Capillary flow rate limitation in asymmetry open channel

This paper focuses on the stability of capillary forced flow.In space,open capillary channels are widely used as the liquid and gas separation devices to manage liquid positioning and transportation.Surface collapse happens when the flow rate exceeds the critical value,leading to a failure of propellant management.Knowledge of flow rate limitation is of great significance in design and optimization of propellant management devices(PMDs).However,the capillary flow rate limitation in an asymmetry channel has not been studied yet in the literature.In this paper,by introducing an equivalent angle to convert the asymmetry corner to a symmetry one,the one-dimensional theoretical model is developed.The flow rate limitation can then be investigated as a function of the channel geometry as well as liquid property based on the model.Comparisons between the asymmetry and symmetry channels bring forth the characteristics of the two kinds of channels,and demonstrate good accordance between the new advanced model and the existing one in the literature.This theoretical model can provide valuable reference for PMD designers.     

带前缘涡轮动叶内冷通道流动换热数值模拟

在静止条件下,通过数值模拟的方法对接近真实的带前缘涡轮工作叶片腔模型内的流动与换热进行了分析.结果表明:腔内斜肋引发的三维涡对换热产生了巨大的影响,在一倍肋高范围内, Y-Z 和 X-Y 平面上都出现了肋后涡,使得此处传热系数降低;在 X-Z 平面上,第2通道产生一对方向相反的涡,第3通道只产生一个涡.两个通道中的涡都占据整个横截面,这些涡增加了通道流阻.冲击和气膜流动主导了前缘通道内的换热,冲击产生的一对涡加强了流动掺混,促进了前缘吸、压力面上的换热,而高速的气膜出流推动了这一过程.相同流量工况下,第2通道带肋表面的平均换热和局部换热都是最好的,而光滑的第1通道总压降最小,综合换热性能在各个通道中最高.随着雷诺数的增加,各通道吸、压力面的局部换热和平均换热都增强,但压降系数变化不大.      

Measurements of heat transfer and pressure in a trailing edge cavity of a turbine blade

 An experimental investigation is conducted to obtain the heat transfer and pressure drop data for an integral trailing edge cavity test section that simulates a novel turbine blade's internal cooling passage with bleed holes. Local heat transfer is measured on both the suction and pressure sides by a transient liquid crystal technique, while pressures at six positions are recorded by pressure calibrators. Moreover, flow characteristic and its effect on heat transfer are analyzed for conditions with or without bleed flow. The experimental results show that, in the cases with bleed flow, local heat transfer on the pressure side exceeds that on the suction side in the first and second channels. In the cases without bleed flow, in the first and third channels, local heat transfer on the suction side weakens whilst it increases significantly on the pressure side. For the second channel, non-bleed condition leads to a more balanced heat transfer distribution between the upstream and downstream channel. Besides, after the bleed holes are blocked, heat transfer in the first bend region on the suction side declines sharply, while the opposite phenomenon occurs for the second bend region on the pressure side. In both bleed and non-bleed cases, the total pressure of six measurement positions decreases continuously along the channel at the same Reynolds number and it promotes for higher Reynolds number. Among all the measurement points, under the same flow rate condition, the highest speed occurs at Position 5, which also shows the maximum difference between the total and static pressures. When the bleed holes are blocked, the total pressure at each measurement position appears to increase.     

超临界碳氢燃料流动换热的一维模型

考虑水平圆管内燃料流动换热过程和裂解反应及结焦过程之间的相互影响,提出一个一维稳态模型来研究碳氢燃料的流动换热过程与裂解反应的耦合特性。选用正癸烷作为替代燃料,裂解反应采用正癸烷裂解的一步总体化学反应模型,结焦过程采用一维结焦工程模型进行数值模拟,结果表明裂解反应能够强化换热。选择不同的管壁面热流密度、进口压力和质量流量等典型工况进行模拟,表明流动换热过程影响燃料裂解反应速率和在管内的驻留时间,从而影响裂解度。计算结果与实验数据的对比表明了程序的可靠性,加上一维程序计算效率高的优点,可将应用于快速工程计算,并为三维数值模拟提供支持。      

航空电子多信道实时分组调度方法

 针对航空电子波分复用（WDM）网络,提出了一种新的多信道实时调度策略实时多信道加权轮转调度（RMWRR）,将多信道分成强实时信道组和尽力服务信道组,通过调整强实时信道组的权值分配和在尽力服务信道组进行权值补偿的方法,在满足强实时消息强实时约束的同时,提高了带宽利用率,可以适应动态消息的权值变化。对经过流量整形的非强实时消息,RMWRR在尽力服务信道组对其提供延迟上界。通过理论分析,推导了RMWRR的强实时调度条件和尽力服务延迟上界。仿真和算例分析验证了该调度策略的强实时约束下的低资源占用和非强实时下的低延迟特性。     

管道网络算法在涡轮内冷叶片换热计算中的应用

基于管道网络算法的概念,开发了适用于内冷通道换热计算的程序,耦合外流场求解程序HIT3D,以Mark II叶片实验工况5411的结果做验证,传热系数和温度的计算值与实验值有着较好的吻合.在此基础上,对某型高压涡轮动叶内冷通道的复杂流路,建立流体网络计算模型.对原型结构吸力面一侧叶顶新增一排气膜孔,并对前部和后部蛇形通道的两组相邻通道间新增连接起平衡作用的贯通孔各3个.改型设计和原型都用开发的管道网络程序计算流动和换热参数.结果显示:在入口冷气边界条件相同条件下,相对原型,改型设计最高温度和平均温度都有10K以上的降低,叶片吸力面局部高温区集中的状况改有所善.改型设计效果在CFX全三维模拟中亦得到证实.      

可压缩管流中真实气体效应的理论分析与数值模拟

为研究超燃冲压发动机冷却通道内复杂碳氢燃料的可压缩流动特性及相关影响因素,本文在典型工况条件下讨论了超声速膨胀流中真实气体效应的影响。基于平衡热力学理论,明确了气体动力学基础导数对可压缩流动的关键影响,并从气体动力学基础导数的角度出发考察了多种碳氢燃料在临界点附近的特性。同时,在数值模拟程序中耦合了立方型状态方程以准确描述超临界碳氢燃料的热物性参数。最后,对超临界条件下的二维超声速膨胀流进行了数值模拟,捕捉到了超声速扩张管道流动中马赫数下降的现象并揭示了其相应的物理机制。此外,参考发动机冷却通道内的典型工况条件,系统考察了不同入口马赫数、压力与温度等不同来流条件下真实气体效应的影响规律。     

基于程序集成及响应面模型的电机冷却性能优化

建立某60 kW电动汽车用永磁同步电机模型,理论分析得到最佳流道条数以及流道参数取值范围。以冷却流道宽度a、高度b作为设计变量,电机温升和流道进出口压差作为目标函数,通过Isight集成网格变形软件Sculptor和CFD计算软件Fluent,应用拉丁超立方设计方法创建样本点,并进行数据的自动提交仿真计算。根据得到的数据建立响应面模型,采用多岛遗传算法对近似模型寻优。优化后,电机温升和进出口压差分别下降了6.01%、6.81%,电机的性能和安全运行得到了保障。     

Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in Rotating Two-pass Channels Cooled by Superheated Steam

In a modern gas turbine,using superheated steam to cool the vane and blade for internal convection cooling is a promising alternative to traditional compressor air.However,further investigations of steam cooling need to be performed.In this paper,the three-dimensional flow and heat transfer characteristics of steam are numerically investigated in two-pass square channels with 45° ribbed walls under stationary and rotating conditions.The investigated rotation numbers are 0 and 0.24.The simulation is carried out by solving the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations employing the Reynolds stress turbulence model,especially considering two additional terms for Coriolis and rotational buoyancy forces caused by the rotating effect.For comparison,calculations for the air-cooled channels are done first at a Reynolds number of 25 000 and inlet coolant-to-wall density ratio of 0.13.The results are compared with the experiment data.Then the flow and heat transfer in steam-cooled channels are analyzed under the same operating conditions.The results indicate that the superheated steam has better heat transfer performance than air.Due to the combined effect of rotation,skewed ribs and 180° sharp turn,the secondary flow pattern in steam-cooled rotating two-pass channels is quite complex.This complex secondary flow pattern leads to strong anisotropic turbulence and high level of anisotropy of Reynolds stresses,which have a significant impact on the local heat transfer coefficient distributions.     

Design and optimization of electrolyte flow fields in electrochemical machining of cross-channel array with tool vibration

A metallic interconnect plate with a flow channel array is one of the most important elements in a solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC). Electrochemical machining(ECM) is considered to be an adoptable technology for fabricating flow channels in an interconnect plate on account of its efficiency and low cost. With respect to the traditional electrolyte flow mode in ECM cross-channel array, the electrolyte usually flows from one side to the opposite side of the rectangular processing area. However, obvious...     

涡扇发动机空气流量测量飞行试验

以某型涡扇发动机科研试飞为平台,设计搭建了发动机空气流量测量试验系统,进行了各种飞行工况及涡扇发动机工作状态下的空气流量测量试验研究.通过对试验数据的分析和研究,评估了各计算参数对涡扇发动机空气流量测量结果的影响规律,验证了一种简化流量测量方法的可行性和结果的准确性.获得了空气流量测量、计算方面的若干重要结论,为后续型号流量测量和计算提供了工程参考依据.应用试验数据对三维数值计算模型进行修正,并计算了相应工况下的空气流量,计算数据和试验数据进行比较,发现吻合良好,误差较小.      

机舱内部超宽带确定性信道建模

将室内无线信道仿真中常用的几何光学和射线追踪技术,引入到对客机机舱内部的超宽带(Ultra-WideBand,UWB)信道研究当中。信道仿真的主要算法基于一种称为射线密度归一化(RayDensityNormalization,RDN)的方法。该方法使用射线密度的概念来计算每条射线对接收点处总信号强度的贡献。为了验证方法的有效性,实验构建了一个Boeing737-200客机机舱模型进行仿真。仿真将接收机设置在每个座位的顶部、扶手和底部,以研究不同水平高度信道的差别。仿真中对路径损耗和均方根(RMS)时延扩展两类大尺度信道参数进行了统计和分析,部分仿真结果与国外实测结果进行了对比。对比结果证明了仿真结果的保真度以及现有仿真工具的有效性。     

减压器动态仿真的有限体积模型

通过对一维理想气体流动的有限元状态变量模型推导过程的拓展，获得了适用于变体积容腔的气体容积模型，并结合气体管道、气体阀门的有限元状态变量模型，通过对三者的组合运用发展了一种可仿真气体减压器动态工作过程的有限体积模型。采用此模型分别对某逆向卸荷膜片式减压器和某贮箱增压系统所用减压器进行了动态工作过程的仿真，前者仿真结果的稳态值与早期文献的实验数据和仿真结果相一致。表明有限体积模型的稳态精度合乎工程需要；后者的仿真获得了减压器各个腔室状态参数和阀芯开度的响应曲线，表明贮箱增压过程可以分为启动段、稳定段两个阶段，同时表明在理想气体绝热流动的假设下节流前后温度基本不变。数学模型和建模方法显示出良好的有效性和通用性。     

超临界RP-3航空煤油喷嘴内部流动与相变特性研究

未来航空燃气轮机采用燃油作为冷却剂,对发动机冷却空气及热端部件进行冷却,使得燃油在进入燃烧室之前超过其热力学临界点,燃油的热力学性质发生巨大变化,将对燃油在喷嘴内的流动和喷嘴下游的喷射掺混过程产生重要的影响,因此有必要对超临界RP-3在喷嘴内的流动与相变特性展开研究。本文采用自主设计的喷嘴内部收缩通道模拟试验件,对超临界RP-3在喷嘴内的沿程压力分布进行测量,并采用基于一维等熵假设的计算方法进行数值模拟。试验首次获得了超临界航空煤油RP-3在喷嘴收缩通道内的沿程静压分布随喷射压力、温度变化的规律。通过与模型对比,发现未发生相变时,计算结果与试验值拟合精度较高,可以较好地预测RP-3在喷嘴内的流动参数,喷嘴内的静压分布也趋于一致;发生冷凝相变时,计算结果与试验值产生误差较大,喷射参数对于静压分布存在着较大的影响。本文试验获得的超临界RP-3航空煤油在喷嘴内的流动与相变特性,为航空发动机超临界RP-3喷射的喷嘴设计提供了重要的设计依据。     

Efficient fault tolerant estimation using the IMM methodology

Space systems are characterized by a low-intensity process noise resulting from uncertain forces and moments. In many cases, their scalar measurement channels can be assumed to be independent, with one-dimensional internal dynamics. The nominal operation of these systems can be severely damaged by faults in the sensors. A natural method that can be used to yield fault tolerant estimates of such systems is the interacting multiple model (IMM) filtering algorithm, which is known to provide very accurate results. However, having been derived for a general class of systems with switching parameters, the IMM filter does not utilize the independence of the measurement errors in different channels, nor does it exploit the fact that the process noise is of low intensity. Thus, the implementation of the IMM in this case is computationally expensive. A new estimation technique is proposed herein, that explicitly utilizes the aforementioned properties. In the resulting estimation scheme separate measurement channels are handled separately, thus reducing the computational complexity. It is shown that, whereas the IMM complexity is exponential in the number of fault-prone measurements, the complexity of the proposed technique is polynomial. A simulation study involving spacecraft attitude estimation is carried out. This study shows that the proposed technique closely approximates the full-blown IMM algorithm, while requiring only a modest fraction of the computational cost.     

二次空气系统盘腔一维非定常计算方法

通过对盘腔结构的一维算法展开研究,提出适用于具有非标准结构、包含多个进出口的复杂盘腔的一维建模规则,并采用特征线法,实现盘腔结构的一维非定常流动与换热的计算,通过将广义的变截面、有摩擦、考虑对外热交换的盘腔一维可压缩非定常流动与换热的偏微分方程组转换为常微分方程组,进而获得盘腔内部沿流动方向压力、流量、温度等系统参数的特征线数值解,采用商业计算流体软件CFX对其进行验证.结果表明:所提出的盘腔建模与计算规则能够直观且准确地描述盘腔一维非定常流动及换热特征,仿真结果与CFX计算结果最大偏差约为9.4%,可应用于具有非标准结构的多接口复杂盘腔的模拟,可以作为二次空气系统盘腔结构一维非定常计算研究的有效手段.      

A novel multi-fidelity coupled simulation method for flow systems

For the numerical simulation of flow systems with various complex components, the traditional one-dimensional (1D) network method has its comparative advantage in time consuming and the CFD method has its absolute advantage in the detailed flow capturing. The proper coupling of the advantages of different dimensional methods can strike balance well between time cost and accuracy and then significantly decrease the whole design cycle for the flow systems in modern machines. A novel multi-fidelity coupled simulation method with numerical zooming is developed for flow systems. This method focuses on the integration of one-, two-and three-dimensional codes for various components. Coupled iterative process for the different dimensional simulation cycles of sub-systems is performed until the concerned flow variables of the whole system achieve convergence. Numerical zooming is employed to update boundary data of components with different dimen-sionalities. Based on this method, a highly automatic, multi-discipline computing environment with integrated zooming is developed. The numerical results of Y-Junction and the air system of a jet engine are presented to verify the solution method. They indicate that this type of multi-fidelity simulationmethod can greatly improve the prediction capability for the flow systems.     

平面扩压叶栅流场犘犐犞与三孔尾迹探针对比测试研究

针对PIV技术在暂冲式高亚声速平面叶栅流场中遇到的示踪粒子投放问题,通过采用高压雾化式粒子发生器以及安装在稳定段前的撒播器,有效地使示踪粒子均匀地与主流混合,并成功开展了某扩压平面叶栅叶片槽道及出口尾迹可视化测量,获得了零迎角、进口马赫数0．2～0．8状态下的二维速度矢量场。为了验证PIV在叶栅流场测试结果的可靠性,在相同工况下,将PIV测量结果分别与数值计算结果和三孔尾迹探针测量结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：采用PIV技术测得的叶栅中截面二维速度矢量场合理地反映了叶片槽道及尾迹的流动结构,与数值模拟结果较为接近;PIV与三孔楔形尾迹探针在叶栅出口尾迹的测量所获得的气流速度和主流区的出口气流角重合性较好;尾迹分离区的出口气流角重合性略差,主要原因是尾迹区气流角超出了探针校准范围,这也说明了PIV测试技术优势。本文提出的PIV测量技术也可用于连续式叶栅风洞中。     

准一维可压缩瞬变管流的有限体积模型(Ⅱ)管壁温度场的有限体积模型

在流场模型的基础上,通过对圆柱坐标系下轴对称管道壁面划分的二维有限体积网格,建立了一种计算管壁瞬变传热的有限体积模型,可处理对流换热和辐射换热两种边界情况,可处理具有包覆层或真空夹层结构的变物性管壁传热.温度场模型是流场建模思想的自然延伸,对二者的组合运用即为所发展的可仿真准一维可压缩流管内瞬变流动的有限体积模型,一方面,在流场仿真的体系内发展了传热计算的部分并最终扩展成为统一的流动/传热仿真体系,另一方面,结合阀芯节流模型,从此模型出发可推导出管路系统常见元件的流场和温度场模型.对某发动机试验台液氧贮箱增压系统的建模与仿真表明,提出的模型体系具有很好的适用范围和良好的仿真精度.      

复合材料主动冷却薄壁燃烧室设计分析

通过建立流固耦合传热模型,对不同尺寸冷却通道的主动冷却薄壁燃烧室结构瞬态传热特性进行数值模拟,给出了主动冷却燃烧室的瞬态温度场分布及其演化.再采用有限元法计算燃烧室的热应力和应变,从而揭示了冷却通道几何参数及内部煤油体积流量对燃烧室薄壁结构最高温度和热应力的影响规律.计算结果表明:在充分发挥煤油冷却效果前提下,冷却通道距离燃烧室内壁距离越近,所需煤油体积流量越大,而燃烧室结构热应力在10s左右达到最大值,设计时应着重考虑这段时间内的材料性能.