Review of unsteady transonic aerodynamics: Theory and applications

Unsteady transonic flow theory is reviewed and classical results from the nonlinear asymptotic theory are combined with new results from computational fluid dynamics. The emphasis is on applications to the field of aeroelasticity and on clarifying the limitations of linearized theories in problems involving mixed subsonic-supersonic flows. The inherent differences between nonlinear transonic aerodynamics and linear subsonic and supersonic aerodynamics are considered from a theoretical and computational standpoint, and the practical implications of these differences in formulating suitable aerodynamic models for aeroelastic stability calculations are discussed. Transonic similarity principles are reviewed and their relevance in understanding flutter, divergence, and control reversal phenomena of transonic aircraft is illustrated through practical examples.     

Electromagnetic resonances in the polar ionosphere

The utilization of resonant oscillations for ionospheric modification experiments and ionospheric diagnosis, based on plasma physics and non-linear electrodynamics, is discussed. The spectra of resonant oscillations of natural and artificial origin in the polar ionosphere and the excitation of these oscillations and their development are analysed. The thermal instabilities in weakly ionized heterogeneous magnetoactive ionospheric plasma, due to plasma heating, are illustrated. The circle of resonant situations in the polar area is expanded essentially due to intense current systems in this region.     

压气机气动力学发展的一些问题

 本文讨论了现代压气机气动力学发展的趋势,指出了对流场细微结构进行研究的重要性和研究的内容,并论述了试验研究和数值计算在解决这一问题中的作用,和尚待解决的一些问题。 现代压气机气动力学发展的主要方向是跨音、粘流和非定常流。本文对三大方向的一些重要课题进行了评述,讨论了困难之所在,并对解决某些问题的方法提出了一些看法。     

高动态GPS卫星信号模拟器电离层延迟误差模拟方法研究

电离层延迟误差是GPS测量中非常重要的一项误差源，也是高动态GPS卫星信号模拟器要解决的一项关键技术。电离层延迟误差与目标的空间位置有关，在分析地面用户和空问用户不同电离层延迟误差修正方法的基础上，研究了卫星信号模拟器电离层延迟误差产生的途径，并给出了相应的数学模型，解决了不同应用环境下导航电8个电离层修正参数的计算问题，通过仿真计算，验证了本所提出的电离层延迟计算模型的正确性。     

Solar System Ionospheres

This article reviews our understanding of the ionospheres in the solar system. It provides some basic information on the sources and sinks of the ionospheric plasma, its dynamics, the energetics and the coupling to the neutral atmosphere. Ionospheres in the solar system are reviewed and comparative ionospheric topics are discussed.     

Radio-frequency impedance probes

The behaviour of radio-frequency probes in a magneto-ionic environment is important in connection with their use for measurement of ionospheric parameters and in the design of aerials for rockets and satellites. The present theoretical treatment of radio-frequency probes is outlined and applied to systems of differing configurations. The difficulties which arise when the wave frequency is not large compared with the gyro-magnetic and plasma frequencies are discussed, including especially the origin of the resistive term which can be finite, even in a collisionless plasma. Some attention is given to the effect of the plasma sheath which may surround a probe system. A number of practical systems are described and the problems in interpreting impedance measurements are considered.     

On ionospheric investigations by coherent radiowaves emitted from artificial Earth satellites

Results of radio-investigations of the ionosphere with the help of coherent radiowaves emitted by beacons placed on artificial Earth satellites are given. The data discussed cover the period from 1958, after the launch of Sputniks 1 and 3, until the last years, when the geostationary satellites ATS were launched. It is shown that up to the present justice has not be done in these experiments to investigations of the local properties of the near Earth plasma. This is a great deficiency in this field of investigation. Data are given which illustrate results of investigations of local ionospheric characteristics. Such data may help to solve some problems in the present stage of the near Earth plasma study. A new possibility of radio-investigation of the near Earth plasma with the help of a chain of satellites connected together is pointed out.     

Methods for rotor aerodynamic and dynamic analysis

The complex problems associated with the aerodynamics of blade/vortex interactions, the dynamics of a blade displaced out of its plane of rotation, and the position control of a hovering helicopter are discussed. Simplified models help to describe, and appear to be adequate for analysing, many aspects of these problems. Free wake analyses are shown to be of importance in determining blade loads and performance for hovering flight or for wind turbines. Unsteady aerodynamics and careful definition of the wake formation are required when computing vibratory airloads in forward flight.     

Stimulated electromagnetic emissions by high-frequency electromagnetic pumping of the ionospheric plasma

A high frequency electromagnetic pump wave transmitted into the ionospheric plasma from the ground can stimulate electromagnetic radiation with frequencies around that of the ionospherically reflected pump wave. The numerous spectral features of these stimulated electromagnetic emissions (SEE) and their temporal evolution on a wide range of time scales are reviewed and related theoretical, numerical, and simulation results are discussed. On long (thermal) time scales the SEE constitutes a self-organization of the ionospheric plasma which depends on the interaction of nonlinear processes in a hierarchy of time scales in response to the electromagnetic pumping. Particularly, the appearance of the rich SEE spectrum is associated with the slow self-structuring of the plasma density into a spectrum of magnetic field-aligned density striations. The dependence of the SEE on electron gyroharmonic effects and the presence of density striations suggests that the existence of a magnetic field in the plasma is important for plasma turbulence to dissipate into non-thermal electromagnetic radiation during the long time quasi-stationary state of the turbulence evolution.     

Ionospheric gas dynamics of satellites and diagnostic probes

The gas dynamics of interactions of a tenuous ionosphere with moving satellites and probes that have bearings on the diagnostics of the ionosphere are discussed. Emphasis is on the cases where the body is moving at mesothermal speeds, namely intermediate between the thermal speeds of ions and electrons of the ambient ionosphere. Methods of collision-free plasma kinetics with self-consistent field are used. The development of the topics for discussion starts with stationary Langmuir probe which entails the basic mechanism of body-plasma interaction that becomes further intricated as the body moves at a higher and higher speed. Applications of the theory of plasma interaction to meteors which move in the ionosphere are also presented.     

Plasma populations in a simple open model magnetosphere

The acceleration of charged particles in the magnetic current sheets downstream from magnetic neutral lines is discussed and related to the plasma populations expected to be formed in a simple open model magnetosphere. A simple model of plasma acceleration in the dayside current sheet is set up, and it is shown that magnetospheric particles may take up a considerable fraction of the electromagnetic energy dissipated in the sheet even though they may represent only a small fraction of the total particle influx. The process should result in energetic ring current and ionospheric particles being found in boundary layers on either side of the magnetopause, and accelerated ionospheric particles in the plasma mantle. Acceleration of magnetosheath plasma in the dayside current sheet should result in enhanced flow speeds in these boundary layers, but the process may amount to little more than a return to the sheath plasma of energy previously extracted from it during its inflow on the dayside and stored in the compressed sheath field, due to the appreciable energy take-up from the current sheet by magnetospheric particles. The energy separation between ionospheric plasma and magnetosheath plasma on cusp field lines is shown to result in a spatial separation of polar wind and plasma mantle populations in the tail, the polar wind ions usually reaching out to only a few tens of R _E down-tail such that they usually remain on closed field lines, forming a wedge-shaped region within the mantle shadow-zone. Polar wind ions are then convected back towards the Earth and thus their major sink is via the dayside current sheet rather than outflow into the tail. The major source for the plasmasheet depends upon the location of the neutral line, but mantle ions may usually be dominant. However, with a near-Earth neutral line during disturbed periods ionospheric plasma will be the sole ring-current source. Under usual conditions with a more distant neutral line the spatial separation of the two plasma sources in the tail may result in an energy separation in the inner ring current, with ionospheric particles dominant up to 2 to 20 keV and mantle ions dominant at higher energies. Formation of the plasmasheet is discussed, and it is shown that a layer of ions unidirectionally streaming towards the Earth should be formed on its outer boundary, due to current sheet acceleration of lobe particles and inward convection of the field lines. A similar process leads to earthward flows on the inner layer of the dayside cusp. Finally, the region tailward of the nightside neutral line is discussed and it is shown that a thin tailward flowing two-stream plasma band should be formed across the centre plane of the tail. The slow-speed stream corresponds to incoming lobe ions, the faster stream to the current sheet accelerated ions.     

Cusp dynamics and ionospheric outflow

One of the IMAGE mission science goals is to understand the dayside auroral oval and its dynamic relationship to the magnetosphere. Two ways the auroral oval is dynamically coupled to the magnetosphere are through the injection of magnetosheath plasma into the magnetospheric cusps and through the ejection of ionospheric plasma into the magnetosphere. The ionospheric footpoints of the Earth's magnetospheric cusps are relatively narrow regions in invariant latitude that map magnetically to the magnetopause. Monitoring the cusp reveals two important aspects of magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause. Continuous cusp observations reveal the relative contributions of quasi-steady versus impulsive reconnection to the overall transfer of mass, energy, and momentum across the magnetopause. The location of the cusp is used to determine where magnetic reconnection is occurring on the magnetopause. Of particular interest is the distinction between anti-parallel reconnection, where the magnetosheath and magnetospheric field lines are strictly anti-parallel, and component merging, where the magnetosheath and magnetospheric field lines have one component that is anti-parallel. IMAGE observations suggest that quasi-steady, anti-parallel reconnection is occurring in regions at the dayside magnetopause. However, it is difficult to rule out additional component reconnection using these observations. The ionospheric footpoint of the cusp is also a region of relatively intense ionospheric outflow. Since outflow also occurs in other regions of the auroral oval, one of the long-standing problems has been to determine the relative contributions of the cusp/cleft and the rest of the auroral oval to the overall ionospheric ion content in the Earth's magnetosphere. While the nature of ionospheric outflow has made it difficult to resolve this long-standing problem, the new neutral atom images from IMAGE have provided important evidence that ionospheric outflow is strongly controlled by solar wind input, is `prompt' in response to changes in the solar wind, and may have very narrow and distinct pitch angle structures and charge exchange altitudes.     

A review of out-of-ground-effect propulsion-induced interference on STOVL aircraft

This paper provides a review of the out-of-ground-effect propulsion-induced interference on the aerodynamics of jet-lift short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL) aircraft. Two main flight regimes are discussed; hover and transition wherein the main fluid dynamics phenomena that cause the interference are presented. Where possible, an engineering assessment is made of the effect of jet and/or airframe configuration parameters on the observed interference effects.     

Investigations of irregularities in remote plasma regions by radio sounding: applications of the radio plasma imager on image

The Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) on the IMAGE mission operates like a radar by transmitting and receiving coherent electromagnetic pulses. The RPI is designed to receive mirror-like (specular) reflections and coherent scatter returns. Long-range echoes of electromagnetic sounder waves are reflected at remote plasma cutoffs. Thus, analyses of RPI observations will yield the plasma parameters and distances to the remote reflection points. The RPI will employ pulse compression and spectral integration techniques, perfected in ground-based ionospheric digital sounders, in order to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in long-range magnetospheric sounding. When plasma irregularities exist in the remote magnetospheric plasmas being probed by the sounder waves, echo signatures may become complicated. Experience in ionospheric sounding under such conditions indicates that sounding echo strengths can actually be enhanced by the presence of irregularities, and ground-based sounding indicates that coherent detection techniques can still be employed. In this paper we investigate the conditions that will allow coherent signals to be detected by the RPI and the signatures of scattering to be expected in the presence of multi-scale irregularities. Sounding of irregular plasma structures in the plasmasphere, plasmapause and magnetopause are also discussed.     

飞艇动导数与附加质量相互融合的方法

飞艇的动导数和附加质量分别表征其在有黏流和无旋无环流中所受非定常气动力/力矩。为了解决在飞艇建模中这两种气动系数的融合问题，分别研究了动导数和附加质量的成分划分问题以及同成分气动系数的融合方法。通过介绍能同时兼容有黏流和无旋无环流的气动力和力矩分析理论，得出同成分气动力/力矩融合时应当取有黏流中的结果并摒弃对应的无旋无环流结果。通过研究气动力/力矩与运动体当前运动参数的关联性，建立依据当前运动参数划分气动力/力矩或气动系数的方法。为了使两种流场中的气动系数分类方法相同，对飞艇的当前运动参数进行重构，使得气动系数在两种流场中均可按重构后运动参数明确划分和计算。根据研究结果，建立了一种动导数与附加质量的新融合方法，并讨论了它与现有文献方法的差异。通过算例分析不同融合方法对飞艇纵向扰动运动特性的影响，说明采用新融合方法的必要性。     

A review of the technical development of concorde

The technical problems encountered during the development and certification of Concorde are reviewed. The topics covered are mainly associated with aerodynamics, but other areas are discussed where they interact with the aerodynamic design or if there were conditions peculiar to supersonic transportation which had to be considered.     

Electric fields and currents in the ionosphere

In this paper some theories and experimental data on the electric fields and currents in the ionosphere are reviewed. Electric fields originating in the polarization of the ionosphere as well as in local irregularities are considered. Special attention is paid to field-aligned currents as a regulator of the intensity and configuration of the ionospheric polarization field, the anomalous resistivity being one of the most important characteristics of the magnetospheric plasma. Present-day models of the magnetosphere and corresponding electric field generation mechanisms are discussed. Various models of the DP1 current system are considered and the main characteristics that allow us to distinguish between them are listed. Experimental data on the ionospheric electric field are considered; a modified model of Silsbee and Vestine is shown to fit these data reasonably well.     

Analyses of techniques for measuring DC and AC electric fields in the magnetosphere

Methods for measuring the amplitudes and directions of DC electric fields and the directions, power spectra, and dispersion relations of AC electric fields in the magnetosphere are discussed with emphasis on their applicability in various regimes of the magnetospheric plasma. The two classes of techniques that are discussed are measurement of the bulk flow of the plasma and the potential difference between pairs of separated conductors. The plasma bulk flow discussion includes measurements by ionospheric radar backscatter, whistler mode wave propagation, energetic or thermal particle trajectories, artificial ion cloud motion, probe measurements of bulk flow, vehicle wake analyses, effects of bulk flow on the coupling of antennas, and the bulk flow of an artificial electron beam.     

High-order accurate,low numerical diffusion methods for aerodynamics

In recent years numerical methods have been widely used to effectively resolve complex flow features of aerodynamics flows with meshes that are reasonable for today's computers. High-order numerical methods were used mainly in direct numerical simulations and aeroacoustics. For many aeronautical applications, accurate computation of vortex-dominated flows is important because the vorticity in the flow field and the wake of swept wings at an incidence and rotor blades largely determines the distribution of loading. The main deficiency of widely available, second-order accurate methods for the accurate computation of these flows is the numerical diffusion of vorticity to unacceptable levels. Application of high-order accurate, low-diffusion numerical methods can significantly alleviate this deficiency of traditional second order methods. Furthermore, higher-order space discretizations have the potential to improve detached eddy simulation predictions of separated flows with significant unsteadiness. Recently developed high-order accurate finite-difference, finite-volume, and finite-element methods are reviewed. These methods can be used as an attractive alternative of traditional low-order central and upwind computational fluid dynamics methods for improved predictions of vortical and other complex, separated, unsteady flows. The main features of these methods are summarized, from a practical user's point of view, their applicability and relative strength is indicated, and examples from recent applications are presented to illustrate their performance on selected problems.