基于产品-服务系统概念的商用飞机研发模式初探

我国商用飞机制造业正面临着市场化的趋势,飞机主制造商的关注点逐步向产品服务延伸,即可持续性发展。纵观飞机产品全生命周期,主制造商对于产品的研制应是面向包含飞机产品、服务产品及整个运营保障维护体系在内的整体化、系统化、综合性的研发工程,即商用飞机产品服务系统。本文基于产品服务系统概念,创造性地提出了有别于传统的、新型商用飞机研发模式的设想。本文介绍的新型商用飞机研发模式是基于系统工程方法,其研发过程主要包含捕获利益攸关方需要、建立产品服务系统功能架构、建立产品与服务功能关系矩阵以及产品服务系统技术解决方案定义共四个关键过程,文中开创性的提出了适用于该研发模式的、面向产品服务功能绩效实现的功能层级分解结构,作为整个研发过程的重要环节。     

Nonlinear adaptive and sliding mode flight path control of F/A-18 model

The question of inertial trajectory control of aircraft in the three-dimensional space is discussed. It is assumed that the nonlinear aircraft model has uncertain aerodynamic derivatives. The control system is decomposed into a variable structure outer loop and an adaptive inner loop. The outer-loop feedback control system accomplishes (x,y,z) position trajectory and sideslip angle control using the derivative of thrust and three angular velocity components (p,q,r) as virtual control inputs. Then an adaptive inner feedback loop is designed, which produces the desired angular rotations of aircraft using aileron, elevator, and rudder control surfaces to complete the maneuver. Simplification in the inner-loop design is obtained based on a two-time scale (singular perturbation) design approach by ignoring the derivative of the virtual angular velocity vector, which is a function of slow variables. These results are applied to a simplified F/A-18 model. Simulation results are presented which show that in the closed-loop system asymptotic trajectory control is accomplished in spite of uncertainties in the model at different flight conditions.     

飞机电源系统故障诊断方法综述及发展趋势

飞机电源系统是机上一切用电设备的电能来源,其安全性与可靠性至关重要。在环保和高效发展需求的背景下,现代航空工业正在推进以电能为核心的多电/全电飞机技术的研究和应用。电驱动装置和电力电子器件的广泛使用导致飞机电源系统结构的复杂化,对飞机的可靠性、安全性、测试性和维修性提出了更高的要求,研究飞机电源系统的故障诊断技术具有重要意义。首先介绍了飞机电源系统的组成结构和各自功能,概述了飞机电源系统的发展历程,对比了国内外典型电源系统的特征,总结了飞机电源系统中的主要故障模式、故障特点和失效原因,并提出了一种飞机电源健康管理系统的设计架构,然后综述了国内外基于模型和基于数据的故障诊断方法研究进展,从准确度、数据需求量、适用性和实现难易程度等方面评述了各类诊断方法的特点,最后指出了飞机电源系统故障诊断技术面临的挑战和发展趋势。     

变体飞行器控制系统综述

介绍了变体飞行器控制系统和涉及的控制理论问题。分析了变体飞行器的控制系统,指出变体飞行器的控制系统由变形控制层和飞行控制层组成。对变体飞行器的硬件结构和变体飞行器控制方法的研究现状进行了阐述。分析了集中式和分布式两种变形机械结构以及控制系统体系结构,提出采用总线网络连接变形结构的分布式元件。总结了变体飞行器需深入研究的变形控制和飞行控制问题,包括大尺度变体飞行器的飞行控制问题,通信受约束的大数目的驱动器的协调控制问题。     

基于模糊可靠性的飞机结构腐蚀疲劳寿命评定

腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳大大降低了LY12CZ铝合金的材料性能,严重地威胁着飞机的结构完整性和使用安全。飞机结构失效过程与所受的载荷、材料特性、服役的腐蚀环境等因素有关,由于各因素联合作用,失效过程损伤机理相当复杂,既有随机性又有模糊性。针对目前腐蚀疲劳寿命评估的常规概率方法的缺陷,基于通过对海军航空部队调研得到的飞机实际使用载荷谱,提出更合理、更贴近实际情况的模糊可靠性评估方法。讨论了蚀孔形状比和各模糊因素对结构寿命的影响规律,研究结果表明该模糊可靠性方法可以应用于飞机结构的腐蚀疲劳寿命评估。     

利用翼尖减阻装置提高碟形飞行器性能

碟型飞行器采用了新颖的翼身融合气动布局.与常规飞行器相比,这种外形通过机身和机翼完全融合消除了机身阻力,且具有结构简单、容载大等许多优点,但由于其展弦比小而导致诱导阻力较大.本文通过风洞吹风试验,找到一种后掠鱼鳍形的翼尖小翼装置能很好地减小其诱导阻力.对模型安装翼尖小翼后,风洞测量其最大升阻比在30 m/s风速下提高了75%,在50 m/s风速下可达到15.为进一步考察安装翼尖装置后的飞行器低速气动性能,对其进行了模型试飞研究.试飞验证了风洞吹风结果,不仅提高了载重量而且使横侧飞行稳定性增强.     

飞行器热防护与利用一体化系统实验与模拟

通过设计一种基于主动冷却的点阵桁架结构,在降低飞行器质量的同时,实现有效的热防护效果,并在该结构中加入半导体温差发电装置,将产生的气动热转化为电能,可用于飞行器小型用电设备供电.对该热防护与利用一体化系统进行了实验研究.在不同工况下,温差发电功率远大于主动冷却系统的泵功消耗,可实现主动冷却系统的自驱动.通过添加管内表面...     

飞机结构弹性对起落架缓冲性能的影响

研究了飞机结构弹性对起落架缓冲性能的影响。建立了计及飞机结构弹性效应的起落架缓冲系统的动力模型和分析方法。应用结果表明,飞机结构弹性效应能降低起落架缓冲系统的过载、位移等,尤其对大、中型飞机主起落架更为明显,如,某Ｙ机主起落架过载降低６％。     

一种新型的双凸极起动/发电机的研究及实践

介绍一种可以适应于航空低压直流、变速恒频、高压直流电气系统的新型双凸极起动 /发电机系统 ,并对其电动及发电机理进行了理论研究 ,给出起动 /发电机的相应控制策略 ,在此基础上研制了 18k W样机并进行了原理试验研究 ,试验结果表明 :双凸极电机起动 /发电系统的方案具有结构简单、可靠及控制方便等优点 ,适合作航空用起动 /发电机     

基于STPA的飞机交流系统供电转换安全性分析方法研究

飞机交流发电系统是整机的主要电力来源,应对其进行完善的安全性分析。传统安全性分析方法对系统组件间非线性交互引起的安全问题关注较少,当研制型号支持数据不足时,存在分析遗漏风险。根据典型交流发电系统供电转换过程基本特点,基于STPA方法构建安全控制结构图,识别不安全控制行为（UCA）,引入相似系统的失效模式及影响分析（FMEA）结果,分析UCA致因因素和致因场景,使用时间自动机理论的形式化工具进行系统建模与验证;通过专家评判及事故对比来验证该方法的正确性。结果表明：在传统分析方法的基础上引入STPA方法,能够有效识别出不安全控制行为和事故发生的原因,该方法可以作为传统方法的有效补充。     

基于模糊Petri网的维修保障活动可视化建模与仿真研究

介绍了模糊Petri网矩阵推理算法,并对模糊Petri网中的元素进行了抽象定义,同时,为了仿真实现矩阵推理算法,定义了用于存储模型数据和中间计算结果的动态数组,并给出具体代码建模流程图。最后,作为验证实例,应用飞机前轮更换轮胎对该维修保障活动仿真软件进行验证。结果表明,该软件可对该维修保障活动进行建模,即直观清晰地体现出飞机某环节维修保障活动的进程,同时也可以根据相关参数进行分析,将能为在航空系统产品保障效能评估中找出可靠性、维修性、测试性和保障性设计存在的薄弱环节提供技术支持。     

Generic functional modelling of multi-pulse auto-transformer rectifier units for more-electric aircraft applications

The Auto-Transformer Rectifier Unit (ATRU) is one preferred solution for high-power AC/DC power conversion in aircraft. This is mainly due to its simple structure, high reliability and reduced kVA ratings. Indeed, the ATRU has become a preferred AC/DC solution to supply power to the electric environment control system on-board future aircraft. In this paper, a general modelling method for ATRUs is introduced. The developed model is based on the fact that the DC voltage and current are strongly related to the voltage and current vectors at the AC terminals of ATRUs. In this paper, we carry on our research in modelling symmetric 18-pulse ATRUs and develop a generic modelling technique. The developed generic model can study not only symmetric but also asymmetric ATRUs. An 18-pulse asymmetric ATRU is used to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the developed model by comparing with corresponding detailed switching SABER models provided by our industrial partner. The functional models also allow accelerated and accurate simulations and thus enable whole-scale more-electric aircraft electrical power system studies in the future.     

Gear walk instability studies using flexible multibody dynamics simulation methods in SIMPACK

In a variety of mechanical systems friction induced vibrations are a major concern. The aircraft landing gear is by nature a complex multidegree-of-freedom dynamic system. It may encounter various vibration modes which can be induced by brake frictional characteristics and design features. These brake induced oscillations can lead to very high loads in the landing gear and brake structure which may result in passenger discomfort and sometimes in component failure. Along with the serious fore and aft oscillations of a landing gear, often referred to as gear walk, chatter, squeal, shimmy and other vibrations in aircraft landing systems are not only annoying and disconcerting but can also affect the stability of the plane during take-off, landing, and rolling. In this paper, simulation of such an unstable and complex phenomenon during aircraft ground maneuvers is done to detect vibrations in aircraft landing gear. A commercial multibody simulation tool SIMPACK is used for this purpose. The article is based on work done in co-operation between DLR and Liebherr Aerospace.     

高超声速飞行器宽速域翼型/机翼设计与分析

对于现代高超声速飞行器的设计而言,除了需要保证高超声速的性能外,还必须兼顾满足工程需求的亚跨超声速特性。首先,采用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程流动求解器,结合基于Kriging模型的代理优化算法,开展了高超声速飞行器宽速域翼型的优化设计研究,设计出了一种下表面具有双"S"形特征的新翼型。综合性能评估结果表明,该翼型相比于常规的高超声速翼型,在跨声速和高超声速下具有更加优良的气动特性;其跨声速状态下的升阻比达到78.9,高超声速状态下的升阻比达到5.94,能够实现宽速域内良好的综合气动性能。其次,开展了仿德国"桑格尔号"（SANGER）空天飞机运载机机翼的气动特性研究,对配置宽速域翼型与常规高超声速翼型的机翼进行了气动力特性综合对比分析。结果表明,配置新翼型的机翼在宽速域范围内整体气动性能更优,说明所设计的宽速域翼型在三维机翼上也具有一定的实用价值。     

分布式电推进飞机电力系统研究综述

继飞机二次能源逐步统一为电能形成多电/全电飞机之后,电推进技术成为飞机动力系统电气化的重要发展方向,有望进一步提高飞机动力系统能量转换效率、降低燃油消耗和排放,代表了航空电气化的高级阶段。飞机电力系统及相关技术是支撑电推进技术发展的重要基础。系统总结了电推进飞机的类型与发展现状,论述了飞机混合动力系统及分布式电推进系统的基本概念、特点与意义。阐述了航空电推进系统的基本结构,比较了适用于分布式电推进系统的电力系统架构,系统分析了实现电推进技术所需的高效高功率密度电机、高效大容量功率变换器和综合热管理等关键技术。小型纯电动飞机正在逐步迈向实用化,而分布式混合电推进技术是中大型飞机电气化的重要方向,仍然需要航空机电和动力系统等交叉融合与创新发展。     

Research on a six-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor system at dual-redundant and fault tolerant modes in aviation application

With the development of more/all electrical aircraft technology,an electro-mechanical actuator (EMA) is more and more used in an aircraft actuation system.The motor system,as the crucial part of an EMA,usually adopts the redundancy technology or fault tolerance technology to improve the reliability.To compare the performances of these two motor systems,a 10-pole/ 12-slot six-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is designed with the concentrated single-layer winding,which is able to operate at dual-redundant and fault tolerant modes.Furthermore,the position servo performances of the six-phase PMSM at dual-redundant and fault tolerant modes are analyzed,including the normal and fault conditions.In addition,a variable structure proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control strategy is proposed to solve the performance degradation problem caused by phase current saturation.Simulation and experimental results show that the fault tolerant PMSM has a better position servo performance than the dual-redundant PMSM,and the variable structure PID control strategy is able to improve the performance due to phase current saturation.     

Design of Flight Control System for a Small Unmanned Tilt Rotor Aircraft

A tilt rotor is an aircraft of a special kind, which possesses the characteristics of a helicopter and a fixed-wing airplane. However, there are a great number of important technical problems waiting for settlements. Of them, the flight control system might be a critical one. This article presents the progresses of the research work on the design of flight control system at Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA). The flight control law of the tilt rotor aircraft is designed with the help of an inner/outer loop control structure and an eigenstructure assignment algorithm on the basis of a proper mathematical model already verified by the wind tunnel tests. The proposed control law has been born out through the construction of the flight control system and the flight tests. Now, the flight tests are still underway on a prototype of small unmanned tilt rotor aircraft. The results have evidenced the credibility of the aircraft design and the effectiveness of the flight control system for the tilt rotor working in the helicopter mode. A full envelope flight test is planned to carry out further researches on the flight control law.     

推力协同的大柔性飞行器纵向姿态控制

为了研究大柔性飞行器飞行/结构耦合动力学特性,提出了改进的面向控制的大柔性飞行器多体模型,开展了大柔性飞行器纵向动力学耦合特性分析与推力协同下纵向姿态控制律设计。采用二面角动态近似描述大柔性飞行器结构动力学特征,并推导了纵向耦合动力学模型。根据改进模型在配平点处的线性化模型,分析了飞行/结构耦合系统的纵向稳定性与结构变形量之间的关系。针对大柔性飞行器姿态稳定与跟踪,设计了纵向姿态控制器。与常规飞行器相比,大柔性飞行器飞行过程中会发生大变形,当载荷较大时,配平构型近似“U”形,此时纵向动力学具有长周期不稳定的特征。分析结果表明:大柔性飞行器各模态之间的耦合程度随着变形的增大而增大。此外,纵向姿态控制需要升降舵与推力协同控制速度和俯仰角并且考虑结构动力学的影响,否则飞行/结构的耦合作用会导致姿态跟踪误差衰减缓慢甚至发散。      

1200℃高温环境下板结构热模态试验研究与数值模拟

高超声速飞行器高马赫数飞行时,翼、舵及垂尾等板形姿态控制结构将会面临极为严酷的高温环境,为了获得难于实测的结构在高温与振动复合环境下的热模态参数,本文将瞬态气动热试验模拟系统与振动试验系统相结合,建立了高温热/振联合试验测试系统,实现了高达1200℃热环境下矩形板结构的模态频率等关键振动参数的试验测试。同时,对矩形板结构的热模态特性进行了数值计算,并将试验结果与计算结果进行对比验证。试验中通过自行研制的耐高温陶瓷导杆引伸装置将结构上的振动信号传递至高温热场之外,使用常温加速度传感器对振动信号进行参数识别;并运用时-频联合分析技术对试验数据进行分析处理。本文所获得的高温环境(200~1100℃)下矩形板结构的模态频率的试验结果与数值计算结果取得了比较好的一致性,验证了本试验方法的可信性及可用性。本研究结果为高超声速飞行器翼舵结构在高温环境下的振动特性分析以及安全可靠性设计提供了重要的试验手段和参考依据。