高温合金前缘热防护结构隔热性能分析

高温合金前缘热防护结构由高温合金蜂窝和隔热毡、连接件构成,同时具有承载和隔热作用,易于拆卸和维修,具有经济性和安全性。通过分析高温合金前缘热防护结构隔热性能和承载能力,对前缘结构进行设计。高温合金蜂窝隔热效果良好,并可以承受1 200℃高温。隔热毡所用的隔热材料在高温试验下保持良好的隔热效果,验证了本文传热分析方法的正确性。建立了传热迭代分析算例,确认结构各项参数满足某型高速临近空间飞行器的热环境和承载使用要求,完成了前缘结构隔热一体化初步设计。     

Topology optimization of compliant adaptive wing leading edge with composite materials

An approach for designing the compliant adaptive wing leading edge with composite material is proposed based on the topology optimization. Firstly, an equivalent constitutive relationship of laminated glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite plates has been built based on the symmetric laminated plate theory. Then, an optimization objective function of compliant adaptive wing leading edge was used to minimize the least square error（LSE） between deformed curve and desired aerodynamics shape. After that, the topology structures of wing leading edge of different glass fiber ply-orientations were obtained by using the solid isotropic material with penalization（SIMP） model and sensitivity filtering technique. The desired aerodynamics shape of compliant adaptive wing leading edge was obtained based on the proposed approach. The topology structures of wing leading edge depend on the glass fiber ply-orientation. Finally, the corresponding morphing experiment of compliant wing leading edge with composite materials was implemented, which verified the morphing capability of topology structure and illustrated the feasibility for designing compliant wing leading edge. The present paper lays the basis of ply-orientation optimization for compliant adaptive wing leading edge in unmanned aerial vehicle（UAV） field.     

带前后缘控制面机翼的颤振分析

针对同时带有前缘和后缘襟翼的二维翼段,研究了考虑不确定性因素的多输入/多输出系统的颤振问题。利用线性分式变换形式,分析了模型中非定常气动力、非线性结构刚度和变结构阻尼等不确定性因素,建立了考虑不确定性的机翼闭环系统状态空间模型。利用鲁棒控制中的μ控制方法,分析了系统的鲁棒性。结果表明,同时带前后缘控制面的机翼可以有效拟制颤振的发生,提高颤振速度达34.96%。     

双三角机翼前缘涡襟翼的试验研究

通过风洞试验对双三角翼的内涡襟翼及外涡襟翼进行了研究。探讨了影响涡襟翼效率的各种因素及其规律,其中包括机翼前缘区状态、涡襟翼形状、涡襟翼偏度、内、外涡襟翼的搭配以及后缘襟翼效率等。尤其是根据内外翼涡场的不同研究了复合平面形状机翼内涡襟翼与外涡襟翼设计上的特点,为设计双三角翼的涡襟翼提供了参考数据。研究结果表明,正确设计前缘涡襟翼与后缘襟翼可以优化大后掠双三角机翼的低速性能。     

Numerical simulation of the peculiar subsonic flow-field about the VFE-2 delta wing with rounded leading edge

The Second International Vortex Flow Experiment provided a variety of experimental data for a 65° swept delta wing sharp and blunt leading edges. Flow details including forces and moments, surface pressures, Pressure Sensitive Paint measurements, and off-surface flow variables from Particle Image Velocimetry were made available for comparisons with computational simulations. This paper concentrates on some typical problems of delta wings with rounded leading edges at subsonic speed: the prediction of the main leading edge separation, the generation of the second inner vortex, the effect of transition, and Reynolds number effects.     

使用RANS/LES混合方法对钝前缘三角翼进行数值模拟(英文)

阐述了建立在一方程湍流模型基础上的分离涡模型(DES)和延迟脱体涡模型(DDES),它们很好地模拟了壁面附近的小尺度流动。该方法在大攻角分离流区域,使用了亚格子应力的Smagorinsky大涡数值模拟,模拟亚音速旋涡流动。使用大攻角下的钝前缘65°大后掠三角翼模型,研究了CFD对涡的发展、破裂以及复杂涡的发展和演变的模拟能力。研究结果说明了方法对模拟分离流动是可行的。     

表面涂漆对火箭尾翼热结构的影响

建立了运载火箭的气动加热工程计算方法,计算区域横跨连续流、稀薄过渡流和自由分子流,包括层流、转捩和湍流等各流态。重点研究了尾翼与芯级间的干扰加热,数值求解了自然正交曲线坐标系下尾翼内部二维单层和双层材料热传导方程,给出了典型部位的内外表面温度计算结果,表明表面涂漆对尾翼前缘并不能起到防热隔热效果。     

Thermal protection mechanism of heat pipe in leading edge under hypersonic conditions

Sharp local structure, like the leading edge of hypersonic aircraft, confronts a severe aerodynamic heating environment at a Mach number greater than 5. To eliminate the danger of a material failure, a semi-active thermal protection system is proposed by integrating a metallic heat pipe into the structure of the leading edge. An analytical heat-balance model is established from traditional aerodynamic theories, and then thermal and mechanical characteristics of the structure are studied at Mach number 6–8 for three refractory alloys, Inconel 625, C-103, and T-111. The feasibility of this simple analytical method as an initial design tool for hypersonic aircraft is assessed through numerical simulations using a finite element method. The results indicate that both the isothermal and the maximum temperatures fall but the von Mises stress increases with a longer design length of the leading edge. These two temperatures and the stress rise remarkably at a higher Mach number. Under all investigated hypersonic conditions, with a 3 mm leading edge radius and a0.15 m design length, the maximum stress exceeds the yield strength of Inconel 625 at Mach numbers greater than 6, which means a material failure. Moreover, both C-103 and T-111 meet all requirements at Mach number 6–8.     

防热涂层材料热防护性能预测

预测防热涂层热防护性能有三个技术关键：即描述三层结构热响应守恒方程的建立，三层结构热物理性能的确定以及防热涂层表面边界条件的建立，本文用租糙度测量仪测量了表面形貌，表面等高面和表面粗糙度曲线，为建立防热涂层热防护性能的物理模型提供依据。利用参数辨识灵敏度法对防热涂层材料导热系数进行参数估计，取得了有用的结果。分析不同工艺的表面烧蚀特性，建立了三种表面边界条件。本文讨论了涂层材料在加热过程中出现的三层结构的吸热机理，建立不同层反映不同功能的守恒方程。给出了防热涂层热防护性能预测与试验结果的比较，比较的结果是满意的。     

基于充气前缘技术的旋翼翼型动态失速抑制

动态失速的发生会在直升机旋翼桨叶和桨毂上产生高的交变扭转振动载荷,并限制直升机高速重载状态下的使用包线。本文利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对基于充气前缘(ILE)技术的SC1095旋翼翼型动态失速抑制进行研究,分析了ILE抑制动态失速的控制机理,获得了ILE结构布置和充放气方式对动态失速的影响规律。研究表明:ILE可以有效抑制动态失速的发生;ILE最大膨胀程度越大,其抑制动态失速的效果越好,但膨胀程度过大后抑制效果开始减弱;ILE在翼型上仰至最大迎角时恰好达到最大膨胀状态,其对动态失速的抑制效果最好;ILE保持最大膨胀状态的时间长短对抑制效果影响不大;在翼型上仰至不同迎角时开始对ILE充气会对动态失速抑制有较大影响;ILE整流段与翼型连接位置对动态失速抑制有很大影响,整流段越长,抑制效果越好。     

Numerical investigations on the VFE-2 65-degree rounded leading edge delta wing using the unstructured DLR TAU-Code

The numerical simulation of the flow around a 65° delta wing configuration with rounded leading edges is presented. For the numerical simulation the DLR TAU-Code is used which is based on an unstructured hybrid mesh approach. Within this paper several numerical results are shown, solving the steady RANS equations by different turbulence models. The simulations are carried out within the RTO/AVT-113 task group focusing on experimental and numerical research on delta wing configurations with rounded leading edges. Within this paper the focus is related to the flow topology depending on the angle of attack as well as on Reynolds number effects. Finally the results are compared and verified by experimental data.     

Mass and performance optimization of an airplane wing leading edge structure against bird strike using Taguchi-based grey relational analysis

Collisions between birds and aircraft are one of the most dangerous threats to flight safety. In this study, smoothed particles hydrodynamics (SPH) method is used for simulating the bird strike to an airplane wing leading edge structure. In order to verify the model, first, experiment of bird strike to a flat aluminum plate is simulated, and then bird impact on an airplane wing lead-ing edge structure is investigated. After that, considering dimensions of wing internal structural components like ribs, skin and spar as design variables, we try to minimize structural mass and wing skin deformation simultaneously. To do this, bird strike simulations to 18 different wing structures are made based on Taguchi’s L18 factorial design of experiment. Then grey relational analysis is used to minimize structural mass and wing skin deformation due to the bird strike. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is also applied and it is concluded that the most significant parameter for the performance of wing structure against impact is the skin thickness. Finally, a validation simu-lation is conducted under the optimal condition to show the improvement of performance of the wing structure.     

叶片前缘高精度重建方法研究

叶片前后缘的形状对发动机的气动性能有非常重要的影响。对叶片前后缘的精确建模是高质量加工的前提。现有的叶片前缘大多为圆弧或椭圆弧。为了实现精确建模,本文首先运用一种基于带约束的最小二乘方法对数据点进行拟合,然后用拟合的结果作为初值,根据椭圆的极线性质进行更精确地求解。实例表明本文的方法在对椭圆弧的拟合中具有比Fitzgibbon方法更好的鲁棒性及更高的精确度。在重建前缘时,一些事先难以排除的出格点极大地影响了拟合精度,鉴于本文方法具有较好的鲁棒性,本文提出了以前缘点为中心,对于逐次增加数据点多次运用本文的拟合方法,最终排除出格点的方案。数据实验验证了这一方案的有效性。总之,本文提出的拟合方法非常适合于在逆向工程中对叶片前缘的重建。      

压气机叶片的带平台圆弧形前缘

带平台圆弧形前缘的研究是为了优化前缘形状，抑制前缘流动分离。研究中使用了数值模拟方法和氢气泡流动显示实验方法。对带平台圆弧形前缘设计参数做了定义，并讨论了参数选择的准则。此前缘特有的双吸力峰的强度远远弱于圆弧形前缘的单吸力峰。在不同攻角下，其削弱前缘吸力峰，抑制流动分离的效果不亚于椭圆形(长短轴比=2)前缘，而且对加工精度要求低，更适合工程实际应用。     

Numerical analysis of broadband noise reduction with wavy leading edge

Large Eddy Simulation(LES) is performed to investigate the airfoil broadband noise reduction with wavy leading edge under anisotropic incoming turbulence. The anisotropic incoming turbulence is generated by a rod with a diameter of 10 mm. The incoming flow velocity is 40 m/s and the corresponding Reynolds numbers based on airfoil chord and rod diameter are about 397000 and 26000, respectively. The far-field acoustic field is predicted using an acoustic analogy method which has been validated by the experiment. A straight leading edge airfoil and a wavy leading edge airfoil are simulated. The results show that wavy leading edge increases the airfoil lift and drag whereas the lift and drag fluctuations are substantially reduced. In addition, wavy leading edge can significantly change the flow pattern around the leading edge and a pair of counter-rotating streamwise vortices stemming from each wavy leading edge peak are observed.An averaged noise reduction of 9.5 dB is observed with the wavy leading edge at the azimuthal angle of 90°. Moreover, the wavy leading edge can mitigate noise radiation at all the azimuthal angles without significantly changing the noise directivity. The underlying noise reduction mechanisms are then analyzed in detail.     

前缘钝化对乘波体非设计点性能影响分析

对前缘钝化后的乘波体在非设计状态下的气动性能进行了研究.乘波体的生成基于三维粘性流场,以乘波体上表面底部基线为参数化几何建模对象对乘波体进行设计和优化.采用改进的Tincher钝化方法对优化后的乘波体进行前缘钝化.利用CFD方法对设计马赫数6、巡航高度20 km的乘波体在马赫数4～8、迎角-6°～8°、飞行高度10～3...     

Experimental investigation and correlation development of jet impingement heat transfer with two rows of aligned jet holes on an internal surface of a wing leading edge

Extensive experimental studies on the heat transfer characteristics of two rows of aligned jet holes impinging on a concave surface in a wing leading edge were conducted, where50000 Rej 90000, 1.74 H/d 27.5, 66° a 90°, and 13.2 r/d 42.03. The finding was that the heat transfer performance at the jet-impingement stagnation point with two rows of aligned jet holes was the same as that with a single row of jet holes or the middle row of three-row configurations when the circumferential angle of the two jet holes was larger than 30°. The attenuation coefficient distribution of the jet impingement heat transfer in the chordwise direction was so complicated that two zones were divided for a better analysis. It indicated that: the attenuation coefficient curve in the jet impingement zone exhibited an approximate upside-down bell shape with double peaks and a single valley; the attenuation coefficient curve in the non-jet impingement zone was like a half-bell shape, which was similar to that with three rows of aligned jet holes; the factors,including Rej, H/d and r/d, affected the attenuation coefficient value at the valley significantly.When r/d was increased from 30.75 to 42.03, the attenuation rates of attenuation coefficient increased only by 1.8%. Consequently, experimental data-based correlation equations of the Nusselt number for the heat transfer at the jet-impingement stagnation point and the distributionof the attenuation coefficient in the chordwise direction were acquired, which play an important role in designing the wing leading edge anti-icing system with two rows of aligned jet holes.     

Effect of wall suction on leading edge contamination

This paper is devoted to an experimental study of swept wing leading edge contamination by the turbulence emanating from the wing-wall junction. The main objective is to delay the contamination onset by applying surface suction along the attachment line. Two series of experiments are described; the first one was performed in a small wind tunnel at CERT ONERA, the second one was carried out in the F2 wind tunnel at Le Fauga Mauzac centre. Hot film measurements showed that leading edge contamination could be delayed up to very large Reynolds numbers. We also studied the behaviour of the relaminarized boundary layer downstream of the sucked region, along the span as well as in the chordwise direction.     

前缘切口对翼伞气动性能的影响

对带不同前缘切口和弧面下反角以Clark-Y翼型为基础翼型的翼伞分别进行了二维和三维的数值模拟,详细分析了前缘切口和弧面下反角对翼伞气动性能的影响.结果表明:前缘切口在增强翼伞的滑翔性能的同时,导致升力系数减小,阻力系数增加,且切口越大,升力系数损失越严重;前缘切口的"唇部"可有效降低翼伞型阻;弧面下反角越大,翼伞升力损失越大;所推导的修正LLT(lift line theory)模型,在中小迎角范围内,具有很高的精度.      

Characteristics of turbine cascade with the modified leading edge of a profile

Some design and experimental data on two series of turbine cascades with the profiles having a conventional rounded edge and the modified profiles having the leading edge outline with continuously varied curvature are presented. The investigations showed that such a modification can lower the profile losses in the turbine cascade by 0.2–0.4 %.