方位维逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)运动补偿成象中的预加处理

在方位维逆合成孔径雷达（ISAR）运动补偿成象中,为了获得方位维的高分辨力,需要处理的数据量很大。预加处理首先对原始数据进行频移和滤波,然后由滤波后的数据进行抽取,从而大大压缩了所需处理的数据,减小了运动补偿和成象的计算量,提高了成象处理速度。电磁仿真数据和外场实测数据的处理结果验证了预加处理的有效性。     

同时距离对准和相位补偿

在ＩＳＡＲ距离对准频域法的基础上,提出了一种新的ＩＳＡＲ运动补偿法。它将距离对准和相位补偿同时进行,因而能够简化运动补偿环节,减少运动补偿计算量。从理论上证明了所采用的相位补偿法与多普勒中心跟踪法是等效的。最后利用ＩＳＡＲ外场实测数据和微波暗室数据进行了验证,并且考察了所述方法的噪声性能。     

Target-Motion-Induced Radar Imaging

Imaging from ground-based (stationary) radars of moving targets is often possible by utilizing a "synthetic aperture" developed from the target motion itself. The theory and experimental results associated with such processing are addressed. An aircraft is imaged from both a straight flight and a turn with recognizable results. Analysis shows that two-phase components exist in the radar return, one being gross velocity induced, the other being interscatterer interference within the target itself. The former phase must be removed prior to imaging and techniques are developed for this task. Preprocessing, range curvature, range alignment, motion compensation, and presumming are all addressed prior to presenting the experimental results. Coherence processing intervals, range collapsing, and range realignment are all examined during the processing aspects of the paper.     

Motion compensation for ISAR and noise effect

A method of motion compensation for inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) is proposed. The techniques of interpolation, cross correlation, and estimation are used together. Essential to the method is the fact that avoiding cross-range image aliasing due to Doppler ambiguities requires range profiles to be generated at an adequate rate. The effect of noise on motion compensation is studied by means of simulation. The quality of the reconstructed image is used to evaluate the method     

机动目标的逆合成孔径雷达成像

 逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)和合成孔径雷达 (SAR)都是利用目标 (场景)与雷达的相对运动,提高横向分辨率,实现对目标 (场景 )的成像。SAR的运动方是雷达平台,可控制作平稳飞行,且用仪器测校其偏离误差;ISAR的运动方通常是非合作目标,运动不受控制,且难以精确测量。当目标作机动飞行时,以目标作固定基准,雷达等效地在空间形成流形复杂的逆合成孔径 (阵列 ),对这种情况下成像的问题进行了系统的研究。     

基于修正离散Chirp-Fourier变换的高速目标ISAR距离像补偿

分析了高速运动目标的逆合成孔径雷达（ISAR）回波信号模型和高速运动对ISAR信号处理的影响。结果表明,高速运动特征会导致目标一维距离像的畸变和二维像的模糊。为此,提出了一种基于修正离散Chirp Fourier变换（MDCFT）的高速运动目标距离像补偿算法,采用MDCFT谱包络最小Shannon熵准则进行参数估计,可解决幅度最大准则下参数估计性能恶化的问题。仿真结果表明了该距离像补偿算法的有效性。     

表面粗糙的复杂目标全极化ISAR图像快速仿真

为了获取基于模板图像的车辆、飞机等复杂目标识别所需的海量高质量逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)图像,提出了表面粗糙的复杂目标全极化ISAR图像快速仿真方法。该方法预先对车辆和飞机等复杂目标表面粗糙程度进行分级定量描述,并以改进的射线弹跳法和等效边缘流法快速预估来自目标粗糙表面的镜面反射和多次反射贡献以及细分边缘的绕射贡献,经相干叠加获得目标的精确电磁散射数据,最后进行成像处理得到高质量全极化ISAR图像。标准体、飞机和车辆目标的仿真实验结果验证了该方法的准确性和有效性。     

Autofocusing of ISAR images based on entropy minimization

A novel autofocusing technique is developed for random translational motion compensation in inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging of objects. This technique is based on an entropy minimization principle and validated via a nonparametric estimation method. Images of a simulation and a real flying aircraft are used for illustration. Images of encouraging quality confirm the feasibility of autofocusing the radar images by just the requirement of minimizing the image entropy     

飞机滚转时惯性耦合运动的分岔分析

飞机非线性运动稳定性是非线性飞行动力学的重要组成部分,分岔分析则是非线性动力学系统运动稳定性分析的主要内容。应用中心流形的降维技巧和分岔分析方法,给出了一种快速有效的稳定性研究方法,并对飞机滚转时的惯性耦合运动进行了分岔分析和稳定性分析。本方法简便易行,可以大大减少计算工作量 ,其计算结果也是令人满意的。     

High resolution 3D “snapshot” ISAR imaging and featureextraction

We have developed a new formulation for three dimensional (3D) radar imaging of inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) data based on recent developments in high resolution spectral estimation theory. Typically for non real-time applications, image formation is a two step process consisting of motion determination and image generation. The technique presented focuses on this latter process, and assumes the motion of the target is known. The new technique offers several advantages over conventional techniques which are based on the correlation imaging function. In particular, the technique provides for a direct 3D estimate (versus back projection to a 3D target grid matrix) of the locations of the dominant scattering centers using only a minimum set of independent 2D range-Doppler ISAR “snapshots” of the target. Because of the snapshot nature of the technique, it is particularly applicable to 3D imaging of sectors of sparse-angle data, for which the sidelobes of the correlation imaging integral become high. Furthermore, the technique provides for an estimate of amplitude and phase of each scattering center as a function of aspect angle to the target, for those aspect angles which encompass the set of 2D range-Doppler snapshots. Results illustrating the technique developed are presented for both simulated and static range data     

机载SAR成像对瞄准线运动补偿的要求

飞机偏离匀速直线运动的运动误差是机载合成孔径雷达成像的基本困难之一。通过详细的理论推导,给出了当飞机沿瞄准线方向同时存在恒定速度误差,恒定加速度误差和正确弦摆动速度误差时,以回波信号压缩波形的主瓣偏移,二次相位误差,三次相位误差以及积分旁瓣比等ＳＡＲ系统图像质量指标的最大允许值表示的机载正侧视ＳＡＲ运动补偿定量要求的解析式。并结合一例子进行了计算分析,所得结论可供有关人员参考。     

复杂航迹和起伏地形条件下机载聚束SAR 空变运动补偿

 运动补偿是雷达平台机动飞行条件下合成孔径雷达(SAR)实现精确聚焦成像的前提,而如何精确实现运动误差的空变补偿(误差补偿随目标距离、方位和高度位置的变化而变化)目前还存在很大的挑战。本文提出了一种新的三阶运动补偿方法,能够有效解决复杂雷达航迹和地形起伏条件下运动误差的空变补偿问题。该方法首先以场景中心为参考进行空不变运动补偿,然后以多个子场景中心为参考进行空变运动补偿,最后再利用极坐标格式算法(PFA)统一补偿每个像素的空变误差。仿真数据处理结果验证了本文方法的有效性。     

Flight trajectory optimization of sun-tracking solar aircraft under the constraint of mission region

The optimal yawing angle of sun-tracking solar aircraft is tightly related to the solar azimuth angle, which results in a large arc flight path to dynamically track the sun position. However, the limited detection range of payload usually requires solar aircraft to loiter over areas of interest for persistent surveillance missions. The large arc sun-tracking flight may cause the target area on the ground to be outside the maximum coverage area of payload. The present study therefore develops an optimal flight control approach for planning the flight path of sun-tracking solar aircraft within a mission region. The proposed method enables sun-tracking solar aircraft to maintain the optimal yawing angle most of the time during daylight flight, except when the aircraft reverses its direction by turning flight. For a circular region with a mission radius of 50 km, the optimal flight trajectory and controls of an example Λ-shaped sun-tracking solar aircraft are investigated theoretically. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach to optimize the flight path of the sun-tracking aircraft under the given circular region while maximizing the battery input power. Furthermore, the effects of varying the mission radius on energy performance are explored numerically. It has been proved that both net energy and energy balance remain nearly constant as the radius constraint varies, which enables the solar aircraft to achieve perpetual flight at almost the same latitude as the large arc flight. The method and results presented in this paper can provide reference for the persistent operation of sun-tracking solar aircraft within specific mission areas.     

低速风洞飞行器模型编队飞行绳系并联支撑机构

设计了一种用于飞行器双机编队飞行的风洞试验模型绳系并联支撑机构,模拟在周边有障碍物的有限空间通道中的飞行运动。以直升机为例,根据工况参数设计了双绳牵引并联机构作为飞行器模型的支撑,建立了基于可移动的滑轮铰点与直升机模型编队协同飞行的运动学模型,对系统的静刚度进行了分析,并通过试验验证了旋翼转动对该绳系支撑系统动刚度的影响,给出了在有限空间通道中模拟双机编队飞行与着陆过程中绳与绳之间、绳与模型之间的干涉算法,并对该支撑机构的绳系结构进行了干涉分析。结果表明,所设计的支撑机构能有效解决模拟飞行器模型双机编队在有限空间中飞行运动时的支撑干涉问题,而且系统刚度达到低速风洞试验的稳定性要求,是低速风洞中支撑飞行器模型进行编队飞行试验的有效解决方案。     

双基地角时变下的ISAR等效旋转中心估计

双基地逆合成孔径雷达（ISAR）距离-多普勒算法成像时，容易引起越分辨单元徙动问题，影响成像质量，为了抑制越分辨单元徙动，需要估计目标的等效旋转中心。本文针对双基地角时变下的ISAR等效旋转中心估计问题，提出了一种等效旋转中心估计算法。该算法首先将运动补偿后的一维距离像序列分为两组并分别成像，得到两幅图像；其次，假定某个距离单元为等效旋转中心位置，对两幅图像进行畸变校正，使得两幅图像只存在一个视角差，按视角差旋转其中的一幅图像，并与另一幅图像作相关，得到相关系数；然后，假定下一个距离单元为等效旋转中心位置，重复上述步骤，直至遍历结束，相关系数最大值对应的假定位置就是估计的等效旋转中心。最后进行了仿真对比实验，表明本文算法能够有效估计双基地角时变下的ISAR等效旋转中心位置。     

非合作目标动态RCS仿真方法

针对非合作目标难以开展动态测量的问题,根据空气动力学原理提出了一种非合作目标动态雷达散射截面（RCS）仿真方法。该方法首先建立测量背景下典型飞行航路模型,然后计算雷达视线在机体坐标系上的时变姿态角。根据姿态角开展电磁计算,获得F-117A隐身攻击机在侧站平飞、背站拉起、对站俯冲、侧站盘旋4种航路下的动态RCS数据。着重分析了动、静态RCS特性在起伏目标检测性能评估上的差异。结果表明：静态RCS特性难以反映目标运动时真实的雷达特性,利用静态数据描述目标特性可能导致错误结论,而文中方法获取的动态RCS数据可以提高结论的完整性和可信度。     

航迹规划中雷达探测空间的生成

从飞机突防习行任务规划出发，综合考虑地球曲率、陆地（或海洋）的反射和杂波干扰、大气折射和吸收损耗等因素的影响，采用临界散射截面法生成了对空警戒雷达在不同地貌、发现概率下，对不同雷达散射截面的目标的探测空间。计算并分析了飞行高度、目标雷达散射截面、发现概率和地貌等因素对雷达探测空间的影响，以便选择低探测概率的飞行走廓，这对制定和实施安全突防飞行策略有实际意义。     

Precision tracking algorithms for ISAR imaging

The simultaneous imaging and tracking of a moving target is one of the most difficult problems in inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) signal processing. The problem is addressed here using a two-antenna imaging radar. The target range shift is sensed with an exponentially averaged envelope correlation algorithm while the angle change is measured with a differential phase shift algorithm. The three state Kalman filters are used in range and azimuth dimensions to provide both a filtered estimate and a one-sample-ahead prediction for the purpose of target tracking. The filtered range shift provides an accurate information for range bin alignment, and the target angle change provides the angular positions of the synthetic array elements. Therefore, the ISAR imaging simply becomes processing of a circular-arc aperture. The algorithms are verified both by computer simulations and also with experimental data processing     

Imaging of target with complicated motion using ISAR system based on IPHAF-TVA

The technique of imaging a target with a complicated motion using an Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) system is an effective tool in the field of radar signal processing. After the translational compensation, the received signal reflected from the target can take the form of a multi-component Polynomial Phase Signal (m-PPS), and the high quality ISAR image can be provided via the combination between the estimated parameters of the m-PPS and the Range Instantaneous-Doppler technique (RID). For a target with a high maneuvrability, the occurrence of scatterers Migration Through Resolution Cell (MTRC), caused by the rotational movement could be appearing. That is why the variation in the amplitude of the echo during the time of observation cannot be neglected. The purpose of this study is the parameters estimation of the m-PPS signal with order three in the case of the Time Varying Amplitude (TVA). The Improved-version of the Product High-order Ambiguity Function (IPHAF) with TVA is proposed to improve the quality of the ISAR image compared with traditional techniques based on a constant amplitude; the experimental outcomes confirm that the new IPHAF-TVA method presented in this study is an effective technique to make the ISAR image very clear.     

多卜勒波束锐化运动补偿方法的研究

载机在空中的任何机动行为都会使多卜勒波束锐化(ＤＢＳ)性能下降,严重时甚至失效。针对ＤＢＳ工作特点,对所需的运动补偿方法,进行了深入的分析与研究,给出了运动补偿的一般方法,同时还提出了一种新的用载机在雷达视线(ＬＯＳ)上的投影速度来实时控制脉冲重复周期(ＰＲＦ)的相位补偿方法,并对该方法的精度及其对惯导系统(ＩＮＳ)的容差范围作了分析。最后给出了模拟结果。