the loaded quality factor of the LO have a small effect over the range of applicability of the model and are therefore neglected in the model formulation. The Doppler visibility curves generated from this formula match the simulation results very well over the applicable parameter range within 1 dB. Our model may therefore be used to quickly estimate the Doppler visibility of random UWB noise radars for trade-off analysis     

Low-voltage CMOS Folded-cascode Mixer

The folded-cascode structure is used to realize the low-voltage low-power consumption mixer, whose performance parameters have big influence on the navigation radio receiver's performance. Adopting the folded-cascode structure, the folded-cascode mixer (FCM) has a lower power supply voltage of 1.2 V and realizes the design trade-offs among the high transconductance, high linearity and low noise. The difficulties of realizing the trade-offs between the linearity and noise performance, the linearity and conversion gain, the conversion gain and noise performance are reduced. Fabricated in an radio frequency (RF) 0.18 μm CMOS process, the FCM has an active area of about 200 μm ×150 μm and consumes approximate 3.9 mW. The test results show that the FCM features a conversion gain (Gc) of some 14.5 dB, an input 1 dB compression point (Pin-1dB) of almost -13 dBm and a dual sideband (DSB) noise figure of around 12 dB. The FCM can be applied to the navigation radio receivers and electronic systems for aviation and aerospace or other related fields.     

不同飞行状态下施翼与大气湍流的干扰噪声

本文简述了一种直升机旋翼与大气湍流入流相干扰产生的噪声预估方法。这一方法考虑了桨叶上非定常载荷的弦向及展向非紧致性，桨叶－桨叶载荷之间的相关，通过结合大气湍流能量谱模型与快速畸变湍流收缩模型来确定旋翼平面处非均匀、各向异性湍流场的特性，使得这种方法可用于直升机在真实飞行状态下的旋翼与湍流场干扰噪声计算。利用文献中模型旋翼试验的结果，验证了本方法的可行性，并计算了某型直升机在六种飞行状态下的流场畸变情况及旋翼与湍流干扰的远场噪声谱，结果表明：在准悬停及低速爬升状态，湍流场的畸变较大，而在中、快速前飞状态，湍流场的畸变最小，在低速爬升状态，线性总声压级最小。     

消失球方法及其对旋翼厚度噪声的分析研究

对旋翼厚度噪声及其数值模拟方法进行了讨论,着重解决了以下两个问题：（1）通过理论和数值分析,讨论了使用消失球公式计算旋翼旋转噪声时计算结果的有效性;（2）通过计算机模拟,深入分析了旋翼厚度噪声的特征。     

大型客机前起落架气动噪声源三维阵列识别技术研究

起落架噪声作为现代大型飞机机体噪声在起降阶段的主要贡献成分,其噪声机理较为复杂,涉及到钝体湍流涡脱落噪声、腔体部件空腔噪声以及起落架舱腔体与支柱柱体之间的非线性耦合噪声。由于起落架中存在复杂的三维流场以及声波的反射和绕射会产生噪声,而二维麦克风阵列在垂向的分辨率较差,无法获得声源完整且准确的三维空间分布信息,因此采用三维麦克风阵列技术对起落架噪声进行研究。使用3D Beamforming算法(波束成形算法)和3D CLEAN-SC算法(空间相干的洁净算法)结合同步测量和非同步测量的方式实现了对模拟信号和实际测量数据所得频谱中特定的离散声进行声源识别定位,并在北航D5低速风洞进行开口段气动噪声实验,以1/2缩比的LAGOON起落架为研究对象,在过顶和流向方向布置两组平面阵列,构成三维阵列进行同步和非同步的噪声测量,确定了起落架中主要噪声源的位置,对认知噪声机理提供了新的借鉴和思考。     

Calculation of Output Noise Variances for Discrete Time-Invariant Filters

Certain calculations to minimize output noise variance are introduced. Many applied problems in sampled data systems require that data be smoothed in the presence of noise for the prediction of future positions, velocities, or accelerations. Smoothing coefficients in discrete time-invariant filters are computed to minimize the output noise variance, but under the constraints that the function and derivatives be predicted ahead. The output noise variance is seen to be a function of the input noise, the number of input signals (N+1) that the filter has to smooth, and the prediction time ?T. Four examples are given in the derivation of smoothing coefficients for step and ramp inputs subjected to either almost white noise or Gaussian-Markoff noise. The examples illustrate the number of constraint relations that the filter smoothing coefficients must satisfy for function and/or derivative convergence under noise-free conditions. The smoothing coefficients are also a function of the type of noise input into the system or the discrete filter. From the examples, it can be observed that as N becomes larger, the output noise variance becomes smaller, but the computation time is increased.     

直升机旋翼气动噪声的研究新进展

随着直升机的广泛使用,旋翼气动噪声问题逐渐得到重视。概述了旋翼厚度噪声、载荷噪声、高速脉冲(HSI)噪声、桨-涡干扰(BVI)噪声和宽带噪声的国内外研究现状,简述了旋翼气动噪声理论、试验、计算发展历程以及各阶段的研究成果,并对后缘襟翼、高阶谐波控制(HHC)、单片桨叶控制(IBC)、主动扭转桨叶等噪声控制方法和概念进行了介绍。重点叙述了旋翼气动噪声的研究新进展,包括大气、地面和飞行轨迹等对直升机旋翼噪声的影响,机身散射声场以及机动噪声计算方法等方面取得的成就。对直升机旋翼气动噪声的研究进行了总结,并对其发展前景提出了展望。