Ka波段开腔电介质自动测量系统

介绍了以自行研制的开放式谐振腔为中心的Ｋ＿ａ波段电介质自动测量系统。该系统在计算机控制下，改变频率；采集并读取谐振长度和功率数据；计算Ｑ值，即时算出被测材料的介电常数ε＿ｒ和损耗角正切ｔｇδ。除腔谐振尚需人工调节外，全部实现自动测量。通过测量聚苯乙烯泡沫、聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、高压聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、微晶玻璃、陶瓷基片、复合微波介质基片等材料的电介质参数证实，ε＿ｒ和ｔｇδ在３２～３９ＧＨｚ频率范围内，量程分别达１．２０～２５．０和２．０×１０￣（－５）～２．０×１０￣（－３）。ε＿ｒ和ｔｇδ的测量不确定度分别达±０．５％和±（８％＋３×１０￣（－６））。     

直射式喷嘴垂直跨流喷射的雾化特性试验研究

应用Ｍａｌｖｅｒｎ激光粒子分析仪在气流速度５０－１５０ｍ／ｓ，供油压力１．０７８６－４．１１８８ＭＰａ，喷嘴孔径０．５－０．９ｍｍ，喷嘴下流距离６０－２５０ｍｍ参范围内试验研究了直射式喷嘴垂直跨流喷射的雾化特性沿径向位置、射流穿透深度与最大浓度线的变化，双喷嘴的雾化特性以及稳定器对雾化特性的影响。     

微晶玻璃与光学天文望远镜

微晶玻璃，全称超低膨胀微晶玻璃，也有人简称零膨胀玻璃。这种玻璃有膨胀系数极低等重要特性，因此它是制造大型反射式光学天文望远镜镜片的优质材料。 　　谈到光学天文望远镜，人们会联想到 1609年意大利物理学家兼天文学家伽利略发明的折射式光学天文望远镜， 1671年英国物理学家牛顿又发明了反射式光学天文望远镜并用于天文观测的历史。光学天文望远镜的发明，是天文观测工具一个划时代的进步，它结束了人类只能依靠肉眼观测天体的历史，反射式光学天文望远镜的发明还奠定了现代大型光学天文望远镜的基础。 　　自发明光学天文望远镜以…     

气体微流量标准装置的测控系统和实验研究

气体微流量标准装置的测控系统在计算机控制下,采用电容薄膜规、光栅尺、铂电阻温度计等高精度传感器测出变容室内气体的压力、体积变化、温度等参量;并在流量测量的动态过程中将变客室内气体的压力波动控制在±０．０１％之内;工作软件实现了对气体微流量标准装置的计算机自动化控制和管理。气体激流量标准装置可以标准１７．１～１．２２×１０－５ＰａＬ／ｓ范围内的气体流量,校准不确定度小于１．９３％;目前它已用于标准漏孔的标定和实用型气体流量计的校准工作中。     

对10V直流电压参考标准校准方法的探讨

介绍３种校准１０Ｖ直流电压参考标准的方法，并对３种校准方法进行了详细的误差分析。第１种方法是由美国ＦＬＵＫＥ公司生产的３３５Ａ型直流标准电压源，７２０Ａ型Ｋ－Ｖ分压器，８４５ＡＲ型零值检测器和０．０００２级控温标准电池构成校准系统，其传递误差小于１×１０￣（－６）。在该方法中用英国ＤＡＴＲＯＮ公司的４０００Ａ型直流标准电压源取代３３５Ａ，其传递误差可降低到０．４×１０￣（－６）。第２种方法是由７２０Ａ型Ｋ－Ｖ分压器，８４５ＡＲ型零值检测器和０．０００２级控温电池构成校准系统，其传递误差小于０．３×１０￣（－６）。第３种方法是由３３５Ａ型直流标准电压源，７２０Ａ型Ｋ－Ｖ分压器、８４５ＡＲ型零值检测器，１５５型零值检测器和０．０００２级控温电池构成校准系统，其传递误差小于０．２×１０￣（－６）。在同样的条件下，对上述３种方法进行了比对（３种方法所用的标准电池为同一１０只组电池），比对结果表明，３种方法之间的误差小于０．３×１０￣（－６）。     

日本将发射数颗科学卫星

日本空间活动委员会日前披露，Ｍ—５运载火箭将从１９９６年起用于发射科学卫星。Ｍ－５火箭是由日本东京大学航天与航空研究所负责研制的，火箭高３１米，有３级，用于下世纪发射日本的大型科学研究卫星。Ｍ－５火箭可以将重４０００磅的有效载荷送人１５０英里高的轨道，也可以使重８８０磅的有效载荷摆脱地球的重力场。它的运载能力是目前用于发射科学研究卫星的Ｍ—３Ｓ－２运载火箭的３倍。目前，正在研究怎样解决其第２级和第３级的可伸缩喷管研制的难题。Ｍ－５火箭重１２８．４吨，第一级长１４．５米，第２级长６．４米，它们的直…     

YBCO系超导块材平均粒径对双孔RF－SQUID噪声影响

对不同粒径超导块材的双孔ＲＦ－ＳＱＵＩＤ的噪声水平研究表明，ＹＢＣＯ超导块材的晶粒粒径与双孔ＲＦ－ＳＱＵＩＤ的噪声大小呈Ｕ形关系．在１５～２５μｍ时，噪声水平很低，小于２．０×１０－３φ０／Ｈｚ；反之，噪声水平偏高．     

超音速轴对称有旋流特征线法的计算程序

编写了一个ＦＯＲＴＲＡＮ７７程序，计算了Ｍａ０为２．０￣５．０的超速轴对称有旋流Ｃａｕｃｈｙ问题的一些特征线网，但推进方向是从初值线在物面，这样，可以对物形进行反设计，在设计科波机时，可以选用这种流场中的流面作为其升力面的组成部分。     

精密直流电桥的整体检定方法

介绍了０．００２－０．０１级的中阻值直流电桥的整体检定方法，描述了工作过程，对检定的合成不确定度进行了分析。     

磁场计量与测试系统

提出了一整套中强磁场和弱磁场的计量与测试系统，利用原了核磁在外磁场中的塞曼效应制成的核磁共振磁强计，可以测量１×１０＾－３Ｔ到十几特斯拉的中强磁场，不确定度高达１０＾－９－１０＾－１０，利用霍尔效应制成的高斯计，不确定定度为１０＾－２－－＾１０－３，其价格低廉，使用方便，可适用于计量准确度要求不太高的小范围内的磁场，利用超声技术发展起来的超量子干涉器件（ＳＱＵＩＤ）能分辩０＾－１５Ｔ的超弱磁场和单     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

清镇陨石（EH3）中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Progress in tropospheric ammonia retrieval from the MIPAS satellite instrument

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding is a polar orbiting high resolution mid-infrared emission limb sounder with a nominal vertical resolution of 3 km. Work to extend the list of routinely retrieved species led to the examination of ammonia, NH₃. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of upper tropospheric retrievals around 6-km altitude, discussing appropriate methods. We demonstrate a weak north to south gradient outside the error bars, using co-addition to improve signal-to-noise and compare these first results with a model.     

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data

Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions.     

Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.     

An all-sky survey at 230 GHz by MLS on Aura

The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument is a small satellite-borne radio telescope. Its purpose is to make limb-scanning measurements of atmospheric composition. One of the gases to which it is sensitive is carbon monoxide (CO), detected via the J = 2 → 1 rotational transition at 230 GHz. CO is present in molecular gas clouds in the Milky Way. Although it was not designed for the purpose, MLS can detect emissions from galactic CO, allowing a map of the 230 GHz radio sky to be constructed. We report the MLS measurements of galactic radio emission and discuss their effect on the atmospheric mission of MLS. The region of the Milky Way with emissions strong enough to significantly affect MLS observations of atmospheric CO is identified. Ground-based radio astronomers have been mapping the sky using CO emission for many years. However, the MLS data are the first such survey to be carried out from space. The MLS survey covers a larger area of the sky than any other 230 GHz survey, but no previously unknown gas clouds are observed.