On gas-phase ignition of diffusion flame in the stagnation-point boundary layer

An analytical expression for gas-phase ignition is developed for a diffusion flame in the two-dimensional or axisymmetric stagnation-point boundary-layer flow of a hot oxidizing gas about a vaporizing condensed fuel surface. The analysis is based on the limit of large activation energy for a one-step, irreversible reaction describing the overall combustion process in the gas phase. The approach in this work, following that of our recent analysis on extinction for the same geometry, is to seek an exact correspondence of the parameters of the present problem with those of counterflow diffusion-flame problem of Liñán. Such a correspondence has been found in the frozen-flow regime and as a consequence, the asymptotic structure of the flame in the nearly frozen ignition regime is identical in both the problems. A particular result of this observation is the availability of an analytical criterion for ignition in the present problem. The analysis reveals that contrary to the case of extinction, fluid dynamic details do not have significant effect on the ignition criterion and that Liñán's results may be applied with good accuracy to the condensed fuel problem.     

Propagation of a flame through a stratified charge combustion chamber

Flame propagation through stratified media is examined with a numerical model of chemically reactive flow in combustion systems. The model includes a detailed reaction mechanism for methane combustion and an implicit Eulerian difference equation form for the hydrodynamics. Calculations of flames propagating through spatially uniform and stratified media are compared. Results are presented which indicate that hydrodynamic factors can have a significant effect on the energy production rates, pressure rise rates, and unburned fuel concentrations for all models. For the stratified charge models it was found that CO and NO_x production rates were significantly lower than for uniform charge models. Significant amounts of unburned fuel are found near the combustion chamber wall, even in some of the stratified charge models, so that reaction quenching at the wall may be important even in the stratified charge cases. Calculations are presented which predict improvements in fuel efficiency and decreases in pollutant formation, resulting from changes in fuel stratification and compression ratio.     

提升科研和实践能力为核心的创业教育模式研究

高校大学生开展创业教育一方面是适应当前社会发展的需要,另一方面也是扩大学生自主创业发展战略的必要条件。创业教育的根本即培养学生的科研和实践能力,并以此为平台促进学生提高就业和创业的能力,真正实现与市场人才需要的无缝对接。本文从北华航天工业学院的实际情况出发,在调研的基础上尝试性提出了一套提高科研含金量、增强创业实践能力为核心的北华航天工业学院创业教育模式,即一个中心思想,两方管理指导部门,三类创业教育导师的创业教育模式。     

Study and comparison of the parameters of five hot flow anomalies at a bow shock front

Five hot flow anomalies (HFA) recorded by the Tail Probe of the INTERBALL satellite in 1996 are analyzed in present work. For the five chosen events the authors determined the characteristics of current sheets whose interaction with the bow shock front led to formation of an HFA, as well as the directions of external electric fields and the directions of motion of these HFAs over a shock front. The analysis of plasma convection in an HFA body is carried out; the average velocities of plasma motion in the HFA are determined in a coordinate system linked with the normal to a current layer and with the normal to the bow shock. According to the character of plasma convection in an HFA body, these five events may be divided into two types, which also differ in the direction of the motion over the front of the bow shock. In the first-type HFAs, the convection of plasma has a component directed from the intermediate region confirming its identification as a source of energy for the formation of an HFA. In the second-type HFAs, plasma motion from the intermediate region in leading and trailing parts is less expressed. This fact, as well as the great variation of peculiar velocities in the body of anomalies, allowed the assumption that second-type anomalies are nonstationary. Evidence is presented that the anomalies considered in the paper are bordered with shocks formed in solar wind passing a large-scale, decelerated body of heated plasma.     

On the arc length of observations of a small solar system body sufficient to classify it as hazardous

This paper analyzes the accuracy of orbit determination calculated by observations of short arcs. In this case, we imposed the condition that the arc length and/or the distribution of arc observations should provide a confident classification of the orbit of a small celestial body allowing one to distinguish a potentially hazardous body, also including a threat of collision.     

View makes a difference: Presenting human figures from the back or front affects mental spatial transformations of children and adults

Previous research suggested that performance in spatial judgments involving rotated human figures is poorer if these figures are presented from the front than from the back. We further investigated this effect, controlling for visible facial information in front and back view by presenting figures' faces as profile. Children's and adults' judgments were still faster and less error prone if figures were presented from the back. Moreover, reaction times indicated that participants did not mentally rotate figures in front view. Children performed overall more poorly than adults, but there were also qualitative differences suggesting that children are more susceptible to embodiment effects than adults. This study underlines that embodiment may have differential effects in spatial transformation tasks, enhancing or impairing performance.     

On a lunar space elevator

We consider a space elevator system for lunar surface access that consists of a space station in circumlunar orbit, a cable reaching down to some meters above the surface and a magnetically levitated vehicle driven by a linear motor. It accelerates the load to be lifted to the speed of the cable end. Loads to be delivered are either put on the vehicle and slowed down by it or they are slowed down by a sand braking technique in a mare terrain. It is technically possible to operate this transport system nearly without fuel supply from Earth. We calculate various steel cable dimensions for a static stress maximum of $\text{1}\text{5}\text{th}$ of the tensile strength. The process of takeover is considered in detail. Five ways of eliminating the adverse large cable elongation due to the load are described. The touchdown process and behaviour of the cable after disconnection are analysed. The positive difference between the speed of the load at takeover and cable end can excite a large inplane swing motion. We propose to damp it by a dissipative pulley that hangs in a loop of wire leading to the ends of two beams mounted on the space station tangentially to the orbit, the pulley's core being connected with the load. Roll librations are damped by energy losses in the elastic beams; damping can be reinforced by viscous beam elements and/or controlled out-of-plane motions of the beams. We argue in favour of the possibility of fast deployment. The problems of vehicle vibrations and agglutination at sand braking blades are underlined and their combined experimental investigation is suggested.     

Nitrous oxide as a rocket propellant

Nitrous oxide is introduced as a multi-purpose propellant for spacecraft. Potential space applications of this propellant are given. Based on comparison to conventional systems, a multi-mode nitrous oxide propulsion concept is expected to deliver higher performance. Main features of a self-pressurising, nitrous oxide storage system are described. A nitrous oxide catalytic decomposition technique is suggested for restartable spacecraft propulsion. Up-to-date experimental results are presented. A conclusion describes the long-term feasibility of novel nitrous oxide propulsion option concepts.     

On Embedding a Qualitative Representation in a Two-Dimensional Plane

Abstract

This paper discusses embedding in a two-dimensional plane a symbolic representation for spatial data using the simple objects, points (P), lines (L), circuits (C), and areas (A). We have proposed PLCA as a new framework for a qualitative spatial reasoning. In a PLCA expression, the entire figure is represented in a form in which all the objects are related. We investigate the conditions for two-dimensional realizability of a PLCA expression, and derive the relation that the numbers of objects in a PLCA expression should have. In this process, we use the well-known Euler's formula. We also give an algorithm for drawing the figure of the PLCA expression that satisfies this condition in a two-dimensional plane and prove its correctness. The algorithm generates a quantitative expression from qualitative expression.     

Israel's space program as a national asset

This article seeks to illuminate the implications of a small state's entry into the realm of space for its national security by inquiring into the space policy of the State of Israel. Israel's technological infrastructure in space boosts Israel's technological advantage, thereby allowing it to enhance military capabilities, as well as contributing in a number of non-military fields. It increases the quality of human resources, encourages scientific research, fortifies the economy, nurtures civilian and defense industries and ultimately contributes to the building of an advanced, highly developed society. Hence, a strong, state-of-the-art, Israeli space program is highly important to its national security in a wider sense.     

建筑企业工程项目成本控制

本文在分析建筑企业成本控制现状和成本控制特殊性的基础上,结合工作实际,指出了建筑企业成本控制中存在的问题,并有针对性地提出了加强成本控制的具体对策,旨在帮助建筑企业能够更好地控制工程项目成本,提高经济效益。     

Modelling of Ejecta as a Space Debris Source

When a micro-debris or a micrometeoroid impacts a spacecraft surface, a large number of secondary particles, called ejecta, are produced. These particles can contribute to a modification of the debris environment: either locally by the occurrence of secondary impacts on the components of complex and large space structures, or at great distance by the formation of a population of small orbital debris. This paper describes firstly, the ejecta overall production, and secondly, the lifetime and the orbital evolution of the particles. Finally the repartition of ejecta in LEO is computed. Some results describing the population as a function of size and altitude are presented.     

Meteoritic steel as a construction resource on Mars

In the long term, settlement of Mars will require local refining of industrial and construction materials. One of the most significant industrial materials is steel. It is proposed that steel can be harvested on Mars in the form of reduced iron available on the surface from meteoric nickel–iron. This may be one of the most easily available resources on Mars.     

The Dynamics of Arranging a Spacecraft Tether Group as a Triangular Constellation

Cosmic Research - The method of arranging a tether group of four spacecraft as triangular beam constellation is considered in this paper. The group consists of a central spacecraft, from which the...     

On autonomous tracking of a minor celestial body

There is suggested an algorithm of the autonomous tracking of a minor celestial body (comet, asteroid or satellite) by the photo-TV-camera of the spacecraft during its flyby in the vicinity of the celestial body, investigated by the data of images obtained by this camera. This algorithm allows prediction of the celestial body angular position in order to point the onboard camera to the body. The field of applicability for the suggested algorithm taking into account various errors is being investigated. The problems of the optimization of the program of the autonomous tracking in order to decrease the prediction errors or to increase the prediction time interval are considered. The results obtained are illustrated by the example of the autonomous tracking of Halley's comet nucleus.     

Diuretic as a means for rapid adaptation to weightlessness

In a number of flights, cosmonauts and astronauts have experienced aggravation of their health status and general condition in the initial hours and days in a weightless environment. One of the trigger mechanisms for the onset of these unfavourable conditions at the start of space flight is a redistribution of body fluids and a blood shift towards the head. To ensure controlled hypohydration as a countermeasure to the deleterious effects of 0-g and to investigate the feasibility to control adaptation, six cosmonauts were administered lasix once a day during the first 3 days of a mission. All data of the experiment (correction test, questionnaire, hematocrit) were recorded on a special form in the logbook and transmitted to the control centre for processing. Results showed that the diuretic weakened the sensation of discomfort and improved the cosmonauts' general condition. Objective indices of the correction test indicate an increased work ability of cosmonauts. After hypohydration, circulating plasma volumes in the group were reduced by 6.8 + 1.0% on average.     

Tardigrades as a potential model organism in space research

Exposure of living organisms to open space requires a high level of tolerance to desiccation, cold, and radiation. Among animals, only anhydrobiotic species can fulfill these requirements. The invertebrate phylum Tardigrada includes many anhydrobiotic species, which are adapted to survive in very dry or cold environmental conditions. As a likely by-product of the adaptations for desiccation and freezing, tardigrades also show a very high tolerance to a number of other, unnatural conditions, including exposure to ionizing radiation. This makes tardigrades an interesting candidate for experimental exposure to open space. This paper reviews the tolerances that make tardigrades suitable for astrobiological studies and the reported radiation tolerance in other anhydrobiotic animals. Several studies have shown that tardigrades can survive gamma-irradiation well above 1 kilogray, and desiccated and hydrated (active) tardigrades respond similarly to irradiation. Thus, tolerance is not restricted to the dry anhydrobiotic state, and I discuss the possible involvement of an efficient, but yet undocumented, mechanism for DNA repair. Other anhydrobiotic animals (Artemia, Polypedium), when dessicated, show a higher tolerance to gamma-irradiation than hydrated animals, possibly due to the presence of high levels of the protective disaccharide trehalose in the dry state. Tardigrades and other anhydrobiotic animals provide a unique opportunity to study the effects of space exposure on metabolically inactive but vital metazoans.