Experimental and numerical study of the Mars Sample Return Orbiter in cold laminar hypersonic flow

This action has been undertaken in the framework of a collaborative program between NASA and CNES to support CNES in the development of the Mars Sample Return Orbiter (MSRO). The study, devoted to ONERA in this first phase of the program, consists in testing a 1/50^th size model in the hypersonic low Reynolds number wind tunnel R5Ch. Visualizations and heat-flux measurements have been carried out for different incidences in order to check the protection furnished to the satellite by the heat shield. The experimental measurements are discussed and compared with numerical results obtained with the Navier–Stokes finite volume solver FLU3M from ONERA. In addition, the influence on the measured heat flux of a partial cover, aiming at improving the thermal protection offered by the heat shield to the orbital vehicle is presented.     

Application of focused laser differential interferometer to hypersonic boundary-layer instability study

Accurate prediction of hypersonic boundary-layer transition plays an important role in thermal protection system design of hypersonic vehicles. Restricted by the capability of spatial diagnostics for hypersonic boundary-layer study, quite a lot of problems of hypersonic boundary-layer transition, such as nonlinearity and receptivity, remain outstanding. This work reports the application of focused laser differential interferometer to instability wave development across hypersonic boundary-layer on a flared cone model. To begin with, the focused laser differential interferometer is designed and set up in a Mach number 6 hypersonic quiet wind tunnel with the focal point in the laminar boundary-layer of a 5 degree half-angle flared cone model. Afterwards, instability experiments are carried out by traversing the focal point throughout the hypersonic boundary-layer and the density fluctuation along the boundary-layer profile is measured and analyzed. The results show that three types of instability waves ranging from 10 kHz to over 1 MHz are co-existing in the hypersonic boundary-layer, indicating the powerful capability of focused laser differential interferometer in dynamic response resolution for instability wave study in hypersonic flow regime; furthermore, quantitative analyses including spectra and bicoherence analysis of instability waves throughout the hypersonic boundary-layer for both cold and heated cone models are performed.     

求解可压缩流动的同位网格SIMPLE方法研究

在Rhie-Chou动量插值的基础上,推导了同位网格可压缩SIMPLE算法.经过无粘流超音速凸包算例和激波/湍流边界层干扰算例计算发现,如果对流项采用高阶有界HLPA格式,密度插值采用一阶迎风和中心差分的混合格式,这种算法能够很好地模拟凸包超音流的流动现象,在采用了新型GAO-YONG湍流模型后也能够较好地模拟激波/湍流边界层干扰.      

壁面温度控制对平板边界层影响的数值研究

通过对零压力梯度的平板边界层流动施加温度控制,展开壁面温度控制对平板层流边界层和湍流边界层影响的研究,探索温度控制对平板转捩雷诺数和壁面摩擦阻力的影响规律。采用带有转捩模式的三方程湍流模型对平板边界层流动进行数值模拟,重点考察了壁面摩阻系数、平板转捩雷诺数、湍流边界层流动随壁面温度变化的规律。计算结果表明在壁面温度从288 K 增大到432 K 时,边界层转捩雷诺数增大约36%,表面摩擦阻力减少约9.6%。研究分析表明：加热控制使层流区域温度边界层内粘性作用增强,雷诺切应力和湍动能减小,流动更加稳定;而湍流区域边界层内粘性底层中速度梯度和粘性切应力减小,导致壁面处摩擦切应力减小。因此壁面加热控制可以延迟边界层转捩,减小湍流区摩阻系数,并减小平板摩擦阻力。     

低雷诺数翼型和跨声速翼型边界层计算

本文利用边界层动量积分方程和平均流动能积分方程兼容计算了翼面的层流和湍流边界层流动。文中采用一种e~9型转捩判别公式预测翼面存在层流分离气泡情况的转捩位置。并引入对剪应力系数C_r的滞后方程以体现湍流中雷诺应力的历程效应。为避免在翼面流动分离时边界层方程的奇异,采用反解法计算。算例表明,计算与测量结果吻合良好。     

The role of transition in high-lift low-pressure turbines for aeroengines

The fan of a high bypass ratio turbo fan engine produces up to 80% of the total thrust of the engine. It is the low-pressure (LP) turbine that drives the fan and, on some engines, a number of compressor stages. The unsteady aerodynamics of the LP turbine, and in particular, the role of unsteady flow in laminar–turbulent transition, is the subject of this paper.The flow in turbomachines is unsteady due to the relative motion of the rows of blades. In the LP turbine, the wakes from the upstream blade rows provide the dominant source of unsteadiness. Because much of the blade-surface boundary-layer flow is laminar, one of the most important consequences of this unsteadiness is the interaction of the wakes with the suction-side boundary layer of a downstream blade. This is important because the blade suction—side boundary layers are responsible for most of the loss of efficiency and because the combined effects of random (wake turbulence) and periodic disturbances (wake velocity defect and pressure fields) cause the otherwise laminar boundary layer to undergo transition and eventually become turbulent.This paper discusses the development of unsteady flows in LP turbines and the process of wake-induced boundary-layer transition in low-pressure turbines and the loss generation that results. Particular emphasis will be placed on unsteady separating flows and how the effects of wakes may be exploited to control loss generation in the laminar–turbulent transition processes. This control has allowed the successful development of the latest generation of ultra-high-lift LP turbines. More recent developments, which harness the effects of surface roughness in conjunction with the wakes, are also presented.     

带跨音结尾激波的二元收-扩管内附面层控制实验研究

本文较深入地研究了由直-曲壁构成的二元收-扩管内收敛段底壁的附画层抽气板形状,在吸除系数为1条件下,吸除附面层对几何喉道附近壁画、对跨音结尾激波与扩压器壁附面层干扰区上游的附面层发展的影响;研究了结尾跨音激波与扩压器底壁附面层干扰区的附面层控制对其下游的流场畸变的影响;文中并对有、无附面层控制下的干扰区下游的动态畸变作了比较.指出,通过对干扰区的附面层抽吸,近壁面的紊流度峰值和平均值大大下降.     

高超声速下表面凸起干扰气动热实验研究

 对高超声速飞行器表面凸起附近的气流流动和气动加热开展了实验研究和分析。实验在高超声速炮风洞中进行,来流马赫数为8.2、单位雷诺数为9.35×10⁶ m^-1。利用薄膜传热测量方法进行了凸起几何形状和边界层状态对干扰流动加热的影响评估。利用流油图谱和纹影摄像法得到了凸起周围的流动特征:若凸起上游边界层未分离,最大峰值热流发生在凸起侧方附近处;若凸起上游边界层完全分离,最大峰值热流通常发生在凸起的上游表面。实验发现最大峰值热流和来流边界层状态关系不大,原因是流动干扰区表现出较强的三维扰动特性,使得来流层流边界层在干扰区内会转变成过渡甚至完全湍流状态。     

边界层厚度对腔体气动声学特性影响数值模拟

为了研究来流边界层厚度对开式腔体气动声学特性的影响,基于分离涡模拟方法,计算了来流马赫数为2.0条件下,不同来流边界层厚度与腔体深度比时,长深比为5.88的腔体流动特性,得到了该腔体声压级的频谱特性.计算结果表明:随着来流边界层厚度增加,形成的剪切层稳定性增强,失稳后上下摆动幅度减少,失稳生成的大尺度涡与超声速主流的相互作用减弱,使得大尺度涡发展到腔体后缘时所具有的平动动能和转动动能降低.大尺度涡撞击腔体后缘在腔体内形成的气动噪声的声压级降低,最大减小幅度达7.5dB.同时各阶模态的频率也发生偏移,偏移值在100Hz左右.基于新的假设重新推导了Rossiter公式,明确了经验常数的物理意义,并以此解释了频率偏移现象.      

耦合Navier-Stokes方程的可压缩边界层数值求解

为了在Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程计算中耦合eN方法进行转捩判断,在RANS方程求解过程中耦合求解了可压缩层流边界层方程为判断转捩提供了精确、可靠的边界层信息.利用等熵关系由RANS方程求出的物面压力分布确定边界层外边界的速度分布,进一步确定出边界层外边界.边界层方程的求解使用Keller提出的二阶BOX方法.为了验证方法求解边界层方程的正确性,在低速流动状态下将计算结果和XFOIL的计算得到的边界层解进行了比较,二者吻合较好.     

NS方程计算中耦合转捩自动判断的阻力精确计算方法初探

在Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程计算中耦合了流动转捩的自动判断以提高现有求解器预测翼型阻力的准确性.由RANS方程求得翼型表面压力分布作为层流边界层方程求解的输入参数,然后使用简化的eN-数据库转捩判断方法分析层流边界层的解得到转捩点的位置,这样随着流场的迭代求解求解器自动判断转捩点的位置.在对NLF0416翼型的气动性能计算中考虑流动转捩的因素后得到的翼型升阻力特性和实验吻合较好,验证了本文方法的正确性.     

Wing aeroelasticity analysis based on an integral boundary-layer method coupled with Euler solver

An interactive boundary-layer method, which solves the unsteady flow, is developed for aeroelastic computation in the time domain. The coupled method combines the Euler solver with the integral boundary-layer solver(Euler/BL) in a ‘‘semi-inverse" manner to compute flows with the inviscid and viscous interaction. Unsteady boundary conditions on moving surfaces are taken into account by utilizing the approximate small-perturbation method without moving the computational grids. The steady and unsteady flow calculations for the LANN wing are presented. The wing tip displacement of high Reynolds number aero-structural dynamics(HIRENASD) Project is simulated under different angles of attack. The flutter-boundary predictions for the AGARD445.6 wing are provided. The results of the interactive boundary-layer method are compared with those of the Euler method and experimental data. The study shows that viscous effects are significant for these cases and the further data analysis confirms the validity and practicability of the coupled method.     

高马赫数下激波湍流边界层干扰数值研究

应用GAO—YONG可压缩湍流方程组数值模拟了入射斜激波／平板湍流边界层相互干扰现象,计算了来流马赫数为5．0,激波入射角度分别为15．876°、23．287°两种不同激波干扰强度下的流场。计算程序中的对流项、扩散项分别采用二阶ROE格式和二阶中心差分格式离散,并用多步Runge—Kutta显式时间推进法求解空间离散后的控制方程。计算较好地模拟了高马赫数下的激波／湍流边界层干扰的流场结构,位移边界层厚度,动量损失厚度等,也比较准确地预测了平板壁面压力、摩阻系数等气动力参数的分布。     

一种关于静压气体轴承节流孔系数的计算方法

基于层流边界层方程的分离变量算法和雷诺方程的解析算法,提出了一种关于单节流孔静压气体止推轴承的节流孔系数的计算方法。该方法通过比较层流边界层方程计算获得的气体轴承的质量流量和雷诺方程计算获得的质量流量计算获得了节流孔系数。将计算获得的节流孔系数和节流孔系数为常数0.8代入单节流孔气体止推轴承的雷诺方程中,计算获得的承载力与分离变量算法求解层流边界层方程获得的承载力进行对比,可以发现,相对于采用节流孔系数为0.8来说, 采用该计算的节流孔系数求解雷诺方程的承载力与分离变量算法求解获得的承载力结果精度最大提高了8%。从而验证了该计算节流孔系数方法的正确性。      

RHILP - a major step for European knowledge in tilt-rotor aeromechanics and flight dynamics

The Tilt-Rotor (T/R) is a relatively new rotorcraft configuration combining the advantages of the propeller-driven airplane and of the helicopter. The RHILP project is focusing on critical T/R flight technologies. The prime objective of RHILP is to study specific aspects of T/R aeromechanics and flight characteristics that are considered to be of the highest importance before designing and testing a flying demonstrator.     

“咽”式高超进气道流动特性及性能分析

采用数值模拟的方法比较分析了一种矩形型面的内收缩进气道和一种椭圆型面的"咽"式进气道的流动特性和性能.这两种内收缩进气道都是以四道平面斜激波三维流场为基本流场,利用流线追踪技术得到的.研究结果表明,该"咽"式进气道对设计状态下的攻角变化不太敏感;在非设计状态下具有较高的流量捕获和压缩能力;另外,由于其浸湿面积小,进气道内附面层增长缓慢,激波与附面层干扰较弱.因此,这种"咽"式流道可作为吸气式高超声速飞行器进气道的一个有利选择方案.      

表面涂漆对火箭尾翼热结构的影响

建立了运载火箭的气动加热工程计算方法,计算区域横跨连续流、稀薄过渡流和自由分子流,包括层流、转捩和湍流等各流态。重点研究了尾翼与芯级间的干扰加热,数值求解了自然正交曲线坐标系下尾翼内部二维单层和双层材料热传导方程,给出了典型部位的内外表面温度计算结果,表明表面涂漆对尾翼前缘并不能起到防热隔热效果。     

非均匀超声来流矩形隔离段内流场实验

针对超燃冲压发动机隔离段的非均匀进口条件设计了隔离段实验风洞，通过测量隔离段壁面压力和拍摄流场纹影照片研究了矩形隔离段内激波/紊流附面层相干流场。研究发现，隔离段进口的非均匀流使隔离段流场压升特征与附面层发展规律与均匀进口的隔离段流动有显著差异。用截面当量直径取代Waltrup公式中的圆管直径可以取得较好的吻合效果。在进口马赫数小于2时，升高同样的压力，非均匀进口隔离段产生的激波串长度比Waltrup公式预测的长度要长。纹影仪观察发现隔离段内激波存在严重的振荡现象。     

Numerical research on airfoil transition delay by alternative current dielectric barrier discharge actuation

A Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma actuator can create a body force which locally accelerates the base flow leading to an attenuation of broadband disturbance to delay the transition. In this study, numerical simulation on an NLF0416 airfoil is conducted to investigate transition delay and drag reduction by a DBD plasma actuator. To simulate plasma’s effect more accurately, boundary-layer data is acquired from Reynolds Averaged Navier Stocks (RANS) equations instead of laminar boundary layer equations, although RANS equations need a much finer boundary-layer grid, and the linear stability analysis method is used to analyze the boundary layer and get the transition point. In this study, the influences of different actuation intensities and positions are investigated, and results show that if the actuation intensity is stronger and the actuation position is closer to the base transition point, more drag reduction can be obtained. However, the efficiency of plasma transition delay is really low. For example, when the actuation voltage is 16 kV, the actuation frequency is 1 kHz, and the main Mach number is 0.1, the saved power due to drag reduction is about 5.09 W, but the power consumed is about 32.61 W, and the efficiency is just 15.6%.     

层流流动主/被动控制技术

摩擦阻力在民机总阻力中占很大比重,减少摩擦阻力对改善民机性能和实现绿色航空具有重要意义。层流摩擦阻力远小于湍流摩擦阻力,因此扩大层流区,甚至实现全层流流动,是减阻的一个重要途径。目前形成了自然层流流动、全层流流动和混合层流流动控制（HLFC）3种层流流动主动控制技术。本文基于减阻和流动不稳定分析,对3种控制技术的概念、方法、优缺点、可带来的效益和应用层流流动控制技术的飞机的设计方法及维护（包括预防昆虫和冰粒等污染的措施）等方面作了较为系统的阐述。概要地介绍了X21A、Jetstar、Boeing 757等飞机的HLFC飞行试验验证项目,结果表明了层流流动主动控制技术的有效性和困难性。本文也从原理到飞行试验较为系统地介绍了一种层流流动被动控制技术。