弹丸正撞击Whipple防护结构后墙的撞击载荷分析

文章为了分析超高速弹丸对Whipple防护结构后墙的撞击损伤,利用质量守恒、动量守恒及能量守恒等分析了碎片云运动特性,在此基础上构造了碎片云对Whipple防护结构后墙的法向撞击载荷函数,为进一步分析弹丸超高速正撞击Whipple防护结构后其后墙的裂纹长度提供了有效的分析工具。     

一种提升近地小行星防御中拦截效率的方法

利用核爆直接炸毁小行星或改变小行星的轨道以避免其与地球相撞,是近地小行星防御最主要的手段之一。文章基于美国爱荷华州立大学的超高速小行星拦截器(HAIV)概念,提出一种将原撞击引导器改为长杆撞击器的方案,采用自主研发的欧拉型冲击动力学仿真软件NTS模拟长杆撞击器对小行星连续开坑的过程,并在仿真中加入能量源以模拟核爆装置在不同深度爆炸对小行星产生的偏转与破坏效应。研究结果表明,采用长杆撞击器并合理控制撞击速度,能够引导核爆装置进入更深的地下爆炸,从而更加高效地耦合核爆能量,提升偏转小行星或直接摧毁小行星的能力。     

单层板超高速撞击声发射波的频谱特征分析

空间碎片撞击航天器的威胁对发展在轨感知系统提出需求，为研制基于声发射技术的感知系统，有必要研究超高速撞击产生的声发射信号波形特征。进行了铝弹丸超高速撞击单层板的实验，利用超声传感器采集到声发射波形，并使用小波变换对波形进行频谱分析。结果表明：在1～4km／s的撞击速度范围内，超高速撞击在单层板内引起的声发射波主要是AO模式、S0模式及S2模式的弹性板波；A0模式波形随撞击速度增大而减弱，其余2种模式则随之增强；成坑撞击波形具有较强的A0模式，击穿撞击波形具有较强的S0模式和S2模式。引入超高速撞击过程中的法向冲击作用和径向扩孔作用的概念，分析了上述规律。     

空间碎片超高速撞击极限穿透比动能研究

研究建立宅间碎片对目标超高速撞击条件下临界穿透靶标的损伤特性的理论模型。基于临界穿透过程的数值模拟结果，系统分析了初始条件与临界穿透的关系，捉出碎片临界穿透靶板的比动能概念。然后分析了临界穿透下的碎片比动能，认为比动能是速度的函数。最后，考虑碎片的实际撞击过程巾最大着靶面积为变形面积，对比动能进行修正，获得了极限穿透条件下的真实比动能与速度无关的结论。     

国外近地小行星撞击地球防御技术研究

调研了国外8种小行星撞击地球防御的技术途径,从基本原理、优缺点、适用性、成熟度和应用情况等方面进行了分析。国际上提出的小行星撞击地球防御技术大多处于概念阶段,除了撞击技术已在"深度撞击"(Deep Impact)任务中得到验证,其余均没有通过在轨验证;除核爆和撞击属于短期防御技术外,其余均为长期防御技术(几年甚至十几年);采用现有的单一概念和技术完成防御任务的成功率是比较低的,所以通常采用多种技术组合的方式。通过技术途径的分析,对我国开展近地小行星撞击地球防御任务提出了初步建议,主要包括尽早开展关键技术攻关,进行防御技术的在轨演示验证,开展国际合作,建立国际预警与防御体系等。     

近地小天体天基监测系统发展研究

针对140米级及以下尺寸近地小天体(NEO)全天区、全时段监测预警的发展需求,由地基设备完成近地小天体发现和编目的系统已无法满足暗弱目标探测、精细多谱段属性测量、全天区可视覆盖和全时段可用等要求,发展天基监测能力,构建天地协同监测系统成为新趋势。文章在调研已入轨/在研典型近地小天体监测系统及技术基础上,按照谱段、口径、视场等主要指标回顾分析其在小行星监测的效能,并对标分析了近地小天体-宽视场红外望远镜(NEOWISE)、近地小天体巡察器(NEO Surveyor)等两型任务,提出我国近地小天体天基监测系统发展目标,梳理提出可见光/红外多谱段大视场载荷、被动深低温制冷等技术发展方向,可为建设近地小天体防御系统提供发展建议。     

低温下Whipple防护结构超高速撞击效应研究

文章研究了低温下空间碎片对典型Whipple防护结构的超高速撞击效应。首先在二级轻气炮设备上研制出使用液氮可将撞击靶冷却至-150 ℃且满足低温超高速撞击试验要求的低温装置。利用该装置开展了低温条件下的超高速撞击试验,对低温和室温两种条件下的试验结果进行了比对,并分别对缓冲屏穿孔特性、碎片云特性和后墙损伤特性之间的差异进行了分析。文章最后给出低温下典型Whipple防护结构的弹道极限曲线。     

基于声发射的单层铝板高速撞击损伤类型识别

针对基于声发射技术的在轨航天器遭受空间碎片撞击损伤的评估问题,采用AUTODYN软件进行了弹丸超高速正撞击铝板所产生声发射波动信号的数值模拟,给出了二维模拟结果;对所得到的声发射信号进行小波重构,得到低频和高频部分的信号。通过研究低频和高频信号的峰值变化,发现第一和第二峰值幅度与撞击速度的变化具有一定的规律性,通过低频第二峰值幅度与第一峰值幅度比值将高速撞击损伤模式分为成坑、锥形穿孔和圆柱形穿孔三种类型。
     

美报告建议组建行星防御协调机构

NASA顾问委员会行星防御特设工作组10月6日提交正式报告．建议NAsA组建行星防御协调办公室,以领导国内和国际上的工作．保护地球免遭小行星和彗星撞击。工作组共同主席、前宇航员施韦卡特说,就小行星撞击而言,这种天灾是可防的,但必须做恰当的准备,并同其它国家合作。他说,有政府和国会的支持,美国将能够应对保护地球免遭近地天体撞击的问题．     

CAST空间碎片超高速撞击试验研究进展

超高速撞击试验是开展载人航天器及大型应用卫星空间碎片超高速撞击风险评估和防护设计的基础,作为我国航天器环境效应和可靠性工程验证部门的北京卫星环境工程研究所在这个领域做了大量的工作。文章介绍了二级轻气炮超高速撞击地面模拟试验技术、典型防护结构防护性能的超高速撞击试验验证、载人航天器外露材料超高速撞击特性、毫米级弹丸7 km/s以上超高速稳定发射技术探索、高性能防护结构研究等方面的若干近期进展。展望了我国空间碎片防护需求和地面超高速撞击试验研究的发展方向。     

A mission template for exploration and damage mitigation of potential hazard of Near Earth Asteroids

The Apophis Exploratory and Mitigation Platform (AEMP) concept was developed as a prototype mission to explore and potentially deflect the Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) 99942 Apophis. Deflection of the asteroid from the potential 2036 impact will be achieved using a gravity tractor technique, while a permanent deflection, eliminating future threats, will be imparted using a novel albedo manipulation technique. This mission will serve as an archetypal template for future missions to small NEAs and could be adapted to mitigate the threat of collision with other potential Earth-crossing objects.     

气液针栓喷注器在节流水平下的雾化角模型分析

为了实现气液针栓喷注器在节流水平下雾化角的准确预测,首先基于控制体分析从动量守恒出发建立了中心推进剂偏转角理论模型,在获得中心推进剂偏转角的基础上建立了雾化角理论模型,并通过试验结果引入变形因子C,最后根据试验结果和数值模拟结果验证了两个模型的准确性.结果表明:中心推进剂偏转角主要受节流水平影响,雾化角主要受动量比和中...     

地球边缘大气密度时空特性分析

分析了地球边缘大气密度的时变特性及空间分布特性。从物理原因出发并基于NRLMSISE-00和MET-99大气模型计算随不同时空变量变化的相对大气密度,以说明各时空因素对地球边缘大气密度的影响程度。分析结果表明地球边缘大气密度具有较强的时变特性,昼夜和季节均对大气密度产生一定影响。空间特性表现为纬度对大气密度的影响明显,而经度影响微弱。季节不同导致纬度的影响程度不同,纬度因素在夏季和冬季的影响强于春秋。随着纬度的增加,季节对地球边缘大气密度的影响逐渐增强,而当地时间的影响呈减弱趋势。相比较而言,低纬区的昼夜波动强于季节波动,高纬区的季节波动强于昼夜波动。     

Assessment on the feasibility of future shepherding of asteroid resources

Most plausible futures for space exploration and exploitation require a large mass in Earth orbit. Delivering this mass requires overcoming the Earth's natural gravity well, which imposes a distinct obstacle to any future space venture. An alternative solution is to search for more accessible resources elsewhere. In particular, this paper examines the possibility of future utilisation of near Earth asteroid resources. The accessibility of asteroid material can be estimated by analysing the volume of Keplerian orbital element space from which Earth can be reached under a certain energy threshold and then by mapping this analysis onto an existing statistical near Earth objects (NEO) model. Earth is reached through orbital transfers defined by a series of impulsive manoeuvres and computed using the patched-conic approximation. The NEO model allows an estimation of the probability of finding an object that could be transferred with a given Δv budget. For the first time, a resource map provides a realistic assessment of the mass of material resources in near Earth space as a function of energy investment. The results show that there is a considerable mass of resources that can be accessed and exploited at relatively low levels of energy. More importantly, asteroid resources can be accessed with an entire spectrum of levels of energy, unlike other more massive bodies such as the Earth or Moon, which require a minimum energy threshold implicit in their gravity well. With this resource map, the total change of velocity required to capture an asteroid, or transfer its resources to Earth, can be estimated as a function of object size. Thus, realistic examples of asteroid resource utilisation can be provided.     

Characterizing the near-earth object hazard and its mitigation

Within observational constraints and analytic orbit determinations, potential NEO hazards and mitigations are characterized in terms of orbit displacements to establish (arbitrary) “safe” closest approach distances and corresponding energies that must be externally applied to achieve appropriate orbit displacements from the Earth. Required orbital velocity changes depend on projected closest Earth approach distances and time to (near) impact. Energy to achieve orbital displacement depends on NEO mass, required orbital velocity change, and the energy–momentum coupling coefficient. Errors in these parameters introduce uncertainties into hazard index and mitigation procedures. Hazard avoidance levels and mitigation indices for nine near-Earth asteroids, including 1997 XF₁₁ and 1999 AN₁₀, with non-zero Earth-impact probabilities are computed as examples of the proposed methodology, generating insight into the dilemma of predicting near impacts. This zeroth order approximation should not be construed as solving an orbital mechanics problem, nor establishing a particular set of criteria for mitigation action, but rather as a “survival index”.     

Optical orbital debris spotter

The number of man-made debris objects orbiting the Earth, or orbital debris, is alarmingly increasing, resulting in the increased probability of degradation, damage, or destruction of operating spacecraft. In part, small objects (<10 cm) in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) are of concern because they are abundant and difficult to track or even to detect on a routine basis. Due to the increasing debris population it is reasonable to assume that improved capabilities for on-orbit damage attribution, in addition to increased capabilities to detect and track small objects are needed. Here we present a sensor concept to detect small debris with sizes between approximately 1.0 and 0.01 cm in the vicinity of a host spacecraft for near real time damage attribution and characterization of dense debris fields and potentially to provide additional data to existing debris models.     

Near Earth objects: UK Task Force Report

The UK Task Force on Potentially Hazardous Near Earth Objects set up in January 2000 to advise the government on how the UK should best contribute to an international effort on near Earth objects has produced its report. Below we present a slightly edited version of its executive summary, identifying the nature of the hazard and presenting recommendations for government and international action.     

基于粒子云方法研究地磁场对运动电子束的时空分布影响

空间电荷效应是空间带电粒子分布直接产生的相关效应,对于理解空间辐射环境有着重要意义.为研究地球磁场对空间电荷效应的影响,文章通过数值求解Poisson方程和相对论粒子运动方程,建立粒子云(particle-in-cell,PIC)自洽模型,并构建地球偶极子磁场模型作为内磁层背景磁场(空间分布L值为3～7).在模型基础上...     

Space patrol: Variants of the optical barrier scheme

Different variants of the space patrol system to be designed for discovering and cataloging space objects hazardous for the Earth have been investigated. The basic idea of this system is to create an optical barrier using the telescopes deployed in a heliocentric orbit. Difficulties (as well as ways of overcoming them) of this program are analyzed, associated with form and position of the orbit of a space object relative to the patrol spacecraft, determination of orbit parameters, and mutual motion of space objects and the telescopes on spacecraft. The barrier’s schemes with scanning vertical or horizontal belts are considered. Some examples of observational conditions are presented for space objects crossing the barrier region: angular positions, velocities, distances, and numbers of days during which they are observed in the barrier region. The barrier’s characteristics are given for telescopes deployed in the orbits of the Earth and Venus.     

A method of controlling asteroid collision with the Earth

The planet Earth has endured unwelcome “visitations” of space rocks many times. NASA and agencies of other nations have proposed concepts on how asteroids, in possible collision with planet Earth, can be diverted. These methods range from impulsive techniques using explosives, conventional and nuclear, to the slow nudging action of a spacecraft with powerful thrust. A methods not described elsewhere in any research, as far as the author knows, is presented in this paper. The methods of electrostatics will be employed to show how the new deflection concept can be developed to avoid asteroid collision with Earth.