美国高轨天基态势感知技术发展与启示

太空是国家新边疆,太空活动是国家意志和战略意图的重要体现,是国家利益拓展的重要保障,太空安全已成为国家安全的重要组成部分.经略太空感知先行,空间态势感知是指获取和认知空间态势信息,包括空间 目标监视和空间环境监测,是进一步开展空间操控和空间对抗的基础.本文首先梳理了美国空间态势感知领域相关条令的发展历程,介绍了美国高轨...     

美国天基空间态势感知系统发展

随着全球空间优势争夺加剧、空间碎片增长以及空间对抗技术发展,空间安全日益成为全球关注的焦点。空间态势感知包括对空间目标的探测、跟踪、识别、编目、表征,对空间事件的评估、核实,以及对空间环境的监测预报等,是了解与应对空间威胁、确保空间安全的基础,近年来受到航天国家高度重视。美国作为拥有最多空间资产、对空间依赖最强的国家,大力发展空间态势感知能力,重点发展具有全天时、全天候探测优势的天基系统,实施了一系列天基空间态势感知装备部署和技术研发计划,构建全维空间态势感知能力。天基空间态势感知系统包括专用空间目标监视卫星、具有空间监视能力的导弹预警卫星、具有空间目标监视能力的技术试验卫星,以及空间环境监测卫星。本文重点关注专用空间目标监视卫星和有关技术试验卫星。     

小卫星星座对空间交通管理的挑战及完善建议

正近年来,构建空间交通管理国际规则体系的呼声日益高涨,美国等航天国家已经着手构建并完善国内的空间交通管理体系。由于利益诉求各不相同,空间交通管理的概念至今尚未达成共识。但空间态势感知和空间碎片治理作为空间交通管理的重要方面,其对外空可持续发展的重要意义得到了国际共识。小卫星星座的迅速发展对这两方面的挑战尤为明显,因此加强小卫星星座的空间态势感知,减缓小卫星星座产生的空间碎片,对空间交通管理具有重要意义。中国也应积极构建国内空间交通管理体系,争取国际规则的制定权。     

美国天基空间目标监测系统概况

随着美军对天基空间目标监视研究的高度重视,近几年美国将重点研制和部署一些新型天基空间目标监视系统,以确保美国在近期内获得满足空间对抗需求的空间态势感知能力。     

美军空间态势感知装备发展重要动向及影响

空间态势感知的主要任务是为太空攻防提供基础和保障,它包括探测跟踪和识别太空目标、监测太空环境、进行太空威胁告警和为太空攻击提供目标信息。为了强化太空控制能力,美国近期高度重视空间态势感知的能力建设,不但将空间态势感知提升为独立的太空任务领域,而且加快装备建设,提升指挥与控制能力,强化国际合作,多条腿走路,快速提升能力。2014年,美军多颗高轨空间态势感知卫星入轨,并继续研发立方体卫星与通用传感器技术,发展一体化指挥与控制能力,普遍加强与盟国的空间态势感知数据共享与能力共建,新型地基太空监视系统建造工作取得了实质性进展。     

国外航天装备与技术重大动向分析

空间态势感知的主要任务是为太空攻防提供基础和保障,它包括探测跟踪和识别太空目标、监测太空环境、进行太空威胁告警和为太空攻击提供目标信息。为了强化太空控制能力,美国近期高度重视空间态势感知的能力建设,不但将空间态势感知提升为独立的太空任务领域,而且加快装备建设,提升指挥与控制能力,强化国际合作,多条腿走路,快速提升能力。2014年,美军多颗高轨空间态势感知卫星入轨,并继续研发立方体卫星与通用传感器技术,发展一体化指挥与控制能力,普遍加强与盟国的空间态势感知数据共享与能力共建,新型地基太空监视系统建造工作取得了实质性进展。     

美国反卫星武器的新进展

近年来,美国一直致力于空间对抗武器装备的研制,其独霸太空的野心不言而喻.从目前该领域的发展来看,重点是提高空间态势感知能力和发展反卫星武器,以保持美国在空间的绝对优势.     

美大量军星待发,太空军事化加速

静止轨道空间态势感知高机动卫星 2022年1月22日,宇宙神5 火箭成功发射了美国NROL-8任务的2颗"地球同步轨道空间态势感知计划"(GSSAP)卫星,将它们送入了地球静止轨道.GSSAP卫星此前已发射4颗,都是采用德尔它火箭一箭双星的方式.此次发射为宇宙神5511构型火箭,这也是该构型火箭的首次,此次发射的2颗卫...     

构建广义立方体感知网络安全态势

针对大多方法感知范围局限、信息来源单一、空间时间复杂性高及准确性偏差较大等问题,提出了分层感知模型与构建广义立方体感知网络安全态势的方法.将监测到的连续型态势因子数据经"3σ法则"离散化预处理后,聚合在所构建的广义立方体格中,纵向上融合成组件的安全态势,横向上对组件安全态势采用统计的方法融合成网络的安全态势,为增强网络安全性提供可靠的参照依据.利用网络实例数据对所提出的网络安全态势感知模型和算法进行验证,表明了该方法的正确性.      

信息时代战略威慑新高地-美国空间威慑战略分析

近年来，随着美国对空间系统依赖性的日益增加，以及空间日益呈现出“拥挤、对抗、竞争”的态势，空间威慑已成为美国维护空间安全的重要手段。美国在《国家安全空间战略》、《国防部空间政策》等多份战略文件中强调，采取多层威慑手段慑止对美国及其盟国空间资产的攻击。2016年1月，美国智库新美国安全中心发布《从庇护所到战场：美国空间防御与威慑战略构想》报告，提出“有限空间战”构想，反映了美国在空间威慑问题上的新思路和新认识。空间威慑已成为继核威慑之后一种新型战略威慑样式，将对空间力量发展和空间安全产生重要影响。     

2005年全球反恐特警队赛记

2005年3月30日到4月2日为期4天，在美国拉斯维加斯举行的全球特警挑战赛（Original World SWAT Challenge,OWSC）中，总计有18支队伍参赛。[编者按]     

Indirect search for Dark Matter with H.E.S.S.

Observations of the Galactic center region with the H.E.S.S. telescopes have established the existence of a steady, extended source of gamma-ray emission coinciding with the position of the super massive black hole Sgr A^*. This is a remarkable finding given the expected presence of dense self-annihilating Dark Matter in the Galactic center region. The self-annihilation process is giving rise to gamma-ray production through hadronization including the production of neutral pions which decay into gamma-rays but also through (loop-suppressed) annihilation into final states of almost mono-energetic photons. We study the observed gamma-ray signal (spectrum and shape) from the Galactic center in the context of Dark Matter annihilation and indicate the prospects for further indirect Dark Matter searches with H.E.S.S.     

The Comet Halley flyby I.R. sounder “I.K.S.”

An infrared sounder is being developed in France to observe in 1986 Comet Halley from the Soviet “VEGA” flyby probes. The instrument, called “I.K.S.”, has three measuring channels. Two of these channels will provide the spectrum of the comet emission in the spectral intervals 2.5–5.0 μ and 6–12 μ, at a constant resolution λ/Δλ = 50.The third channel analyzes the comet I.R. image at a spatial frequency of about 1 arc minute^?1; two I.R. colours are used in this channel: 7–10 μ and 10–14 μ. From the results expected, it is hoped that (1) most primary simple molecules emitted by the nucleus will be identified; (2) the chemical composition and perhaps crystalline structure of the dust grains and ices released by the comet will be derived; and (3) the diameter of the nucleus and its brightness temperatures will be measured.     

Mechanisms underlying cellular radiosensitivity and R.B.E.: introductory remarks.

A general outline of the symposium titled "Mechanisms underlying cellular radiosensitivity and R.B.E." will be given in the introduction. The essential topics of molecular radiation biology are described with respect to the damage, repair and mutagenesis caused by high-LET irradiation to cellular DNA. The importance of clustered DNA lesions (locally multiply damaged sites) formed in vivo is discussed. This symposium is devoted to the mechanisms of the biological effects of radiation with high LET, especially with regard to the effects of heavy ions and neutrons which may cause possible risks in space flight, (e.g. carcinogenesis and mutagenesis). Detailed understanding of these risks, however, demands knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the biological effects of high-LET radiations. Thus, it was the organizers' idea to hold a symposium dealing with primary physical and chemical events caused in cellular deoxyribonucleoproteins by densely-ionizing radiations and to relate them to track structures and energy transfer processes. The mechanisms of DNA damage were regarded from different points of view including those considering DNA repair and mutagenesis. Problems associated with cell survival and radiation protection were discussed as well. Our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of high-LET radiation actions, however, is limited compared to what we know about low-LET radiation effects (e.g. from gamma-rays or X-rays). To emphasize this statement, I would like to summarize briefly the open questions in molecular radiation biology, what we know already about low-LET effects and what is lacking describing the effect of high-LET radiation.     

The C.E.B.A.S.-Minimodule: behaviour of an artificial aquatic ecological system during spaceflight.

The C.E.B.A.S.-Minimodule, a closed aquatic ecosystem integrated into a middeck locker and consisting of a Zoological (animal tanks), a Botanical (plant bioreactor), a Microbial (bacteria filter) and an Electronic Component (data acquisition/control system) was flown on the STS-89 spaceshuttle mission in January 1998 for 9 days. Preflight the plant bioreactor was loaded with 53 g of Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail) and the animal tanks with 4 adult pregnant females of the fish, Xiphophorus helleri (sword-tails), 200 juveniles of the same species less than 1 week of age, 38 large and 30 juvenile Biomphalaria glabrata water snails. The filter compartment was filled with 200 g of lava grain inoculated with laboratory strains of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. A ground reference was undertaken with the same biological setup with a delay of 4 d. After an adaptation period of 5 d the system was closed and integrated into the spaceshuttle one day before launch. Video recordings of the animals were automatically taken for 10 minutes in 2-hour periods; the tapes were changed daily by the astronauts. The chemical and physical data for the aquatic system were within the expected range and were closely comparable in comparison to the ground reference. After 9 d under space conditions, the plant biomass increased to 117 g. The plants were all found in very good condition. All 4 adult female fish were retrieved in a good physiological condition. The juvenile fishes had a survival rate of about 33%. Almost 97% of the snails had survived and produced more than 250 neonates and 40 spawning packs. All samples were distributed according to a defined schedule and satisfied all scientific needs of the involved 12 principal investigators. This was the first successful spaceflight of an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing vertebrates, invertebrates, higher plants and microorganisms self-sustained by its inhabitants only. C.E.B.A.S. in a modified form and biological setup is a promising candidate for the early space station utilization as a first midterm experiment.     

The "C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE": a self-sustaining closed aquatic ecosystem for spaceflight experimentation.

The C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE is the miniaturized space flight version of the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.). It fits into a large middeck locker tray and is scheduled to be flown in the STS 85 and in the NEUROLAB missions. Its volume is about 9 liters and it consists of two animal tanks, a plant cultivator, and a bacteria filter in a monolithic design. An external sensor unit is connected to a data acquisition/control unit. The system integrates its own biological life support. The CO2 exhaled by the consumers (fishes, snails, microorganisms) is assimilated by water plants (Ceratophyllum demersum) which provide them with oxygen. The products of biomass degradation and excretion (mainly ammonia ions) are converted by bacteria into nitrite and nitrate. The latter is taken up by the plants as a nitrogen source together with other ions like phosphate. The plants convert light energy into chemical energy and their illumination is regulated via the oxygen concentration in the water by the control unit. In ground laboratory tests the system exhibited biological stability up to three month. The buffer capacity of the biological filter system is high enough to eliminate the degradation products of about one half of the dead animal biomass as shown in a "crash test". A test series using the laboratory model of the flight hardware demonstrated the biological stability and technical reliability with mission-identical loading and test duration. A comprehensive biological research program is established for the C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE in which five German and three U.S.-American universities as well as the Russian Academy of Sciences are involved.     

C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE: test results of an artificial (man-made) aquatic ecosystem.

The original Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) is a long-term multi-generation research facility for experiments with aquatic animals and plants in a space station the development of which is surrounded by a large international scientific program. In addition, a miniaturized laboratory prototype, the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE, with a total volume of about 10-12 liters for a Spacelab middeck locker was developed and a first version was tested successfully for two weeks with a population of fishes (Xiphophorus helleri) in the animal tank and a Ceratophyllum spec. in the illuminated higher plant growth chamber. The water recycling system consisted of a bacteria filter and a mechanical filter and the silastic tubing gas exchanger was separated by valves for the utilization in emergency cases only. Data were collected with the acquisition module of the original C.E.B.A.S. process control system. In addition, an optimized version was tested for 7 weeks with fishes and plants and thereafter with fish and with plants only for 2 and 1 weeks, resp.. The paper presents the relevant water parameters (e.g., pH, pressure, temperature, oxygen saturation, flow rate, ion concentrations) during the test period as well as morphological and physiological data of the enclosed animals and plants. On the basis of the given results the possible role of the C.E.B.A.S. system as a scientific tool in artificial ecosystem research and for the development of a combined animal-plant intensive aquaculture system and its utilization in bioregenerative life support is discussed.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems: developmental aspects based on the space flight results of the C.E.B.A.S. MIN-MODULE.

The Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) is an artificial aquatic ecosystem which contains teleost fishes, water snails, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and edible non-gravitropic water plants. It serves as a model for aquatic food production modules which are not seriously affected by microgravity and other space conditions. Its space flight version, the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE was already successfully tested in the STS-89 and STS-90 (NEUROLAB) missions. It will be flown a third time in space with the STS-107 mission in January 2003. All results obtained so far in space indicate that the basic concept of the system is more than suitable to drive forward its development. The C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE is located within a middeck locker with limited space for additional components. These technical limitations allow only some modifications which lead to a maximum experiment time span of 120 days which is not long enough for scientifically essential multi-generation-experiments. The first necessary step is the development of "harvesting devices" for the different organisms. In the limited space of the plant bioreactor a high biomass production leads to self-shadowing effects which results in an uncontrolled degradation and increased oxygen consumption by microorganisms which will endanger the fishes and snails. It was shown already that the latter reproduce excellently in space and that the reproductive functions of the fish species are not affected. Although the parent-offspring-cannibalism of the ovoviviparous fish species (Xiphophorus helleri) serves as a regulating factor in population dynamics an uncontrolled snail reproduction will also induce an increased oxygen consumption per se and a high ammonia concentration in the water. If harvesting locks can be handled by astronauts in, e. g., 4-week intervals their construction is not very difficult and basic technical solutions are already developed. The second problem is the feeding of the animals. Although C.E.B.A.S.-based aquaculture modules are designed to be closed food loop systems (edible herbivorous fish species and edible water plants) which are already verified on Earth this will not be possible in space without devices in which the animals are fed from a food storage. This has to be done at least once daily which would waste too much crew time when done by astronauts. So, the development of a reliable automated food dispenser has highest priority. Also in this case basic technical solutions are already elaborated. The paper gives a comprehensive overview of the proposed further C.E.B.A.S.-based development of longer-term duration aquatic food production modules.     

V.L.A. observations of flare build-up in coronal loops

Very Large Array (V.L.A.) measurements at 20 cm wavelength map emission from coronal loops with second-of-arc angular resolution at time intervals as short as 3.3 seconds. The total intensity of the 20 cm emission describes the evolution and structure of the hot plasma that is detected by satellite X-ray observations of coronal loops. The circular polarization of the 20 cm emission describes the evolution, strength and structure of the coronal magnetic field. Preburst heating and magnetic changes that precede burst emission on time scales of between 1 and 30 minutes are discussed. Simultaneous 20 cm and soft X-ray observations indicate an electron temperature $\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{e}}\textcolor{red}{}\text{2.5 × 10}{}^7\text{K}$ and electron density $\text{N}{}_{\mathrm{e}}\textcolor{red}{}\text{10}{}^{10}\text{cm}{}^{\mathrm{?3}}$ during preburst heating in a coronal loop that was also associated with twisting of the entire loop in space. We also discuss the successive triggering of bursts from adjacent coronal loops; highly polarized emission from the legs of loops with large intensity changes over a 32 MHz change in observing frequency; and apparent motions of hot plasma within coronal loops at velocities V > 2,000 kilometerspersecond.     

美国的战斧巡航导弹

3月19日,美英法三国开始对利比亚实行军事打击。在当天进行的空袭行动中,部署在地中海的美军和英军军舰与潜艇就向利比亚首都的黎波里郊区和东部城市米苏拉塔等地发射了110多枚战斧巡航导弹,袭击了20多处防空设施和民事目标。在随后的几天里,每天又都发射了一批这种导弹。截止到4月1日,美军共发射了221枚、英军共发射了7枚战斧巡航导弹。那么,战斧巡航导弹究竞