主动扭转智能旋翼模型试验研究

在国内首次进行采用压电片驱动的碳纤维弯扭耦合梁作为驱动机构的智能旋翼风洞试验。试验结果表明:主动扭转智能旋翼在高转速前吹风状态下,受控状态下的可动桨尖沿扭转输出轴上下偏转可以明显改变桨叶气动力的相应谐波分量,进而影响桨叶的振动,试验为主动扭转智能旋翼用于直升机旋翼振动主动控制奠定硬件基础。     

基于主动扭转控制的旋翼减振规律研究

旋翼主动扭转控制(ATR)能够改善旋翼气动环境,降低桨毂振动载荷。本文以SA349/2直升机为例,采用工程上应用较为广泛的Adams和Nastran软件,建立旋翼弹性桨叶气弹耦合模型。通过模型算例计算得到的桨毂时域和频域载荷,与文献资料数据对比,证实了本文模型的有效性。在旋翼周期变距基础上通过主动扭转控制施加二阶、三阶高阶谐波变距,研究主动扭转控制减振作用的规律。     

电控旋翼低频面内谐波噪声主动控制试验

为降低旋翼低频面内谐波噪声,以电控旋翼(ECR)综合试验系统为平台,开发了相应的噪声测试与控制系统,并提出了电控旋翼噪声频域自适应主动控制方法。在此基础上,开展了悬停状态下的低频面内谐波噪声闭环主动控制试验。试验中,襟翼控制频率为10Hz以桨尖平面内传声器所测噪声作为闭环反馈,另两个位置处传声器所测噪声作为监测量,同时对桨毂位置处的振动水平进行监测。施加主动控制后,控制系统历时约5s达到稳态,收敛速度较快且收敛过程无明显超调;最大可降低桨盘平面传声器位置处的低频面内谐波噪声为9.4dB,桨毂位置处旋翼通过频率振动水平则略有增大。试验结果表明该噪声测试与控制系统可有效实现电控旋翼低频面内谐波噪声控制,同时也验证了频域自适应算法用于减小低频面内谐波噪声的可行性及有效性。      

高阶谐波控制对旋翼桨-涡干扰载荷和噪声的影响

直升机小速度平飞和斜下降飞行时会产生严重的桨-涡干扰(BVI)噪声。基于修正Beddoes尾迹/桨叶动力学耦合方法和Farassat 1A公式,建立了一个新的能够计入高阶谐波控制(HHC)影响的旋翼桨-涡干扰气动载荷和噪声计算模型。在该模型中,高阶谐波控制引起的桨尖涡附加位移通过对高阶入流进行时间积分推导得出,而单一阶次的谐波输入引起的各阶谐波响应通过传递函数来确定,传递函数则由桨叶的动力学特性计算。首先对HARTⅡ旋翼斜下降飞行状态的桨-涡干扰气动载荷进行了计算模拟,验证了所建立方法的可靠性。然后,着重研究了在典型的三阶谐波桨根激励下,不同输入相位对HARTⅡ旋翼桨-涡干扰气动载荷和噪声特性的影响。结果表明:桨叶的动力学特性尤其是扭转特性对高阶谐波控制效果影响显著,且高阶谐波输入的相位选择对桨-涡干扰噪声的控制至关重要,若控制相位选择不当,反而会增大旋翼噪声。     

智能旋翼基于陷波器的振动载荷抑制算法

智能旋翼为直升机减振降噪提供了一条极具发展前途的技术途径。本文研究了一种用于智能旋翼减振的连续时域控制算法,该控制算法主要由陷波器和通道增益两部分组成,对每一个控制反馈通道,将产生两路状态信号,系统减振效果取决于两个状态通道增益的比值。控制仿真结果显示,该控制算法具有出色的减振效果,并对随机噪声和谐波干扰信号都具有较强的抑制作用,为了抑制4Ω旋翼桨毂振动载荷,所需的后缘襟翼控制量是3Ω/4Ω/5Ω多谐波组合输入。相较于经典的离散频域高阶谐波控制算法,该算法是一种连续时域控制算法,可大幅加快控制系统的收敛速度,与此同时,在非平稳的直升机飞行状态下,也具有更佳的减振效果。     

带气弹稳定性约束的复合材料浆叶减振优化设计

研究以降低直升机旋翼激振力为目标的复合材料桨叶结构动力学减振优化设计 ,分析了桨叶结构特性及桨尖后掠角等参数对N次 /转旋翼桨毂振动载荷的影响。在建立的桨叶二维结构特性有限元分析方程中 ,计入了桨叶剖面翘曲变形的影响 ,并利用哈密尔顿原理推导了旋翼桨叶的一维非线性运动微分方程。以桨毂交变载荷为目标函数 ,直接以复合材料桨叶典型剖面构造节点数据、铺层设计参数和桨尖后掠角等为设计变量 ,引入桨叶挥舞惯量、固有频率和气弹稳定性约束 ,进行旋翼的动力学优化设计 ,并结合 3片桨叶旋翼的设计进行了算例分析 ,优化结果使 3次/转的桨毂载荷降低了 2 4 .9%～ 33%。     

基于HHC方法的旋翼噪声抑制机理及参数影响

旋翼桨-涡干扰(BVI)噪声是旋翼气动噪声抑制的主要对象之一。其中,高阶谐波控制(HHC)是一种较为有效的噪声主动抑制方法。为探究HHC方法的降噪效果、降噪机理及参数影响规律,基于嵌套网格生成方法,采用可压雷诺Navier-Stokes方程对流场进行求解,建立了适合于模拟旋翼桨-涡干扰流场的计算流体力学(CFD)数值方法。在流场CFD分析的基础上,采用FW-H(Ffowcs Williams-Hawking)方程预测桨-涡干扰状态下的旋翼噪声,通过对施加高阶谐波控制后的BO-105模型旋翼BVI噪声进行算例验证,得到了一套可以应用于高阶谐波控制下旋翼BVI噪声估算的CFD/FW-H方法。通过对不同HHC方案的数值模拟,发现在直升机斜下降状态下,施加高阶谐波控制后的旋翼BVI噪声能够降低多达4~7dB。进一步,细致分析了HHC方案的控制频率、输入相位以及输入幅值3个参数对旋翼BVI噪声抑制效果的影响,得到了相关参数的影响规律。并且,基于输入幅值对HHC降噪效果的影响规律,对高阶谐波控制方法的降噪机理做出了进一步的说明。     

共轴双旋翼桨毂减阻初步分析研究

基于CFD方法对不同构型的共轴刚性双旋翼桨毂阻力特性进行了对比分析研究,得出了桨毂气动阻力随不同曲线构型桨毂整流罩和不同构型连接轴整流罩的变化规律,建立了共轴双旋翼桨毂气动减阻方法.分析结果表明：构型3（钝椭圆＋翼型形状）的桨毂阻力比构型2（钝椭圆＋圆柱形）的桨毂阻力减小19％,构形3（钝椭圆＋翼型形状）桨毂阻力比构型1（尖椭圆＋圆柱形）桨毂阻力减小30％,构型3（钝椭圆＋翼型形状）为最佳减阻构型.     

直升机桨毂减阻设计进展

针对直升机桨毂部分,系统介绍了气动减阻设计的进展情况,包括常规主旋翼、共轴式双旋翼和无人直升机旋翼桨毂的减阻设计方案。常规单旋翼直升机上主要采用整流帽进行桨毂减阻,共轴式双旋翼桨毂分别采用钝椭圆柱和翼型截面柱体整流罩对上、下桨毂和旋翼轴进行减阻,无人直升机的桨毂减阻设计方案与有人直升机类似。在风洞试验和数值计算研究中,通常会对影响减阻效果的整流罩设计参数和组合方式进行研究。目前,直升机桨毂减阻设计与应用还面临很多困难,需要综合考虑设计制造、部件干涉以及整流罩位置控制等问题。     

新型桨尖旋翼气动布局计算及试验验证

建立了一套适合于新型桨尖旋翼气动特性分析的计算方法,利用该方法计算分析了扭转及弦长分布等参数变化对新型桨尖旋翼气动特性的影响,对新型桨尖旋翼和抛物线后掠旋翼的气动特性进行了数值模拟,开展了新型桨尖旋翼和抛物线后掠旋翼的悬停气动性能试验研究,验证了理论分析的结果。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.