Maximum Likelihood Elevation Angle Estimates of Radar Targets Using Subapertures

The maximum likelihood estimates of the elevation angles of two closely spaced targets within the beamwidth is considered. For an array divided into three subapertures, a simple, closed form solution is found whose accuracy compares favorably to the maximum likelihood estimate which uses all the individual elements. Simulation results are presented for the case of a radar target located over a smooth reflecting surface.     

Estimation of the covariance matrix for dependent signal samples:polarization diversity systems

The problem of the estimation of covariance matrices in multichannel radar system when signal samples are statistically dependent is addressed. An optimal maximum likelihood (ML) estimate is derived. Probability characteristics and sensitivity to signal models of the estimate are evaluated for a polarization diversity system     

Range and Bearing Estimation in Passive Sonar

Passive sonar systems are used for estimating the range and bearing of signal sources, such as ships or submarines. In this study, the Cramer-Rao bounds on estimation errors are used as measures of the accuracy of the estimates. The bounds show how parameters such as observation time, signal bandwidth, signal-to-noise ratio, and array geometry can be chosen to obtain maximum accuracy. When the array geometry satisfies certain conditions, the bound for range estimate is shown to be independent of the actual source bearing and the bound for bearing estimate independent of both the range and bearing of the source. It is also shown that the same conditions on array geometry ensure that the range or bearing estimation accuracy is not degraded when tne other pammeter is not known.     

Optimal number of phased array faces and signal processors for horizon surveillance

The problem of the optimal number of phased array faces for performing 360/spl deg/ horizon surveillance is considered. Assuming the detection performance is the same in all beam positions and the total number of T/R modules is constant, it is shown that the optimal number of array faces is three. This is true whether the arrays are operating simultaneously or sequentially. A parametric analysis is performed between the number of array faces operating simultaneously and the associated cost of simultaneous operation in terms of the size of the array.     

Eigenanalysis for interference cancellation with minimum redundancy array structure

In a previous work, the principles of the eigenanalysis method for interference cancellation was studied for uniform regular array (URA) structure, wherein the array elements are equally spaced. The main objective of this paper is to extend the results of that work to adaptive arrays with different geometry termed "minimum redundancy array" (MRA). An efficient method is presented to solve the minimum variance optimization problem and explicit analytical solutions are derived for the optimal weight vector and output noise variance of the eigencanceler. Performance analysis of the general N-element array was first derived and used to extract the performance of MRA. URA is also considered as a special case. The closed-form equation depicts the minimum variance noise residue for the single interference case, while an interactive procedure is suggested for the two interferences case. If there are more than two interferences, we propose to use direct numerical calculation.     

Direction of arrival tracking below the ambiguity threshold

We present an algorithm for direction-of-arrival (DOA) tracking that allows operation below the ambiguity threshold of the direction-finding (DF) system. Using multiple target tracking techniques, the algorithm turns the most likely DOAs of each measurement into multiple potential tracks and then selects the true track as that with the maximum cumulative likelihood. The improvement offered by the algorithm, namely the extension of the ambiguity-free signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) domain, is demonstrated in several simulated experiments using several array structures, including a sparse array and a uniform linear array     

Alternative statements of optimal load-bearing structure design problems

We analyze the well-known statements of optimal design problems for load-bearing maximum rigidity structures in which a principle of the minimum of total potential energy of structure deformation is used. A version of the generalized statement of optimization problems for processes described by linear equations with a symmetric operator is proposed. On the basis of the version outlined, we present a mathematical algorithm for obtaining beam structures of maximum rigidity, in which the finite element method is used to solve an analytical problem. We give the numerical results of solving two problems of optimal design of maximum rigidity structures that are simulated by cantilever and statically indeterminate beams.     

Linear filtering approaches for phase calibration of airborne arrays

Phase calibration of a large fluctuating millimeter-wave airborne antenna array is considered. The technique exploits properties of the correlation of the measured voltages arising from clutter returns at adjacent or nearby element pairs. The proposed calibration algorithm trades smoothing of the observations to reduce random errors with the ability to track the time-varying calibration phase. Algorithm performance is considered for an arbitrary linear filter, which generalizes previous work on analogous pulse-pair problems, and the results are used to choose optimal filter parameters. Numerical results are provided for a field experiment employing a 32-element Ku-band antenna array     

Phased array of large reflectors for deep-space communication

In this paper the problem of uplink array calibration for deep-space communication is considered. A phased array of many modest-size reflectors antennas is used to drastically improve the uplink effective isotropic radiated power of a ground station. A radar calibration procedure for the array phase distribution is presented using a number of in-orbit targets. Design of optimal orbit and the number of calibration targets is investigated for providing frequent calibration opportunities needed for compensating array elements phase center movements as the array tracks a spacecraft. Array far-field focusing based on the near-filed in-orbit (low Earth orbit (LEO)) calibration targets is also presented and array gain degradation analysis based on the position error of the array elements and in-orbit targets has been carried out. It is shown that errors in the in-orbit targets positions significantly degrade the far-field array gain while the errors in array elements positions are not very important. Analysis of phase errors caused by thermal noise, system instability, and atmospheric effects show insignificant array gain degradation by these factors     

平滑重构稀疏贝叶斯学习测向算法

针对二级嵌套阵列中的紧凑阵元结构易受互耦效应影响的问题,提出了两种不同的嵌套阵列结构改进方法：连续平移嵌套阵列和间隔平移嵌套阵列。通过对原有二级嵌套阵列阵元位置进行调整,形成了两种不同的平移嵌套阵列结构,这两种结构对应的差分共阵均"无孔",并且测向自由度和阵列稀疏度均大于原二级嵌套阵列。针对嵌套阵列的差分共阵测向模型为单测量矢量模型,稀疏贝叶斯学习测向算法复杂度高的问题,提出了平滑重构稀疏贝叶斯学习算法。该算法通过空间平滑重构将单测量矢量模型变为多测量矢量模型,降低了观测矩阵的维度,减小了计算复杂度。算法求解时,通过对变换后的观测矩阵进行奇异值分解,进一步降低了观测矩阵维度,利用稀疏贝叶斯学习算法估计辐射源角度。仿真表明,在信噪比和采样数相同的条件下,该算法收敛速度比单测量矢量稀疏贝叶斯学习（SMV-SBL）算法快,且测向精度高于SMV-SBL算法和空间平滑多重信号分类（MUSIC）算法;存在互耦影响时,两种平移嵌套阵列比原嵌套阵列受互耦影响小。     

嵌套阵列最大似然估计测向算法

针对在辐射源个数未知的条件下嵌套阵列难以估计多个辐射源角度的问题,提出了基于最大似然估计(MLE)的嵌套阵列角度估计算法。算法在嵌套阵列模型的基础上,首先通过推导阵列截获多辐射源信号的最大似然函数及其梯度,利用最速下降法估计出空域中所有潜在辐射源的角度;然后,通过多元假设检验,利用最大似然比与门限进行比较,确定出空域中所有潜在辐射源中某一时刻发射信号的活跃辐射源角度,排除其余噪声形成的虚假辐射源角度,解决了在辐射源个数未知条件下嵌套阵列对多个辐射源角度估计问题。仿真结果表明:与传统多重信号分类(MUSIC)算法相比,该算法在辐射源数目未知、存在相干信号、低信噪比(SNR)、低快拍数条件下,均具有较好的角度估计精度,并且算法形成的虚拟阵列自由度是空间平滑MUSIC算法的2倍;多元假设检验法比传统信源数目估计算法在低信噪比条件下和处理相干信号方面具有明显优势。     

Flowfield analysis of a linear clustered plug nozzle with round-to-square modules

The plug nozzle is one of the advanced expansion devices proposed to improve the overall performance of launcher liquid rocket engines. The present work investigates the three-dimensional flow field generated on this kind of nozzle by partitioning the primary nozzle into modules. A linear plug nozzle has been designed together with modules having two different geometries: a rectangular cross section and round-to-square module. Numerical simulations have been carried out considering the case where all modules of the primary nozzle are active and the case where one module is turned off. The solutions are compared and specific three-dimensional flow structures taking place inside the modules and on the plug are identified. The relationship between these structures and the skin friction distribution within the module and along the plug surface is investigated. Finally, the effect on performance of these three-dimensional flow features is emphasized.     

气动塞式喷管的流场数值模拟和设计参数探讨

针对气动塞式喷管流场中存在的激波、激波与附面层相互作用、大尺度分离流动等复杂的物理现象 ,本文采用扩展的压强校正法求解用紊流模型封闭的可压缩湍流平均 N-S方程组 ,利用交错网格系统抹平迭代过程中的数值振荡 ,并通过高分辨率的 TVD格式进一步改善压强校正法的激波捕获效果 ,对气动塞式喷管的流场进行了详细的数值模拟。并进一步探讨了喷管倾角、塞锥长度和二次流流量比对喷管流场结构和性能的影响。     

Outlier resistant adaptive matched filtering

Robust adaptive matched filtering (AMF) whereby outlier data vectors are censored from the covariance matrix estimate is considered in a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) setting. It is known that outlier data vectors whose steering vector is highly correlated with the desired steering vector, can significantly degrade the performance of AMF algorithms such as sample matrix inversion (SMI) or fast maximum likelihood (FML). Four new algorithms that censor outliers are presented which are derived via approximation to the MLE solution. Two algorithms each are related to using the SMI or the FML to estimate the unknown underlying covariance matrix. Results are presented using computer simulations which demonstrate the relative effectiveness of the four algorithms versus each other and also versus the SMI and FML algorithms in the presence of outliers and no outliers. It is shown that one of the censoring algorithms, called the reiterative censored fast maximum likelihood (CFML) technique is significantly superior to the other three censoring methods in stressful outlier scenarios.     

Error Analysis of the Optimal Antenna Array Processors

The optimal weights of an antenna array processor, which maximizes the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the absence of errors, are computed using the noise-alone matrix inverse (NAMI) and the steering vector in the look direction or the signal-plus-noise matrix inverse (SPNMI) and the steering vector. In practice the estimated steering vector as well as the estimated optimal weights are corrupted by random errors. This paper has analyzed the effects of these errors on the performance of the NAMI processor and the SPNMI processor by deriving analytic expressions for the output signal power, output noise power, output SNR, and the array gain as a function of the error variance. The treatment is for a general array configuration and no assumption about a particular array geometry is made.     

Power Inversion Array in a Rotating Source Environment

The steady state performance of the Frost power inversion array is evaluated, assuming constant rotational velocity of the external noise environment in the sin ? domain. The weight vector is solved implicitly in terms of a linear matrix equation. Approximate criteria are derived for weight vector and output power deviation from optimal values, which are then applied to determine the maximum scan rate of a radar sidelobe canceler.     

Comparison of signal estimation using calibrated and uncalibrated arrays

We consider the problem of separating and estimating the waveform of superimposed signals received by an array of sensors. If the array is well calibrated it is possible to first estimate the directions of arrival (DOA) of the signals and then use this information to separate the signals. When the array is not calibrated, but the array elements have the same unknown gain pattern, up to an unknown multiplicative factor and the phases of the elements are arbitrary and unknown, it is possible to estimate the array steering vectors and then use this information for signal estimation. We compare the quality of the estimated signals in the calibrated case with the quality of the estimated signals in the uncalibrated case, in terms of the output signal-to-interference ratio (SIRO) and output signal-to-noise ratio (SNRO).     

Reliability analysis based on a novel density estimation method for structures with correlations

Estimating the Probability Density Function (PDF) of the performance function is a direct way for structural reliability analysis,and the failure probability can be easily obtained by integration in the failure domain.However,efficiently estimating the PDF is still an urgent problem to be solved.The existing fractional moment based maximum entropy has provided a very advanced method for the PDF estimation,whereas the main shortcoming is that it limits the application of the reliability analysis method only to structures with independent inputs.While in fact,structures with correlated inputs always exist in engineering,thus this paper improves the maximum entropy method,and applies the Unscented Transformation (UT) technique to compute the frac tional moments of the performance function for structures with correlations,which is a very efficient moment estimation method for models with any inputs.The proposed method can precisely estimate the probability distributions of performance functions for structures with correlations.Besides,the number of function evaluations of the proposed method in reliability analysis,which is determined by UT,is really small.Several examples are employed to illustrate the accuracy and advantages of the proposed method.     

矩形内喷管塞式喷管的数值计算与实验研究

为了了解内喷管为二维矩型的塞式喷管性能,设计了一个二单元的实验塞式喷管,并对模型进行了数值模拟和实验研究。数值模拟采用无波动、无自由函数耗散(NND)差分格式求解三维NS方程,利用空气冷流实验方法评价了喷管性能。研究模型的内喷管喉部面积为4×60mm2,内喷管面积比为4,总面积比为24.05,设计压力比为500。计算得到了正确的流场结构和塞锥表面压强分布,结果与实验数据吻合很好,效率数值最大相差1%。模型的性能也比较理想:最大的推力系数效率为0.995,同钟型喷管相比,具有很好的高度补偿能力:从地面到高空,推力系数效率在0.97～0.995之间变化。不同压强比下全锥塞式喷管的塞锥表面压强分布规律,可以作为研究截短型塞式喷管塞锥压强分布的基础。      

一种稀疏阵列下的二维DOA估计方法

研究了稀疏阵列下二维波达方向（DOA）的估计问题,提出一种基于不动点迭代的空间谱估计（FPC-MUSIC）算法。首先建立基于矩阵填充的DOA估计信号模型,并验证该信号模型满足零空间性质（NSP）,其次通过不动点迭代算法将稀疏阵列信号恢复为完整信号,最后利用恢复信号估计二维DOA。该算法可在稀疏阵列下大幅度降低谱估计平均副瓣,在大幅度降低阵元数的同时具有较高的估计精度。计算机仿真表明：FPC-MUSIC算法可在稀疏阵列下准确估计二维DOA,验证了该算法的有效性和优越性。