宇宙神火箭中标发射国际海事卫星-3

一年半前,有5家火箭公司竞争发射国际海事卫星-3的头两颗卫星,它们是美国通用动力公司(宇宙神火箭)、欧洲阿里安公司(阿里安火箭)、中国长城公司(长征火箭)、前苏联礼炮局(质子火箭)、日本火箭系统公司(H2火箭)。国际海事卫星组织未接收H2火箭和质子火箭的申请,因为前者的低温级LE-7发动机地面试车几次失败,怀疑它能否在1993年初试射;后者尚未发射过一颗西方制造的卫星,两者是否匹配是个问题。     

太空新航线

印寻求用国外火箭发卫星近日,印度航天委员会审议并批准了"静地卫星运载器"(GSLV)火箭故障调查委员会的调查结论,并确定了火箭设计所需的修改。GSLV火箭2010年接连两次发射失败。故障调查委员会在其最终报告中说,他们未发现GSLV火箭的基本设计有任何缺陷,火箭设计只需做很     

小运载创企火箭实验室从科研向市场的转型之路

正2019年,新西兰小运载创企火箭实验室(Rocket Lab)开始了全面运营,目标是未来能够每两个星期提供一次商业发射服务。2019年12月6日,火箭实验室从其自建的新西兰火箭发射场发射了"电子"(Electron)火箭,为5个国家发送了7颗微小卫星。这是该公司的第十次发射,也是一次商业发射,为将来"电子"火箭一级重复使用打下了基础。     

美国太空探索技术公司成功实现火箭一子级复用

正北京时间2017年3月31日6:27,美国太空探索技术公司(SpaceX)利用猎鹰-9(Falcon-9)火箭将欧洲通信公司(SES)的欧洲通信卫星-10(SES-10)送入地球同步转移轨道(GTO)。在这次发射中,猎鹰-9火箭使用了2016年4月回收的火箭一子级,并且再次成功回收。此次发射任务的成功标志着SpaceX公司已经掌握了火箭一子级动力垂直回收和复用的技术方案。此外,SpaceX公司创始人伊隆·马斯克在任务后的采访中表示,这次还成功回收了火箭整流罩中的1瓣(整流罩分为2瓣)。     

美国“安塔瑞斯”火箭发射失利 商业航天活动首次受挫

<正>美国东部时间2014年10月28日18:22,执行第三次"商业补给服务"(CRS)合同任务(Orb-3)的安塔瑞斯-130(Antares-130)火箭发射,但火箭在升空6 s后发生爆炸,火箭落回发射台时又引起了二次爆炸,火箭及其搭载的"天鹅座"(Cygnus)飞船随即损毁。这既是"安塔瑞斯"火箭首次夜间发射,也是其首次发射失败,同时是"天鹅座"任务的首次失败。     

2016年空客防务与航天公司航天发展状况研究

1 运载火箭与战略导弹 2016 年 6 月 , 空 客 集 团 与 赛 峰 集 团(SAFRAN)完成了合资组建空客-赛峰火箭公司(ASL)股权交易,空客-赛峰火箭公司开始全面正式运营,未来研制阿里安-5和6(Ariane-5和6)火箭、M51.2潜射弹道导弹,并论证设计未来欧洲火箭发展计划.空客防务与航天公司的火箭系统设计能力与赛峰集团的液体、固体推进技术相结合,将提供军用与民用发射能力.     

《宇宙开发技术总览》之五 日本的工程试验卫星

工程试验卫星ETS系列的作用工程试验卫星主要用于试验新研制的火箭和卫星技术。在日本曾发射过ETS-Ⅰ(第一颗中高度卫星)及ETS-Ⅱ(第一颗地球同步卫星),用以验证N-Ⅰ火箭性能。为了验证 N-Ⅱ火箭性能,日本发射了ETS-Ⅳ(转移轨道上的试验卫星)及ETS-Ⅲ(中高度的3轴姿态控制试验卫星)。现在日本已研制了能把约550公斤及两吨的卫星发射到地球同步轨道上的H-Ⅰ火箭及H-Ⅱ火箭,为了验证这两枚新型火箭     

“猎鹰重型”火箭计划出炉

4月5日,美国太空探索技术公司(SpaceX)网站公布了最新的重型运载火箭计划,指出了"猎鹰重型"火箭与"猎鹰"9火箭的不同。"猎鹰重型"火箭将是目前世界上运载能力"最强大"的火箭,有能力将53吨以上的卫星或行星际飞船送入低地球轨道。该火箭能运送的有效载荷是航天飞机的2倍、"德尔它"4重型火箭的2倍以上。     

日本将发射H—Ⅱ的试验用火箭

日本宇宙开发事业团为获得研制H-Ⅱ火箭所需的技术数据,将于1988年夏季发射大小(尺寸)为H-Ⅱ四分之一的固体推进单级式试验用火箭“TR-1”。在发射TR-1之前,该事业团于1987年12月3日在种子岛宇宙中心竹崎固体火箭试验场对TR-1的固体火箭发动机(试验用)进行了燃烧试验,测量和验证了有关火箭发动机的性能数据及设计的精确度等。     

美火箭公司计划做火箭低轨道试验

由民间集资独自开发用于发射低轨道卫星火箭的美国火箭公司(Amroc),预定在1987年年底进行火箭低轨道飞行试验。目前,它正和美国空军交涉使用加利福尼亚州的范登堡空军基地发射台。其火箭是采用固体燃料(聚丁二烯+橡胶)和液体氧化剂(液氧)组合而成的混合型火箭。1986年12月已借用爱德华兹空军基地进行了火箭发动机静态燃烧试验,发动机直径为1.1米,内装燃料约1360公斤,氧化剂约3630公斤。海平面推力为15200公斤,比冲     

Space flight, microgravity, stress, and immune responses.

Exposure of animals and humans to space flight conditions has resulted in numerous alterations in immunological parameters. Decreases in lymphocyte blastogenesis, cytokine production, and natural killer cell activity have all been reported after space flight. Alterations in leukocyte subset distribution have also been reported after flight of humans and animals in space. The relative contribution of microgravity conditions and stress to the observed results has not been established. Antiorthostatic, hypokinetic, hypodynamic, suspension of rodents and chronic head-down tilt bed-rest of humans have been used to model effects of microgravity on immune responses. After use of these models, some effects of space flight on immune responses, such as decreases in cytokine function, were observed, but others, such as alterations in leukocyte subset distribution, were not observed. These results suggest that stresses that occur during space flight could combine with microgravity conditions in inducing the changes seen in immune responses after space flight. The biological/biomedical significance of space flight induced changes in immune parameters remains to be established. Grant Numbers: NCC2-859, NAG2-933.     

Turbulence,complexity, and solar flares

The issue of predicting solar flares is one of the most fundamental in physics, addressing issues of plasma physics, high-energy physics, and modelling of complex systems. It also poses societal consequences, with our ever-increasing need for accurate space weather forecasts. Solar flares arise naturally as a competition between an input (flux emergence and rearrangement) in the photosphere and an output (electrical current build up and resistive dissipation) in the corona. Although initially localised, this redistribution affects neighbouring regions and an avalanche occurs resulting in large scale eruptions of plasma, particles, and magnetic field. As flares are powered from the stressed field rooted in the photosphere, a study of the photospheric magnetic complexity can be used to both predict activity and understand the physics of the magnetic field. The magnetic energy spectrum and multifractal spectrum are highlighted as two possible approaches to this.     

论精大贵稀仪器仪表潜在功能的开发

精大贵稀仪器仪表潜在功能的开发,充分利用了现有资源,节省大量的更新经费,产生了巨大的技术、经济效益.在市场经济机制下,开展共用协作,极大地改善了精大贵稀仪器利用率低的状况,且有一定的推广应用前景,为培养、锻炼年轻的技术人员,以点带面地推动人员技术素质的全面提高起了积极的作用.     

Determination of K,Ar, Cl,S, Si and Al flare abundances from RESIK soft X-ray spectra

The RESIK is a high sensitivity, uncollimated bent crystal spectrometer which successfully operated aboard Russian CORONAS-F solar mission between 2001 and 2003. It measured for the first time in a systematic way solar soft X-ray spectra in the four wavelength channels from 3.3 Å to 6.1 Å. This range includes characteristic strong lines of H- and He-like ions of K, Ar, Cl, Si, S and Al in the respective spectral channels. A distinguishing feature of RESIK is its possibility of making reliable measurements of the continuum radiation in flares. Interpretation of line and the continuum intensities observed in vicinity of respective strong lines provides diagnostics of plasma temperature and absolute abundances of K, Ar, Cl, S, Si and Al in several flares. We analyzed the observed intensities of spectral lines and the nearby continuum using the CHIANTI v5.2 atomic data package. A specific, so-called “locally isothermal” approach has been used in this respect allowing us to make not only flare-averaged abundance estimates, but also to look into a possible variability of plasma composition during the course of flares.     

Probable interstellar MgX (X = CN, NC, CCH, CC, C3N, NCCC, CCNC, C4H, and C4): A DFT study

The geometries, dipole moments, and rotational constants for several magnesium compounds and their anions were calculated by using the B3LYP/Aug-cc-pVTZ method. The rotational constants of linear forms have been derived to be used for laboratory experiment and astronomical observation.     

Advancing participation of blind students in Science,Technology, Engineering,and Math

Like their sighted peers, many blind students in elementary, middle, and high school are naturally interested in space. This interest can motivate them to learn fundamental scientific, quantitative, and critical thinking skills, and sometimes even lead to careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) disciplines. However, these students are often at a disadvantage in science because of the ubiquity of important graphical information that is generally not available in accessible formats, the unfamiliarity of teachers with non-visual teaching methods, lack of access to blind role models, and the low expectations of their teachers and parents. We discuss joint efforts by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Federation of the Blind’s (NFB) National Center for Blind Youth in Science (NCBYS) to develop and implement strategies to promote opportunities for blind youth in science. These include the development of tactile space science books and curriculum materials, science academies for blind middle school and high school students, and college-level internship and mentoring programs. The partnership with the NFB exemplifies the effectiveness of collaborations between NASA and consumer-directed organizations to improve opportunities for underserved and underrepresented individuals.     

The giant planets and their satellites: Report on the Cospar Symposium,Ottawa, Canada,May 18–21, 1982

A $\text{Symposium on the Giant Planets and Their Satellites}$ was presented in conjunction with the Twenty-fourth Plenary Meeting of the Committee on Space Research. This paper summarizes the talks presented and places the remaining papers of this volume in context.     

Utilization of CAM,CAF, MAX,and FAX for space radiation analyses using HZETRN

To estimate astronaut health risk due to space radiation, one must have the ability to calculate various exposure-related quantities that are averaged over specific organs and tissue types. Such calculations require computational models of the ambient space radiation environment, particle transport, nuclear and atomic physics, and the human body. While significant efforts have been made to verify, validate, and quantify the uncertainties associated with many of these models and tools, relatively little work has focused on the uncertainties associated with the representation and utilization of the human phantoms. In this study, we first examine the anatomical properties of the Computerized Anatomical Man (CAM), Computerized Anatomical Female (CAF), Male Adult voXel (MAX), and Female Adult voXel (FAX) models by comparing the masses of various model tissues used to calculate effective dose to the reference values specified by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The MAX and FAX tissue masses are found to be in good agreement with the reference data, while major discrepancies are found between the CAM and CAF tissue masses and the reference data for almost all of the effective dose tissues. We next examine the distribution of target points used with the deterministic transport code HZETRN (High charge (Z) and Energy TRaNsport) to compute mass averaged exposure quantities. A numerical algorithm is presented and used to generate multiple point distributions of varying fidelity for many of the effective dose tissues identified in CAM, CAF, MAX, and FAX. The point distributions are used to compute mass averaged dose equivalent values under both a galactic cosmic ray (GCR) and solar particle event (SPE) environment impinging isotropically on three spherical aluminum shells with areal densities of 0.4 g/cm², 2.0 g/cm², and 10.0 g/cm². The dose equivalent values are examined to identify a recommended set of target points for each of the tissues and to further assess the differences between CAM, CAF, MAX, and FAX. It is concluded that the previously published CAM and CAF point distributions were significantly under-sampled and that the set of point distributions presented here should be adequate for future studies involving CAM, CAF, MAX, or FAX. It is also found that the errors associated with the mass and location of certain tissues in CAM and CAF have a significant impact on the mass averaged dose equivalent values, and it is concluded that MAX and FAX are more accurate than CAM and CAF for space radiation analyses.     

Debris flux comparisons from the Goldstone Radar,Haystack Radar,and Hax Radar prior,during, and after the last solar maximum

The continual monitoring of the low Earth orbit (LEO) debris environment using highly sensitive radars is essential for an accurate characterization of these dynamic populations. Debris populations are continually evolving since there are new debris sources, previously unrecognized debris sources, and debris loss mechanisms that are dependent on the dynamic space environment. Such radar data are used to supplement, update, and validate existing orbital debris models. NASA has been utilizing radar observations of the debris environment for over a decade from three complementary radars: the NASA JPL Goldstone radar, the MIT Lincoln Laboratory (MIT/LL) Long Range Imaging Radar (known as the Haystack radar), and the MIT/LL Haystack Auxiliary radar (HAX). All of these systems are highly sensitive radars that operate in a fixed staring mode to statistically sample orbital debris in the LEO environment. Each of these radars is ideally suited to measure debris within a specific size region. The Goldstone radar generally observes objects with sizes from 2 mm to 1 cm. The Haystack radar generally measures from 5 mm to several meters. The HAX radar generally measures from 2 cm to several meters. These overlapping size regions allow a continuous measurement of cumulative debris flux versus diameter from 2 mm to several meters for a given altitude window. This is demonstrated for all three radars by comparing the debris flux versus diameter over 200 km altitude windows for 3 nonconsecutive years from 1998 to 2003. These years correspond to periods before, during, and after the peak of the last solar cycle. Comparing the year to year flux from Haystack for each of these altitude regions indicate statistically significant changes in subsets of the debris populations. Potential causes of these changes are discussed. These analysis results include error bars that represent statistical sampling errors.