Single Channel Per Carrier Satellite Repeater Channel Capacity

This paper analyzes the performance of a number of modulation and speech processing techniques that have been considered for single voice channel per carrier transmissions via satellite. This transmission mode is applicable to demand assignment systems, which make possible the most efficient loading of the satellite transponder in applications where the traffic at individual Earth terminals is not sufficient to justify a substantial number of dedicated channels. The analysis basically determines the operating point for the satellite transponder which minimizes the required Earth terminal G/T. The fraction of the total link noise allocated to uplink noise is treated as a parameter, so that the cost of improving G/T may be traded against the cost of providing increased Earth terminal transmitter power. Both analog and digital modulation techniques are considered, together with various practical combinations of syllabic companding, voice-actuated carriers, and error-correcting codes. The results are presented in general analytic form, applicable to any modulation technique for which carrier-to-noise density ratio, channel width, and guardband width may be specified. Curves showing required G/T as a function of the total number of voice channels per transponder are also presented for the above-mentioned signal processing techniques, assuming "CCIR/CITT type" speech quality and transponder EIRP and bandwidth typical of current domestic satellite configurations.     

Single Channel Per Carrier Satellite Repeater Capacity, Part 2

This paper analyzes the performance of a number of speech processing techniques that have been considered for single voice channel per carrier transmissions via satellite. This transmission mode is applicable to demand assigiment systems, which make possible the most efficient loading of the satellite transponder applications where the traffic at individual earth terminals is not sufficient to justify a substantial number of dedicated channels. The analysis basically determines the operating point for the satellite transponder which minimizes the required earth terminal G/T. Both analog and digital modulation techniques are considered, and the effects of syllabic companding and voice actuation of carriers are demonstrated. The results are presented in general analytic form, applicable to any modulation technique for which carrier-to-noise density ratio, channel width, and guardband width may be specified. Full carrier modulation is assumed. Curves are also furnished showing the required G/T and uplink per carrier EIRP as a function of the number of voice channels per transponder and the transponder gain. "CCIR/CCITT type" speech quality is assumed, together with a transponder El RP and bandwidth typical of current domestic satellite configurations.     

30/20 GHz Band Small Earth Station for ISSDN Experiment

The system design and operational results of a 30/20 GHz band small Earth station for integrated services satellite digital network (ISSDN) experiments are presented. The Earth station has a high efficiency offset Cassegrain antenna with elliptical beam, a high power klystron amplifier with 1 kW output power and an uncooled parametric low noise amplifier with 200 K noise temperature. Experiments were performed using the medium capacity communications satellite for experimental purposes (CS). Performance on the Earth station was high. Effective radiation power (ERP) was greater than 88.1 dBW, and the receiving figure of merit (G/T) was larger than 30.6 dB/K. Good transmission characteristics were obtained through the satellite link for demand assigned time-division multiple access (DA-TDMA) with 20 Mbit/s bit rate.     

Interference between FM Carriers and a Digitally Modulated SCPC Circuit

The interference from the digital single channel per carrier (SCPC) circuits into frequency-modulated carrier systems has been calculated by convolving the desired and the interfering spectra extending the previously published works. Resulting interference noise power in FDM/FM systems covering a wide range of modulation indices and basebands has been presnted. Also plots of interference noise power as a function of the number of SCPC circuits have been presented for various values of carrier power to interference power ratios.     

A performance analysis of DS-CDMA and SCPC VSAT networks

Spread-spectrum and single-channel-per-carrier (SCPC) transmission techniques work well in very small aperture terminal (VSAT) networks for multiple-access purposes while allowing the Earth station antennas to remain small. Direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) is the simplest spread-spectrum technique to use in a VSAT network since a frequency synthesizer is not required for each terminal. An examination is made of the DS-CDMA and SCPC Ku-band VSAT satellite systems for low-density (64-kb/s or less) communications. A method for improving the standard link analysis of DS-CDMA satellite-switched networks by including certain losses is developed. The performance of 50-channel full mesh and star network architectures is analyzed. The selection of operating conditions producing optimum performance is demonstrated     

Communications and radio determination system using twogeostationary satellites. I. System and experiments

We developed two types of hybrid terminals that can provide both satellite communication and position determination services in one system. One terminal uses the single channel per carrier (SCPC) technique and the other uses the spread spectrum (SS) technique. To evaluate the performance of the two systems, we carried out experiments in Japan and in the Pacific Ocean using two geostationary satellites, ETS-V (150°E) and Inmarsat (180°E). The ranging accuracy between the mobile terminals and the base station via the satellites was found to be about 200 m using the SCPC system and about 10 m using the SS system. The measured positioning accuracy was about 1 km in the SCPC system and about 600 m in the SS system when experiments were carried out near Japan. The experimental results show that the positioning errors were mainly caused by the orbital determination errors of the two satellites. Presented here are the configurations and features of the SCPC and SS terminals, the experimental system, and the experimental results     

Optimum Transponder Design for Pseudonoise-Coded Ranging Systems, Weak Signals

Optimization of the bandwidth of a turnaround transponder is carried out for weak signals at the transponder receiver. Optimum transponder bandwidth is found to be around 0.77-1, where T is the period of one element of the ranging code. Linear transponders are compared with transponders having baseband limiting. Phase modulation is assumed. It is shown that, for weak signals, linear transponders are preferable for a partitioning of the transponder transmitted power giving (carrier power)/(total power) > 0.43, while baseband limiters are preferred for (carrier power)/(total power) < 0.43.     

A Domestic Satellite Design

This paper deals with the design parameters of a communications satellite which would be capable of providing domestic telephony, data, and television distribution services. Certain important aspects of the design are discussed, including satellite antenna beam coverage, transponder bandwidth, and transponder radiated power for a given weight range. A baseline satellite design is then presented which has 24 transponders (with 4000 watts radiated power on-axis and 34-MHz radio-frequency bandwidth) fully accessible from the 48 contiguous United States. The design uses crossed linear polarization to reuse the satellite transmit and receive frequency spectrum.     

Some practical strategies for reducing intermodulation in satellitecommunications

Various heuristic procedures for obtaining practical solutions to the general one-level carrier frequency assignment problem are described. The problem treated is general in the sense that it accommodates the case where L of the N slots may be explicitly designated as prohibited and unavailable for assignment. This problem occurs in satellite transmission with many small carriers accessing the same transponder where, due to multipath and TV interference from crosspolarized transponders of the same satellite and from copolarized transponders of the adjacent satellites, some portions of the bandwidth of the considered transponder cannot be used. To permit comparison with respect to the intermodulation advantage and central-processing-unit time required, the case without prohibited slots is considered. The sequential insertion procedure in which, starting with two carriers at the two end slots, one additional carrier at a time is optimally inserted into one of the unassigned slots is found best when the ratio between the available bandwidth and the total carrier bandwidth is greater than about 125%. All the heuristic procedures produced assignments whose intermodulation advantages are all greater than the bandwidth ratio     

Satellite Charges for a Mixed Pre-Demand-Assigned System

The problems of satellite charges with reduced G/T stations for different pre-assigned and demand-assigned modes of operation are considered. A mixed pre-assigned demand-assigned operation is assumed as a model, in which large standard stations use the demand-assigned system for their overflow traffic. Determination of the optimum percentage of overflow for each link and of the global satellite revenue and occupancy, in terms of a general traffic matrix, is carried out and then used in the specific case of the Atlantic satellites to establish demand-assignment and pre-assignment charges as a function of G/T, based on a cost per unit bandwidth criterion. The effects of various demand-assignment systems on the economic balance is also considered.     

Satellite Communication System Using TDM and SSMA

An outline and the multiple access techniques used in a domestic satellite communications system accommodating numerous small Earth stations are presented. Two kinds of Earth stations are employed in this system, a small Earth terminal (SET) and a master Earth station (MES). Forty-eight two-way satellite channels were achieved in the 6/4 GHz bands with a transponder eirp of about 62 dBm. Time division multiplex is employed in the MES to SET link and spread spectrum multiple access in the SET to MES link.     

Capacity as a consideration for providing aeronautical mobilesatellite air traffic services in the US domestic airspace

A preliminary analysis of the capacity (number of aircraft) that could be handled by the first generation American Mobile Satellite Corporation (AMSC) system in the early part of the 21st century is reported. The analysis is based on assumptions for the service demand, the Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN), the communications scheme, the satellite channel and the aircraft Earth station. Capacity is examined in terms of spectral bandwidth required and satellite power limitations. The sensitivity of the results is examined with regard to variations in service demand; spectral efficiencies of different modulation techniques; aircraft antenna equipage, high-gain or low-gain; and the amount of overhead associated with the ATN. With regard to the ATN, the analysis only illustrates the impact on capacity if some of the ATN overhead were eliminated. The feasibility of eliminating this overhead and the possible resulting loss of functionality are not addressed     

Satellite mobile communication and radio positioning systemplanning aspects

System aspects of mobile communication and position determination by satellite are described. Topics of discussion are the choice of frequency, type of modulation/multiple access and system design, and considering the effects of active and passive intermodulation and multipath interference. Communication performance and position determination analyses are conducted with respect to small-scale domestic mobile communication systems, where the satellite mobile transponder constitutes only a fraction of the otherwise fixed services C-band or Ku-band payload, and where the orbit position of the spare satellite(s) is dictated by considerations other than purely radio positioning. The system tradeoffs and arguments presented lead to a particular modulation/multiple access system, which provides high channel capacity, good ranging accuracy, and high resistance to multipath fading     

Satellite communication system integrated into terrestrial ISDN

This paper presents an advanced satellite communication system named DYANET II. This system uses satellite channels as subscriber lines for ISDN customers as well as trunk circuits for overflow traffic. The system can offer the same ISDN services to satellite customers as those available to terrestrial subscribers in terms of numbering, signaling, and charging systems as well as user-network interfaces. It can also set up satellite channels on a demand assignment basis to achieve efficient satellite channel utilization, and to connect customers by single-hop satellite connections. A compact, lightweight Earth station has been developed for remote customers and temporary demands such as exhibitions.     

Management of transponder resources in mobile satellite systems

Allocation of L-band spectrum for land mobile satellite (MSAT) services in Mobile-WARC-87 paves the way for the introduction of such services in the early 1990s. An overview of the proposed network architecture of the Canadian MSAT network is presented. Management of transponder resources, i.e. power, bandwidth, and spot-beam antennas, which poses a set of unique and significant problems in the design and operation of MSAT networks, is addressed. The three-level hierarchical approach used by the Canadian network is described, and the technical requirements for solving the above problems are identified. The two upper levels employ reconfigurable fixed assignment for allocating transponders to antenna spot beams, and transponder power and bandwidth to different services. The lowest level employs demand assignment and packet multiple access protocols for resource sharing among different subscribers. Uncoupling the resource management problems into manageable portions reduces the complexity and enhances the robustness of the network     

Closed-Loop Transmitting Power Control System for K-band Satellite Communications

In order to cope with K-band link loss variations and also to improve link reliability, a new closed-loop satellite access power control system is proposed. This system controls Earth station transmitting power so that the overall satellite link quality, such as S/N or error rate, converges to the stipulated value. Satellite transmitting power is also optimized by this control, enabling a considerable increase in transmission capacity and improvement in link reliability.     

COTS星载双模测控应答机基带设计与实现

提出了一种星载双模测控应答机基带设计方案,采用COTS（商用现货）器件实现,能较好解决星载功率受限和空间辐射效应引起的相关问题。测控应答机主处理器由反熔丝FPGA（现场可编程门阵列）实现,可在低功耗条件下保证最基本测控需求,解调上行DPSK（差分相移键控）信号,调制下行扩频信号;协处理器受主处理器控制,由SRAM（静态存储器）FPGA来实现,对上行扩频信号进行解扩解调。测控应答机可根据星载电源功率情况和不同测控任务切换模式,具有成本低、可靠性高、使用灵活等优势。     

Japan's CS (Sakura) Communications Satellite Experiments

The Japanese Communications Satellite (CS), called Sakura, is a "Medium Capacity Communications Satellite for Experimental Purposes" and is the first experimental communications satellite in which 30/20 GHz bands were adopted and were developed for practical domestic use. Large scale field trials have been carried out for more than three years in order to evaluate 30/20 GHz (Ka-band) and 6/4 GHz (C-band) domestic satellite communications system technologies under actual operational conditions by using the CS Sakura launched in December 1977. Through the various experiments on Kand C-band large fixed and small transportable Earth station systems, satellite control experiments, and Ka-band propagation measurements, it has been verified that the medium capacity satellite communications system meets the design objectives.     

INMARSAT integrity channels for global navigation satellite systems

The transmission of integrity information using a signal format compatible with the Global Positioning System (GPS) and relayed through a geostationary satellite repeater, which will be critical in achieving high integrity and availability of global navigation by satellite is discussed. The inclusion of navigation repeaters designed to fulfil this function, the next generation of INMARSAT spacecraft, INMARSAT-3 is examined. The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) integrity channel (GIC) will employ pseudorandom codes in the same family as, but distinct from, the codes reserved by GPS. The data format of the basic integrity channel is designed to convey user range error information for 24 to 40 satellites. A closed-loop timing compensation technique will be used at the uplinking Earth station, to make the signal's clock and carrier Doppler variations identical to those that would result from an onboard signal source. Therefore, the INMARSAT-3 satellites will increase the number of useful navigation satellites available to any user, and can also function as sources of precise timing. There is also a possibility that wide area differential corrections can be carried on the same signal     

基于分布式地面站天线的空间功率合成

卫星导航系统(GNSS)地面站天线对卫星进行上行注入时,信号到达卫星时较弱,容易受到干扰,故地面站注入天线需同时具备平时多目标注入和干扰时单目标功率增强的能力。利用卫星导航系统中地面站之间能够实现精密时间同步的特点,提出了一种基于分布式卫星导航地面站抛物面天线的空间功率合成方法,使用相位预补偿实现分布式天线阵到达目标卫星信号的相位粗同步;分析了相位误差、辐射功率误差对空间功率合成效率的影响,得到了阵元初始相位标定精度与相对定位精度的约束关系;并对合成信号的抗干扰能力和信号质量进行了研究。理论和仿真结果表明,当相位精度因子小于0.2时,4个等辐射功率天线在10°仰角以上波束扫描范围内的功率合成效率均在75%以上,且可以通过控制初始相位标定精度与相对定位精度实现更高的合成效率;而在合成效率要求75%以上时,天线辐射功率误差对合成效率的影响基本可以忽略。采用分布式波束扫描天线能够对地面站上行注入进行功率增强,可实现注入波束和功率的灵活配置,有效解决制约机动式和小型化地面站功率提升的瓶颈问题。