地面效应对射流增升翼型性能影响实验研究

采用射流控制可以有效增加飞机升力、改善起降性能,而地面效应是分析飞机起降性能必须要考虑的因素。为了研究地面效应对射流增升翼型气动性能的影响,通过表面压力测量和PIV流场测量,详细对比研究了无射流条件下基本翼型、定常射流控制翼型及脉冲射流控制翼型在地面效应影响下的气动性能和流场特性。研究表明:受地面效应影响,基本翼型和射流增升翼型升力线斜率降低,升力减小,失速提前;有无地面效应时,脉冲射流的增升效果都大于定常射流;相同的射流动量系数下,距地越近,分离控制效果越差,升力也越小。     

等离子体合成射流改善翼型气动性能实验研究

等离子体合成射流(PSJ)是一种新型主动流动控制激励器,目前研究大多集中于激励特性,对于流动控制的应用研究还明显不足。为了深入探究PSJ翼型流动分离的控制能力与规律,以高升力翼型为载体,在翼型前缘施加等离子体合成射流激励(PSJA),研究激励器对升力特性的影响。结果表明:在翼型前缘施加PSJA,可以有效抑制流动分离;近失速迎角状态下,各个激励频率下都能产生良好的控制效果;过失速迎角状态下,低频效果最好,随激励电压增加,有效频率范围变宽;激励效果随来流速度增加而减弱,当来流速度20m/s时,翼型的失速迎角提高5°,最大升力系数提高8.1%;当来流速度为40m/s时,失速迎角提高3°,最大升力系数提高4.5%。     

合成双射流控制翼型分离流动的数值研究

合成双射流激励器是合成射流技术发展的最新成果,所形成的射流具有更高能量、流动更稳定的特点。采用数值模拟的方法,对比研究了合成射流与合成双射流对翼型分离流动的改善效果。结果表明:合成射流可以将翼型失速攻角提高2°、最大升力系数增加18%,合成双射流可以将翼型失速攻角提高4°、最大升力系数增加35%,证明了合成双射流具有更好的分离流动控制效果。另外着重分析了合成双射流工作频率和动量系数对控制效果的影响,发现当激励器工作频率为流场特征频率的1和2倍时,对翼型气动特性的改善效果最好,同时控制效果会随动量系数的增加而增大。     

应用协同射流原理的旋翼翼型增升减阻试验研究

协同射流技术作为一种新型主动流动控制技术,是突破旋翼翼型高增升减阻设计的最有潜力的发展方向之一。以 OA312 旋翼翼型作为基准翼型,研制微型涵道风扇组为驱动的旋翼翼型 CFJ 风洞测力模型,开展基于前缘高负压零质量内循环协同射流原理的旋翼翼型高增升减阻低速风洞试验,研究吹气口大小、吸气口大小和上翼面下沉量等基础参数对增升减阻的影响规律,探讨 CFJ 旋翼翼型关键参数最佳取值。结果表明：与OA312 基准翼型相比,小攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著降低阻力系数,甚至出现“负阻力”现象,实现了零升俯仰力矩基本不变;大攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著提升最大升力系数和失速迎角,其中,最大升力系数可提升约 67.5%,失速迎角推迟了近 14.8°。     

变来流下翼型动态失速的协同射流控制数值模拟

针对直升机前飞时旋翼在变来流下出现动态失速的问题，发展了基于协同射流的翼型动态失速控制方法。选取NACA0012翼型为研究对象，基于转捩SST湍流模型求解非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程，开展不同参数下协同射流控制翼型动态失速的数值模拟。研究结果表明，协同射流能够有效抑制变来流条件下的翼型动态失速。在变来流下，射流流道对翼型原始气动特性产生不利影响，功率系数的增长速度快于射流动量系数的增加，协同射流存在具有较好控制效果的最佳工作区间。协同射流通过与主流掺混来加速涡系演化，以抑制动态失速，通过增强弦向气流的动能以克服逆压梯度，从而抑制流动分离和促进流动再附着。在马赫数0.283、减缩频率0.151、前进比0.25的条件下，协同射流使翼型升力提高、阻力下降、负俯仰力矩峰降低、流动再附着提前，翼型气动特性得到明显改善。     

协同射流在垂直尾翼流动控制中的应用研究

飞机垂直尾翼的气动特性直接关系到垂直尾翼尺寸和质量,通过流动控制方法提高垂直尾翼的升力可以进一步减小垂直尾翼尺寸,对减小结构质量具有实际意义。采用计算流体力学方法,对垂直尾翼的协同射流主动流动控制进行数值模拟;研究射流动量系数对连续协同射流的影响规律,以及射流动量系数、堵塞比、喷口数量等参数对离散协同射流的影响规律。结果表明:对于连续型协同射流,随着射流动量系数的增大,增升减阻和抑制分离的效果越显著;对于离散型协同射流,随着堵塞比的增加,增升效果逐渐下降,但功耗也同时下降;随着喷口数量的增多,增升效果先增大后减小,综合气动效率有所提升。     

地面试验模拟高空等离子体流动控制效果

提出了一种利用地面试验研究不同海拔高度等离子体流动控制性能的方法,该方法基于等离子体诱导射流雷诺相似原则,首先通过测量不同气压下静止空气中等离子体诱导射流的雷诺数,确定地面模拟等离子体激励器的结构和激励参数,然后将该激励器用于风洞试验,最后根据风洞试验结果评估等离子体在不同海拔高度处的流动控制效果。利用该方法研究了等离子体控制临近空间S1223翼型,结果表明相同工作条件下等离子体诱导射流最大速度随着海拔高度增加而增大,但射流雷诺数逐渐降低;高海拔低气压下除了切向壁面射流,等离子体在激励器上方诱导出一个高速向下的法向射流;采用雷诺相似等离子体激励器控制雷诺数为7.1×104的S1223翼型表面流动,攻角为6°~20°时升力系数增大27%~43%,表明采用等离子体流动控制技术后临近空间飞行器的升力特性可得到显著提升。     

低雷诺数下协同射流关键参数对翼型气动性能的影响

协同射流是一种高效的新型主动流动控制技术,至今缺乏关键参数对翼型气动性能影响规律的系统研究。通过引入螺旋桨激励盘模型,发展了一种新的协同射流翼型流动模拟方法,使得射流反作用力计算更符合实际。在低雷诺数条件下,以NACA6415为基准翼型开展了射流动量系数、开口尺寸和位置等关键参数对翼型气动性能的影响规律研究,并探讨了相应的物理机制。结果表明：大迎角分离流状态下,射流动量系数对翼型气动性能的影响规律比小迎角附着流状态更复杂;随着吹气口尺寸增加,气泵功率系数先减后增,有效升阻比先增后减;随着吸气口尺寸增加,气泵功率系数逐渐减小,有效升阻比先增加后趋于平稳;吹/吸气口位置对翼型气动性能和气泵功率系数的影响很小。     

NACA4412翼型低速绕流数值计算中湍流模型对比

使用Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)、SSTk-ω、Gao-Yong 3种湍流模型对NACA4412翼型低速绕流进行了数值计算,研究了尾迹流动松弛效应。对流项采用Roe格式离散,扩散项采用二阶中心格式离散,离散后的控制方程用多步Runge-Kutta显示时间推进法求解。计算中对翼型尾缘流松弛效应进行了分析,比较了翼型表面压力系数、速度剖面、雷诺应力等的分布,3种湍流模型总体上能够较好地模拟NACA4412翼型低速绕流。SSTk-ω模型对流动细节及升力系数计算最好,Gao-Yong模型对翼型平均速度剖面及雷诺剪切应力分布计算最准确。     

增升减阻流动控制技术的数值模拟研究

针对微型涡流发生器、实体鼓包这两种被动流动控制技术和零净质量射流这种主动流动控制技术进行了数值模拟。研究了微型涡流发生器的高度和弦向安装位置对超临界机翼增升减阻的影响规律,高度合适的微型涡流发生器对机翼上表面的流动分离控制起着有利作用;微型涡流发生器最佳气动效率的取得与其弦向安装位置有关。研究了实体鼓包的高度对超临界翼型减少激波阻力和增加升阻比的影响规律,在激波的波脚位置有效地使用实体鼓包,可以减小激波阻力;在中高升力系数情况下,使用实体鼓包可提高升阻比。还研究了零净质量射流的速度幅值和射流频率对翼型增加升力的影响规律,随着射流速度幅值的增加,翼型的平均升力系数和阻力系数都要增加;射流频率对升力的影响呈非线性。     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement of co-flow jet airfoil with simple high-lift device

The present study performed a numerical investigation to explore the performance enhancement of a co-flow jet (CFJ) airfoil with simple high-lift device configuration, with a specific goal to examine the feasibility and capability of the proposed configuration for low-speed take-off and landing. Computations have been accomplished by an in-house-programmed Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver enclosed by k-ω shear stress transport turbulence model. Three crucial geometric parameters, viz., injection slot location, suction slot location and its angle were selected for the sake of revealing their effects on aerodynamic lift, drag, power consumption and equivalent lift-to-drag ratio. Results show that using simple high-lift devices on CFJ airfoil can significantly augment the aerodynamic associated lift and efficiency which evidences the feasibility of CFJ for short take-off and landing with small angle of attack. The injection and suction slot locations are more influential with respect to the aerodynamic performance of CFJ airfoil compared with the suction slot angle. The injection location is preferable to be located in the downstream of the pressure suction peak on leading edge to reduce the power expenditure of the pumping system for a relative higher equivalent lift-to-drag ratio. Another concluded criterion is that the suction slot should be oriented on the trailing edge flap for achieving more aerodynamic gain, meanwhile, carefully selecting this location is crucial in determining the aerodynamic enhancement of CFJ airfoil with deflected flaps.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of co-flow jet wing with simple high-lift devices

Numerical investigations are conducted to explore the aerodynamic characteristics of three-dimensional Co-Flow Jet(CFJ) wing with simple high-lift devices during low-speed takeoff and landing. Effects of three crucial parameters of CFJ wing, i.e., angle of attack, jet momentum and swept angle, are comprehensively examined. Additionally, the aerodynamic characteristics of two CFJ configurations, i.e., using open and discrete slots for injection, are compared. The results show that applying CFJ te...     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by co-flow jet

Introducing active flow control into the design of flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a novel active flow control technology called Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) is applied to flapping airfoils. The effect of CFJ on aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils at low Reynolds number is numerically investigated using Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation with Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Numerical methods are validated by a NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil case and a S809 pitching airfoil case. Then NACA6415 baseline airfoil and NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil with jet-off and jet-on are simulated in flapping motion, with Reynolds number 70,000 and reduced frequency 0.2. As a result, CFJ airfoils with jet-on generally have better lift and thrust characteristics than baseline airfoils and jet-off airfoil when C_μ is greater than 0.04, which results from the CFJ effect of reducing flow separation by injecting high-energy fluid into boundary layer. Besides, typical kinematic and geometric parameters, including the reduced frequency and the positions of the suction and injection slot, are systematically studied to figure out their influence on aerodynamic performance of the CFJ airfoil. And a variable C_μ jet control strategy is proposed to further improve effective propulsive efficiency. Compared with using constant C_μ, an increase of effective propulsive efficiency by 22.6% has been achieved by using prescribed variable C_μ for NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil at frequency 0.2. This study may provide some guidance to performance enhancement for Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).     

基于联合射流的翼型动态失速流动控制研究

动态失速控制对于提高翼型气动特性具有重要意义。采用联合射流方法对翼型俯仰动态失速控制进行数值模拟,完成两方面的研究:一是射流关闭时射流通道对动态失速特性的影响,二是射流开启时不同射流动量系数对动态失速控制的影响和分析。结果表明:射流关闭时,射流通道的存在对翼型上仰过程中附着流阶段的气动特性产生不利影响,使得升力系数明显下降,但是对翼型下俯过程中失速分离流阶段的气动特性影响不明显;射流开启后,动态失速特性得到极大改善,迟滞环面积显著减小,升力增加,阻力减小,且阻力和力矩的峰值显著减小,原基准翼型力矩曲线的负阻尼区域消失。     

Numerical investigation of co-flow jet airfoil with parabolic flap

Both the Active Flow Control (AFC) and the variable-camber technology are considered as efficient ways to enhance the aerodynamic performance of an aircraft. The present study investigated the feasibility of the combination of a Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) airfoil and a parabolic flap, where the Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) turbulence model were exploited for the numerical simulation. Several significant geometric parameters, including the injection slot location, the suction slot location, the injection slot angle, the suction slot angle and the airfoil Suction Surface Translation (SST), were selected to study their effects on the aerodynamics of the proposed configuration. Then, an optimized design was created and compared with the baseline airfoil. The results show that the CFJ airfoil combined with the parabolic flap is more beneficial to the aerodynamic performance enhancement at small angles of attack. It is preferable to locate the injection slot at a 2% chord-wise location and the suction slot at a 75% chord-wise location. Both the decrease of the injection slot angle and the augmentation of the suction slot angle could reduce the drag. Furthermore, the SST of 0.5% chord is selected due to its high gain in the corrected aerodynamic efficiency at small angles of attack. Compared with the baseline, the optimized design could increase the lift coefficient and the corrected lift-to-drag ratio by 32.1% and 93.8% respectively at the angle of attack α = 4°.     

脉冲吹气对无缝襟翼翼型气动性能的影响

只有采用足够小的能量输入,获取更大的空气动力收益后,主动流动控制才有可能在真实飞机上获得更广泛的应用。脉冲吹气比定常吹气所需能量更少,控制效果更好,在改善翼型气动性能上得到广泛的研究。数值模拟了脉冲频率、占空比、动量系数等参数对无缝襟翼翼型升阻特性的影响规律,研究表明,脉冲频率接近于涡脱落频率时增升效果最好,当脉冲频率小于涡脱落频率时,阻力增加,当脉冲频率为涡脱落频率2倍时,阻力减小最多;动量系数较小时,占空比越小,冲击效应越强,增升效果越好;动量系数小于临界动量系数时,脉冲吹气增升效果优于定常吹气,当动量系数大于临界动量系数时,脉冲吹气控制效果低于定常吹气。研究脉冲吹气参数对翼型性能的影响规律,对采用周期性激励增升减阻、舵面增效的飞行器设计具有一定参考意义。     

低雷诺数下螺旋桨翼型非定常气动性能的比较

为得到适用于平流层螺旋桨桨叶叶素的翼型,采用数值方法,通过改变气流速度和攻角,比较研究了低雷诺数下8种典型翼型的非定常气动性能.结果显示,大攻角工况下翼型容易发生流动分离现象,翼型吸力面的分离越严重,气动力的振荡幅度越大.通过比较不同攻角和不同速度下翼型的升阻比大小和气动稳定性得出,SD 8000 - PT翼型具有较高的升阻比和较稳定的气动力,适合作为螺旋桨的翼型.     

Effect of flexibility on unsteady aerodynamics forces of a purely plunging airfoil

Introducing flexibility into the design of a vertically flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. As less previous studies on the aerodynamics of vertically flapping flexible wings focused on the lift generated in a wide range of angle of attack·a 2D numerical simulation of a purely plunging flexible airfoil is employed using a loose fluid–structure interaction method. The aerodynamics of a fully flexible airfoil are firstly studied with the flexibility and angle of attack. To verify whether an airfoil could get aerodynamic benefit from the change in structure, partially flexible airfoil with rigid leading edge and flexible trailing edge were further considered. Results show that flexibility could always reduce airfoil drag while lift and lift efficiency both peak at moderate flexibility. When freestream velocity is constant, lift is maximized at a high angle of attack about 40° while this optimal angle of attack reduces to 15° in drag-balanced status. The airfoil drag reduction, lift augmentation as well as efficiency enhancement mainly attribute to the passive pitching other than the camber deformation. Partially deformed airfoil with the longest length of moderate flexible trailing edge can achieve the highest lift. This study may provide some guidance in the wing design of Micro Air Vehicle (MAV).