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空间探测器空间探测器就是对月球和月球以远的天体和空间进行探测的无人航天器，又称深空探测器。空间探测器包括月球探测器、行星和行星际探测器。空间探测器是深空探测的主要工具。深空探测主要包括月球探测、行星探测和行星际探测。探测的主要目的是：了解太阳系的起源...     

近地轨道飞行器的光辐射背景环境

文章简要介绍了在可见光和红外波段深空和地球高层大气的光辐射源和辐射特性,包括辐射机制和强度、辐射的各向异性等,通过比较表明空间红外波段的背景辐射明显高出可见光波段近1个数量级;分析了在地球大气外进行对地观测时大气辉光辐射的角分布,指出了辐射的临边增亮特性。以上研究对于研制和开发新型航天器、利用太空资源以及未来的深空探测都具有实用价值。     

深空辐射环境及其效应的分析与比较

深空辐射环境对深空探测活动将带来严重的威胁。文章首先对深空辐射环境及效应进行了分析,接着对月球、火星、木星和土星等不同星体的辐射环境及效应进行了详细的探讨及比较。文章得到的结论可为深空探测器的设计和航天员的防护设计提供重要的指导与帮助。     

气球型深空探测器技术研究进展

气球型深空探测器能够大大提高深空探测的机动能力,它不仅可以获取区域范围内的高分辨率观测数据,而且还可实现不同高度大气的原位测量。文章针对气球型深空探测器按技术特征进行了分类,并简述了各类气球探测器的原理和特点,重点总结了各类气球探测器在金星、火星和土卫六上应用的研究现状。针对我国未来的气球型深空探测器技术发展,提出首先以火星热气球为发展方向,与地球临近空间浮空器技术的发展彼此借鉴,促进关键技术领域的技术突破等建议,可为我国未来深空探测提供参考。     

深空探测对航天器热控技术的推动

工程热物理学广泛应用于航天领域,一方面解决了具体航天工程问题,另一方面逐步发展成为交叉学科——空间热物理。随着我国在深空探测领域不断拓展,以深空探测器研制中的工程热物理问题为需求背景,推动着航天器热控制技术、防热技术等取得新的发展。文章在介绍深空探测器技术体系的基础上,分析了热设计、热分析、热试验、热控硬件、防热等方面的技术进步,并就深空探测领域进一步拓展对工程热物理发展的牵引进行了展望,分析了工程热物理学与航天技术间相互促进、相互推动的关系。     

美国“月球大气与尘埃环境探测器”

2013年9月613,NASA发射了“月球大气与尘埃环境探测器”（LADEE）,用以验证新一代月地激光通信技术和探测月球大气、尘埃环境等。     

深空探测器间通信技术发展概述

器间通信技术能够确保遥控指令可靠到达探测器,并将探测器的科学探测数据回传给地面,在深空探测中发挥着重要作用。介绍了美国和中国的月球探测、火星探测工程中器间通信技术发展现状和工程应用情况,分析总结了深空探测器间通信技术的主要特点,并针对未来深空探测器间通信需求,提出了需要迫切解决的关键技术,为我国后续深空探测工程的实施提供支持。     

火星空间环境探测设计与实施

介绍了萤火一号(YH-1)火星探测器的轨道设计,以及火星空间磁场、电离层和粒子分布及其变化规律,火星大气离子逃逸率,火星地形、地貌和沙尘暴,火星重力场等科学目标.给出了探测器等离子体探测包、掩星接收机、磁通门磁强计、光学成像仪等有效载荷的组成、作用和性能指标.YH-1火星探测器的研制成功为我国后续深空探测活动打下了坚实的基础.     

深空探测器总体技术

提出了深空探测器的总体设计要点,分析了总体设计约束,以及深空探测任务对探测器需求特点。基于技术的继承性和衔接性,提出了未来我国火星、小行星、金星以及木星等深空探测器的总体方案构想,讨论了任务目标、总体指标、构型和飞行过程等。研究对我国未来深空探测任务的方案设计有一定的参考价值。     

电推进在深空探测主推进中的应用及发展趋势

随着太阳能电池阵列电功率的不断增长,高比冲电推进在深空探测主推进任务中的应用成为现实,且有明显增加趋势。在我国实施两次月球探测任务之后,深空探测将成为我国航天领域的重要组成部分。从20世纪90年代末开始,美国、日本和欧洲相继发射了四个由电推进执行主推进的深空探测器-深空一号探测器、隼鸟号小行星探测器、智慧一号月球探测器和黎明号小行星探测器,极大地提升了深空进入能力,且获得了很多科学数据。本文分析深空探测主推进对电推进的需求,对电推进在深空探测主推进任务中的应用现状进行综述,分析关键技术和发展趋势,为我国深空探测推进技术发展提供参考。     

Rainbows, polarization, and the search for habitable planets

Current proposals for the characterization of extrasolar terrestrial planets rest primarily on the use of spectroscopic techniques. While spectroscopy is effective in detecting the gaseous components of a planet's atmosphere, it provides no way of detecting the presence of liquid water, the defining characteristic of a habitable planet. In this paper, I investigate the potential of an alternative technique for characterizing the atmosphere of a planet using polarization. By looking for a polarization peak at the "primary rainbow" scattering angle, it is possible to detect the presence of liquid droplets in a planet's atmosphere and constrain the nature of the liquid through its refractive index. Single scattering calculations are presented to show that a well-defined rainbow scattering peak is present over the full range of likely cloud droplet sizes and clearly distinguishes the presence of liquid droplets from solid particles such as ice or dust. Rainbow scattering has been used in the past to determine the nature of the cloud droplets in the Venus atmosphere and by the POLarization and Directionality of Earth Reflectances (POLDER) instrument to distinguish between liquid and ice clouds in the Earth atmosphere. While the presence of liquid water clouds does not guarantee the presence of water at the surface, this technique could complement spectroscopic techniques for characterizing the atmospheres of potential habitable planets. The disk-integrated rainbow peak for Earth is estimated to be at a degree of polarization of 12.7% or 15.5% for two different cloud cover scenarios. The observation of this rainbow peak is shown to be feasible with the proposed Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronograph mission in similar total integration times to those required for spectroscopic characterization.     

Physiology, medicine, long-duration space flight and the NSBRI

The hazards of long-duration space flight are real and unacceptable. In order for humans to participate effectively in long-duration orbital missions or continue the exploration of space, we must first secure the health of the astronaut and the success of such missions by assessing in detail the biomedical risks of space flight and developing countermeasures to these hazards. Acquiring the understanding necessary for building a sound foundation for countermeasure development requires an integrated approach to research in physiology and medicine and a level of cooperative action uncommon in the biomedical sciences. The research program of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) was designed to accomplish just such an integrated research goal, ameliorating or eliminating the biomedical risks of long-duration space flight and enabling safe and productive exploration of space. The fruits of these labors are not limited to the space program. We can also use the gained understanding of the effects and mechanisms of the physiological changes engendered in space and the applied preventive and rehabilitative methods developed to combat these changes to the benefit of those on Earth who are facing similar physiological and psychological difficulties. This paper will discuss the innovative approach the NSBRI has taken to integrated research management and will present some of the successes of this approach.     

Italy's contribution, from a medical standpoint, to the space safety of payload scientists, and perspectives for the future

In Italy, the selection of the Italian payload scientists has been performed according to the Spacelab Program of ESA. Twenty-four subjects underwent a screening performed by the Health Service of Italian Air Force. They were requested to pass an exercise test on treadmill and another ten-minute test on centrifuge, subject to the effect of +3 Gz. The authors briefly describe the results of the test. Noteworthy is the determination of Central Flicker Fusion Frequency. This parameter makes it possible to assess the endurance level of the subject, much earlier than other techniques (e.g. EKG). The importance of an accurate preliminary screening is emphasized as well as of successive training periods. Future studies will be undertaken to compare evoked cortical potentials with behaviour parameters of space safety, with a view to setting up a subtle tool of evaluation for both future candidates and payload scientists.     

International coordination in the era of faster, better, cheaper

Space agencies around the world are seeking innovative approaches to reduce the time and expense of space-based activities, including observation of the Earth and acquisition of environmental data for Earth science research. As government budgets are squeezed, agencies search for innovative approaches to streamline program management, introduce new technology, and share costs with external partners. International cooperation has been a mainstay of Earth observation activity from the beginning of space exploration. It continues to be true that global problems require global solutions, and governments recognize the need to share the investment in understanding and monitoring the planet. Agencies need to carefully consider how changes in their program development and management practices might impact cooperative ventures. Improved communication, enhanced strategic planning, and coordinated rather than comprehensive missions are all tools agencies can use to maintain or improve partnerships.     

铸造诚信 职业之魂

我国诚信文化传统与社会现实中的信用缺失现象均表明诚信教育的必要性，现代企业文化建设展示了加强诚信教育的现实性，职业教育必须适应现代企业的客观需要，大力加强诚信教育。努力构建诚信的社会、和谐的社会。     

铸造诚信职业之魂

我国诚信文化传统与社会现实中的信用缺失现象均表明诚信教育的必要性,现代企业文化建设展示了加强诚信教育的现实性,职业教育必须适应现代企业的客观需要,大力加强诚信教育.努力构建诚信的社会、和谐的社会.     

Operation and performance of a second generation, solid state, star tracker, the ASC

The Advanced Stellar Compass (ASC) is a second generation star tracker, consisting of a CCD camera and its associated microcomputer. The ASC operates by matching the star images acquired by the camera with its internal star catalogs. An initial attitude acquisition (solving the lost in space problem) is performed, and successively, the attitude of the camera is calculated in celestial coordinates by averaging the position of a large number of star observations for each image. Key parameters of the ASC for the Ørsted satellite and Astrid II satellite versions are: mass as low as 900 g, power consumption as low as 5.5W, relative attitude angle errors less than 1.4 arcseconds in declination, and 13 arcseconds in roll, RMS, as measured at the Mauna Kea, HI observatories of the University of Hawaii in June 1996.     

Information theory,animal communication,and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence

We present ongoing research in the application of information theory to animal communication systems with the goal of developing additional detectors and estimators for possible extraterrestrial intelligent signals. Regardless of the species, for intelligence (i.e., complex knowledge) to be transmitted certain rules of information theory must still be obeyed. We demonstrate some preliminary results of applying information theory to socially complex marine mammal species (bottlenose dolphins and humpback whales) as well as arboreal squirrel monkeys, because they almost exclusively rely on vocal signals for their communications, producing signals which can be readily characterized by signal analysis. Metrics such as Zipf's Law and higher-order information-entropic structure are emerging as indicators of the communicative complexity characteristic of an “intelligent message” content within these animals’ signals, perhaps not surprising given these species’ social complexity. In addition to human languages, for comparison we also apply these metrics to pulsar signals—perhaps (arguably) the most “organized” of stellar systems—as an example of astrophysical systems that would have to be distinguished from an extraterrestrial intelligence message by such information theoretic filters. We also look at a message transmitted from Earth (Arecibo Observatory) that contains a lot of meaning but little information in the mathematical sense we define it here. We conclude that the study of non-human communication systems on our own planet can make a valuable contribution to the detection of extraterrestrial intelligence by providing quantitative general measures of communicative complexity. Studying the complex communication systems of other intelligent species on our own planet may also be one of the best ways to deprovincialize our thinking about extraterrestrial communication systems in general.