Formation of the Cores of the Outer Planets

The formation of the giant planets seems to be best explained by accretion of planetesimals to form massive cores, which in the case of Jupiter and Saturn were able to capture nebular gas. However, the timescale for accretion of such cores has been a problem. Accretion in the outer solar system differs qualitatively from planetary growth in the terrestrial region, as the larger embryo masses and lower orbital velocities make bodies more subject to gravitational scattering. The planetesimal swarm in the outer nebula may be seeded by earlier-formed large bodies scattered from the region near the nebular “snow line”. Such a seed body can experience rapid runaway growth undisturbed by competitors; the style of growth is not oligarchy, but monarchy.     

企业绩效差异根源论——来自转型期国有与非国有企业的经验证据

企业绩效本质上是人力资本与制度安排的函数，决定企业绩效的关键因素是创新型人力资本或企业人力资本的创新动力与能力。基于制度安排差异而导致的创新型人力资本缺乏、创新动力与能力双重不足，是转型期国有企业相对于非国有企业绩效低下的根本原因。从战略上改进国有企业绩效，应以创新型人力资本为核心重塑国有企业制度创新战略，促使一般型与专业型人力资本转变为创新型人力资本，充分调动经营者和职工的创新积极性，正确诱导经营者和职工的创新行为，从而提高企业团队的创新动力与能力。     

Comparative geology of the satellites of the giant planets

The geologic evolution of the Jovian and Saturnian satellites is reviewed with regard to the major discoveries of the Voyager 1 and 2 encounters with Jupiter and Saturn.Nearly forty satellites are now identified in the Jovian and Saturnian systems. Three of these satellites (Ganymede, Titan, and Callisto) are larger than Mercury, two (Io and Europa) have sizes similar to the Moon, and four others (Rhea, Iapetus, Dione, and Tethys) are larger than the largest asteroids.They all have experienced different geologic evolutions related to their composition, and to their location in the two systems. The emphasis is given upon the cratering record of their surfaces, and on their thermal evolution, with regard to the tidal effects produced by the giant planets. The small satellites are also presented with no attempt to review their geologic record since they are almost only known from their orbital properties.     

论清代前期统一的历史局限性

对于清代前期的统一，我们既要看到它的深远影响，也应指出其严重失误。诸如排斥汉族将帅参与边疆事务，在边疆某些地区滥施淫威，对蒙古及黄教政策的消极影响，虚边政策的危害，闭关自守政策的恶果等等，结果很快从“盛世”坠入“衰世”，内忧外患，纷至沓来，到清末时已是不可救药了。     

Comparison of the Past Two Solar Minima from the Perspective of the Interior Dynamics and Dynamo of the Sun

Solar cycle 23 behaved differently than cycle 22 in many ways. Certain properties, namely the long minimum at the end of cycle 23, weakening of polar fields, shrinking of polar coronal holes, reduction in the terrestrial atmospheric neutral density layer, have been identified as unusual compared to several past cycles. The origin of these differences most likely lies in the ways the dynamo has operated that led to distinctly different generation and evolution of the large-scale magnetic fields in cycles 22 and 23. Certain differences in the properties of Galactic-Cosmic Rays during cycles 22 and 23 have recently been explained by the differences in evolutionary pattern of coronal holes, which are linked to the dynamo-generated large-scale magnetic fields. In this paper, I will discuss the differences in the solar interior dynamics, particularly the properties of flow fields and their influence in governing the evolution of dynamo-generated magnetic fields during cycles 22 and 23, respectively.     

The Responsibility of the Engineering School in the Continuing Education of the Engineer

Engineering schools have a responsibility to provide a science background upon which graduates may build to solve the across-the-discipline challenges of tomorrow. They cannot and should not train for solutions to today's problems. Schools must insure that their faculty continues its education beyond the Doctor's degree by means of workshops, professional meetings, and involvement in investigation and research. Individuals must, however, retain primary responsibility for investment of time, energy, and effort necessary to remain a productive member of the profession for their career.     

差值法与比值法的误差修正效果比较研究及应用

差值法与比值法对不同测量系统的误差修正效果不一样。本文将两种方法的比较用一个比值来描述,并用推得的公式进行量化表示。在进一步的应用研究中,理论分析与实验数据相互印证,同时得到许多有益的结论,有助于全面掌握测量系统的误差来源,从而灵活选择各种修正方法以获得更加准确的测量结果。     

火星自然卫星分析历表的建立

为了解环火星探测器的运动规律,就要构造环火星探测器的轨道分析解,这会涉及2个火星自然卫星的分析历表,因而需要首先构造它们的轨道分析解。由于火星与地球类似,参照建立人造地球卫星轨道摄动解的方法,构造火星自然卫星轨道的摄动分析解,分离出短周期项,即可给出所需要的历表计算公式。将其与JPL网站上提供的历表进行比对,结果表明,所采用的数学模型以及构造轨道摄动解的方法均有效,能够达到期望的精度。     

区域经济发展的内在机制解析

在尝试定义区域经济运行机制内涵的基础上,从区域经济的主体——地方政府、企业和个人出发,着眼于对目标及动力机制、信息传递机制、决策机制、激励及约束等机制的具体解析,以探索区域经济发展新思路。     

亚声速轴流压气机失速监测方法试验

为了研究轴流压气机失速先兆信号监测的有效算法,对亚声速轴流压气机试验台的孤立转子在不同转速下,从稳定工况到失速工况叶顶不同轴向位置进行了动态压力信号测量试验,采用自相关分析和方差分析算法对试验数据进行了对比分析。结果表明,该压气机为突尖型失速,在叶顶前缘附近能明显感受到失速先兆信号,自相关分析监测到失速先兆信号的时间明显早于方差分析,可更有效的达到失速预警的作用。     

网络环境中安全防御措施的研究

随着网络带宽增加和网络应用的日益丰富,网络受到频繁的攻击,这种攻击采用了结合病毒、蠕虫、后门等多种方式,本文详细分析了蠕虫病毒及木马、黑客对网络的侵入和威胁,提出了安全防御措施,并阐述了利用Windows2003提供的防火墙为网络构筑安全防线的方法,Internet连接防火墙可以有效地栏截对Windows2003服务器的非法入侵,防止非法远程主机对服务器的扫描,提高Windows2003服务器的安全性,如果在用Windows2003构造的虚拟路由器上启用此防火墙功能,能够对整个内部网络起到很好的保护作用.     

不锈钢弯管部件钎焊的研究

提出不锈钢钎焊时被预热和被钎焊的母材都不允许焊接区呈红色和亮黄色的新观点。论证了加热时氧——乙炔焰用微碳化焰的原因及焊缝结合区不能采用抛光的道理。指出了保证钎焊温度的方法及其原理等。     

两课教师在推进科学发展观进程中的效用分析

两课教师作为思想政治教育阵地的领军人物,在贯彻落实科学发展观的进程中,转变教育理念,贯彻以人为本,全面、协调、可持续、和谐发展的教育思想,重新进行角色定位,推进科学发展观进教材、进课堂、进学生头脑的教育进程,提高思想政治教育的针对性和实效性。     

The start of the laboratory: the beginnings of the MITInstrumentation Laboratory

The author takes a look at the very early days of the MIT Instruments Laboratory and its successor, the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. The discussion ranges over some of the incidents and events as these early instrument developers groped with problems that others had already failed to solve, and for which current solutions were declared adequate     

The evolution of the anomalous component of the cosmic rays during the Ulysses mission

We have studied the evolution of the anomalous cosmic ray component at ULYSSES using observations of the quiet time helium fluxes obtained with the COSPIN Low Energy Telescope during the years from launch in October 1990 to the latest data in 1994. Shown are preliminary results of measurements in the energy range from 4.0 to 19 MeV/n. Following the drop in solar activity in late 1991, the low energy cosmic ray helium flux started to increase and continue to rise until the end of 1993, signifying the appearance of the anomalous component at ULYSSES.     

The role of the civil aviation authority in the development of the airport enterprise

The present article is the text of the speech delivered by Alfredo Roma at the opening session of the 10th ACI-Europe annual assembly held in Rome in June 2000, on the central theme ‘Global Alliances and Privatisation’. Here he reviews the main factors to be taken into consideration in order to optimise airport development in Europe within the framework of the ongoing civil aviation liberalisation and privatisation processes.     

提高瞄准棱镜安装精度稳定性

平台瞄准棱镜组件是平台方位光学瞄准的基准, 用于全箭初始对准, 其安 装精度的稳定性会直接影响火箭的落点精度。分析了影响瞄准棱镜安装精度稳定性的几 种原因,找到其关键因素,并针对影响精度稳定性的关键因素提出了改进设计的方法, 并进一步通过试验验证,证实了设计改进的正确性。     

环片数量对环帆伞气动性能的影响

为探究环片数量对环帆伞气动性能的影响,文章基于 CFD方法对某环帆伞流场开展了定常三维数值模拟,采用有限体积法求解不可压缩 Navier-Stokes控制方程来模拟外部流场,获得了该伞的气动参数与绕流流场分布。通过数值结果与空投试验结果对比,验证了数值方法的准确性。在不改变伞衣名义面积和环帆高度比的前提下,分别针对定结构透气量和变结构透气量开展了环片数量对气动性能的影响研究,结果表明:定结构透气性下,环片数量对伞衣阻力性能和气动静稳定性的影响很小;变结构透气性下,环片数量通过影响透气量、尾涡分布等因素进一步影响环帆伞稳定性。上述结果对环帆伞的设计有一定参考意义。     

可拓优度评价方法在创新项目选择中的应用

创新项目选择是否得当，直接关系着企业的生存和发展。针对创新项目选择的可行性问题，文章将可拓工程中的优度评价方法应用于创新项目的选择过程之中，运用定性与定量相结合的方法，对项目方案进行评价，为决策提供可靠依据。     

驻涡燃烧室燃烧性能试验

开展了空气进口温度、流量和余气系数影响驻涡燃烧室燃烧性能的试验研究,获得了燃烧性能参数的变化规律:总压损失系数在3%～6%之间,流阻系数变化不大;点火和贫油熄火性能随流量变化很小,随进口温度的提高而改善,研究中最大点火和贫熄余气系数分别为6.03和14.41;仅驻涡区供油时,燃烧效率在90%～95%之间,驻涡区和主流同时供油时,燃烧效率为84%～99.5%,并随余气系数和进口流量的变小而上升.