意大利拟建设军用卫星网

意大利国防部打算在今后10年间耗资130亿美元建设军用卫星网。负责对各军兵种的工作协调的意大利国防参谋部不久将公布意大利的军用航天计划,提出意大利的预警和侦察卫星计划。意大利政府在一年内将组织3项可行性研究。意大利国防参谋部已于1989年10月着手制定了意大利军用航天计划,于1990年6月完成了若干项有关的技术研究。1990年9月意大利三军参谋长批准了这项计划。该计划指出了意大利军用航天能力存在的差距,提出了可保证卫星     

美国军用小卫星崭露头角

如今,对于军事作战来说,卫星已变得像战斗机和战舰一样的重要了。但像卫星这样的天基支援不能过于昂贵,美国空军和国防部认识到,军用航天方案不必都采用费用高、能力大的卫星来完成任务,多年来倍受争议的小卫星被提上了日程。     

欲东山再起的俄罗斯导航卫星

20 0 1年底 ,俄航天兵司令称 ,俄拟大力振兴航天业 ,并优先发展军用卫星 ,尤其是导航卫星。俄罗斯 2 0 0 2年航天预算为 84亿卢布 ,国防部和航空航天局另拨 1 6亿卢布研制并发射 3颗 GLONASS导航卫星 ,使卫星总数达到 1 2颗 ,从而满足最低限度的综合使用需求。苏联 /俄罗斯军方历经 2 0多年研制和发射 ,于 1 995年 1 2月组网成功类似美国GPS的全球导航定位卫星系统——GLONASS。该系统由 2 4颗卫星组成 ,多数在轨卫星的设计寿命为 3年 ,少量改进的GLONASS-M卫星寿命为 5～ 7年。它是目前惟一能与 GPS抗衡的全球导航定位卫星系统…     

美国军用通信卫星的进展

美国国防部认为在核威胁情况下,对武装力量指挥最可靠的方法是利用卫星通信。因此美军对卫星通信非常重视,投资很大,例如美国国防部在1976年～1981年为军用卫星通信系统的投资是:空军占21亿美元,海军8.04亿美元,陆军8.27亿美元,下一代军用卫星通信系统将投资60～100亿美元,美国军用卫星通信系统的通信容量占整个国防通信容量的80％。     

俄罗斯继续提高航天能力

美国航天司令部航天控制运作部主任鲁滨逊最近指出,俄罗斯的航天发射次数1992年为54次,1991年为59次,1990年为75次,预计1993年为50次上下。但有证据证明,俄罗斯的卫星日益先进,使用寿命日益延长,俄罗斯的军用航天能力并没有削弱。在80年代期间,原苏联的航天发射次数大体上每年为90多次。从1989年起,发射次数开始减少。俄罗斯的航天发射次数减少归因于采用小型化部件等先进技术,延长了卫星的使用寿命。俄罗斯航天局局长科普捷夫说,他要优先利用俄罗斯的航天能力。目前,俄罗斯有140多颗卫星在轨道上运行。俄罗斯航天局的最重要的任务之一是要与国防部一起确保在轨道上运行的卫星继续发挥作用。     

美国将研制多功能新型军用卫星

美国国防部发表了一项关于天基红外卫星的新研究报告，建议使一颗军用卫星具有不同的功能。因此，美国防部可采用一系列新型空间飞行器，也可继续保留其“国防支援计划”（ＤＳＰ）卫星的位置。为了节约空间系统的总投资，正在考虑的方案是研制具有多种防卫功能的卫星。这一计划表明，美国防部第一次把军用卫星的各种任务结合在一起，进行综合研究。参加这项研究计划的成员包括陆、海、空军司令部的参谋，美国航天司令部、国防情报局和国家侦察局办公室也参与了此项计划。国防部官员说，红外传感器可放置在像“军事星”（Ｍｉｌｓｔａｒ）那…     

2016年国外军用对地观测卫星发展回顾

2016年,国外高度重视军用对地观测卫星的发展,除美国、俄罗斯、印度等传统航天国家外,新兴航天国家也开始发展高分辨率军用对地观测卫星.2016年,国外共有6个国家发射了8颗军用对地观测卫星,这些国家分别是美国、俄罗斯、印度、以色列、秘鲁和土耳其.从卫星类型来看,光学成像侦察卫星5颗,雷达成像侦察卫星2颗,电子侦察卫星1颗.     

美国下一代极轨气象卫星系统及最新发展

1 美国极轨气象卫星系统的发展历程 美国出台军民共用的气象卫星发展计划 多年来,美国一直由国防部(DoD)与国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)分别独立运行军用的“国防气象卫星计划”和民用的“诺阿”.目前,军用“国防气象卫星计划”卫星有6颗在轨,还有2颗卫星未发射;民用“诺阿”卫星有5颗在轨,最后一颗诺阿-19卫星已于2009年2月发射. 考虑到军用和民用极轨气象卫星的任务基本相同,都是收集、处理和分发气象、海洋和空间环境数据,因此美国决定合并“诺阿”和“国防气象卫星计划”.1994年5月,克林顿发布总统令,将这2个卫星系统合并为军民共用的“国家极轨业务环境卫星系统”.     

空间扫描

俄罗斯6月20日用闪电-M火箭发射1颗军用通信卫星 俄今年已经发射了4颗军用卫星,并计划在年底前再发射7颗。 美国家侦察局向工业界征求增强卫星能力的方法 美国家侦察局在今年公布的办公室主任革新性倡议(DII)中,要求工业部门寻找革新性方法,以大幅度增强卫星的能力。该倡议将在今年10月1日授予合同,2004年6月30日结束,总资金为35万美元。在今年的DII中,美国家侦察局提出要在以下4个方面增强卫星的能力:增强国家侦察局光谱系统的多样性;消除通信对作战的限制;对变化的目标组提供灵活的反应;将侦察能力转为监视能力。 洛马公司军用航天领…     

美国新型军用卫星掠影

美国新型军用卫星掠影刘小荣（中国国防科技信息中心）□□冷战时期，军用航天系统是美苏两国军备竞赛的一个重要内容。几十年来，它们竞相发展包括侦察、预警、通信、导航、气象、海洋监视等多种军用卫星系统，主要为各自的核威慑战略服务。冷战结束后，俄罗斯无力再与美...     

2005年全球反恐特警队赛记

2005年3月30日到4月2日为期4天，在美国拉斯维加斯举行的全球特警挑战赛（Original World SWAT Challenge,OWSC）中，总计有18支队伍参赛。[编者按]     

Indirect search for Dark Matter with H.E.S.S.

Observations of the Galactic center region with the H.E.S.S. telescopes have established the existence of a steady, extended source of gamma-ray emission coinciding with the position of the super massive black hole Sgr A^*. This is a remarkable finding given the expected presence of dense self-annihilating Dark Matter in the Galactic center region. The self-annihilation process is giving rise to gamma-ray production through hadronization including the production of neutral pions which decay into gamma-rays but also through (loop-suppressed) annihilation into final states of almost mono-energetic photons. We study the observed gamma-ray signal (spectrum and shape) from the Galactic center in the context of Dark Matter annihilation and indicate the prospects for further indirect Dark Matter searches with H.E.S.S.     

The Comet Halley flyby I.R. sounder “I.K.S.”

An infrared sounder is being developed in France to observe in 1986 Comet Halley from the Soviet “VEGA” flyby probes. The instrument, called “I.K.S.”, has three measuring channels. Two of these channels will provide the spectrum of the comet emission in the spectral intervals 2.5–5.0 μ and 6–12 μ, at a constant resolution λ/Δλ = 50.The third channel analyzes the comet I.R. image at a spatial frequency of about 1 arc minute^?1; two I.R. colours are used in this channel: 7–10 μ and 10–14 μ. From the results expected, it is hoped that (1) most primary simple molecules emitted by the nucleus will be identified; (2) the chemical composition and perhaps crystalline structure of the dust grains and ices released by the comet will be derived; and (3) the diameter of the nucleus and its brightness temperatures will be measured.     

Mechanisms underlying cellular radiosensitivity and R.B.E.: introductory remarks.

A general outline of the symposium titled "Mechanisms underlying cellular radiosensitivity and R.B.E." will be given in the introduction. The essential topics of molecular radiation biology are described with respect to the damage, repair and mutagenesis caused by high-LET irradiation to cellular DNA. The importance of clustered DNA lesions (locally multiply damaged sites) formed in vivo is discussed. This symposium is devoted to the mechanisms of the biological effects of radiation with high LET, especially with regard to the effects of heavy ions and neutrons which may cause possible risks in space flight, (e.g. carcinogenesis and mutagenesis). Detailed understanding of these risks, however, demands knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the biological effects of high-LET radiations. Thus, it was the organizers' idea to hold a symposium dealing with primary physical and chemical events caused in cellular deoxyribonucleoproteins by densely-ionizing radiations and to relate them to track structures and energy transfer processes. The mechanisms of DNA damage were regarded from different points of view including those considering DNA repair and mutagenesis. Problems associated with cell survival and radiation protection were discussed as well. Our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of high-LET radiation actions, however, is limited compared to what we know about low-LET radiation effects (e.g. from gamma-rays or X-rays). To emphasize this statement, I would like to summarize briefly the open questions in molecular radiation biology, what we know already about low-LET effects and what is lacking describing the effect of high-LET radiation.     

The C.E.B.A.S.-Minimodule: behaviour of an artificial aquatic ecological system during spaceflight.

The C.E.B.A.S.-Minimodule, a closed aquatic ecosystem integrated into a middeck locker and consisting of a Zoological (animal tanks), a Botanical (plant bioreactor), a Microbial (bacteria filter) and an Electronic Component (data acquisition/control system) was flown on the STS-89 spaceshuttle mission in January 1998 for 9 days. Preflight the plant bioreactor was loaded with 53 g of Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail) and the animal tanks with 4 adult pregnant females of the fish, Xiphophorus helleri (sword-tails), 200 juveniles of the same species less than 1 week of age, 38 large and 30 juvenile Biomphalaria glabrata water snails. The filter compartment was filled with 200 g of lava grain inoculated with laboratory strains of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. A ground reference was undertaken with the same biological setup with a delay of 4 d. After an adaptation period of 5 d the system was closed and integrated into the spaceshuttle one day before launch. Video recordings of the animals were automatically taken for 10 minutes in 2-hour periods; the tapes were changed daily by the astronauts. The chemical and physical data for the aquatic system were within the expected range and were closely comparable in comparison to the ground reference. After 9 d under space conditions, the plant biomass increased to 117 g. The plants were all found in very good condition. All 4 adult female fish were retrieved in a good physiological condition. The juvenile fishes had a survival rate of about 33%. Almost 97% of the snails had survived and produced more than 250 neonates and 40 spawning packs. All samples were distributed according to a defined schedule and satisfied all scientific needs of the involved 12 principal investigators. This was the first successful spaceflight of an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing vertebrates, invertebrates, higher plants and microorganisms self-sustained by its inhabitants only. C.E.B.A.S. in a modified form and biological setup is a promising candidate for the early space station utilization as a first midterm experiment.     

The "C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE": a self-sustaining closed aquatic ecosystem for spaceflight experimentation.

The C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE is the miniaturized space flight version of the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.). It fits into a large middeck locker tray and is scheduled to be flown in the STS 85 and in the NEUROLAB missions. Its volume is about 9 liters and it consists of two animal tanks, a plant cultivator, and a bacteria filter in a monolithic design. An external sensor unit is connected to a data acquisition/control unit. The system integrates its own biological life support. The CO2 exhaled by the consumers (fishes, snails, microorganisms) is assimilated by water plants (Ceratophyllum demersum) which provide them with oxygen. The products of biomass degradation and excretion (mainly ammonia ions) are converted by bacteria into nitrite and nitrate. The latter is taken up by the plants as a nitrogen source together with other ions like phosphate. The plants convert light energy into chemical energy and their illumination is regulated via the oxygen concentration in the water by the control unit. In ground laboratory tests the system exhibited biological stability up to three month. The buffer capacity of the biological filter system is high enough to eliminate the degradation products of about one half of the dead animal biomass as shown in a "crash test". A test series using the laboratory model of the flight hardware demonstrated the biological stability and technical reliability with mission-identical loading and test duration. A comprehensive biological research program is established for the C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE in which five German and three U.S.-American universities as well as the Russian Academy of Sciences are involved.     

C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE: test results of an artificial (man-made) aquatic ecosystem.

The original Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) is a long-term multi-generation research facility for experiments with aquatic animals and plants in a space station the development of which is surrounded by a large international scientific program. In addition, a miniaturized laboratory prototype, the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE, with a total volume of about 10-12 liters for a Spacelab middeck locker was developed and a first version was tested successfully for two weeks with a population of fishes (Xiphophorus helleri) in the animal tank and a Ceratophyllum spec. in the illuminated higher plant growth chamber. The water recycling system consisted of a bacteria filter and a mechanical filter and the silastic tubing gas exchanger was separated by valves for the utilization in emergency cases only. Data were collected with the acquisition module of the original C.E.B.A.S. process control system. In addition, an optimized version was tested for 7 weeks with fishes and plants and thereafter with fish and with plants only for 2 and 1 weeks, resp.. The paper presents the relevant water parameters (e.g., pH, pressure, temperature, oxygen saturation, flow rate, ion concentrations) during the test period as well as morphological and physiological data of the enclosed animals and plants. On the basis of the given results the possible role of the C.E.B.A.S. system as a scientific tool in artificial ecosystem research and for the development of a combined animal-plant intensive aquaculture system and its utilization in bioregenerative life support is discussed.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems: developmental aspects based on the space flight results of the C.E.B.A.S. MIN-MODULE.

The Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) is an artificial aquatic ecosystem which contains teleost fishes, water snails, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and edible non-gravitropic water plants. It serves as a model for aquatic food production modules which are not seriously affected by microgravity and other space conditions. Its space flight version, the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE was already successfully tested in the STS-89 and STS-90 (NEUROLAB) missions. It will be flown a third time in space with the STS-107 mission in January 2003. All results obtained so far in space indicate that the basic concept of the system is more than suitable to drive forward its development. The C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE is located within a middeck locker with limited space for additional components. These technical limitations allow only some modifications which lead to a maximum experiment time span of 120 days which is not long enough for scientifically essential multi-generation-experiments. The first necessary step is the development of "harvesting devices" for the different organisms. In the limited space of the plant bioreactor a high biomass production leads to self-shadowing effects which results in an uncontrolled degradation and increased oxygen consumption by microorganisms which will endanger the fishes and snails. It was shown already that the latter reproduce excellently in space and that the reproductive functions of the fish species are not affected. Although the parent-offspring-cannibalism of the ovoviviparous fish species (Xiphophorus helleri) serves as a regulating factor in population dynamics an uncontrolled snail reproduction will also induce an increased oxygen consumption per se and a high ammonia concentration in the water. If harvesting locks can be handled by astronauts in, e. g., 4-week intervals their construction is not very difficult and basic technical solutions are already developed. The second problem is the feeding of the animals. Although C.E.B.A.S.-based aquaculture modules are designed to be closed food loop systems (edible herbivorous fish species and edible water plants) which are already verified on Earth this will not be possible in space without devices in which the animals are fed from a food storage. This has to be done at least once daily which would waste too much crew time when done by astronauts. So, the development of a reliable automated food dispenser has highest priority. Also in this case basic technical solutions are already elaborated. The paper gives a comprehensive overview of the proposed further C.E.B.A.S.-based development of longer-term duration aquatic food production modules.     

V.L.A. observations of flare build-up in coronal loops

Very Large Array (V.L.A.) measurements at 20 cm wavelength map emission from coronal loops with second-of-arc angular resolution at time intervals as short as 3.3 seconds. The total intensity of the 20 cm emission describes the evolution and structure of the hot plasma that is detected by satellite X-ray observations of coronal loops. The circular polarization of the 20 cm emission describes the evolution, strength and structure of the coronal magnetic field. Preburst heating and magnetic changes that precede burst emission on time scales of between 1 and 30 minutes are discussed. Simultaneous 20 cm and soft X-ray observations indicate an electron temperature $\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{e}}\textcolor{red}{}\text{2.5 × 10}{}^7\text{K}$ and electron density $\text{N}{}_{\mathrm{e}}\textcolor{red}{}\text{10}{}^{10}\text{cm}{}^{\mathrm{?3}}$ during preburst heating in a coronal loop that was also associated with twisting of the entire loop in space. We also discuss the successive triggering of bursts from adjacent coronal loops; highly polarized emission from the legs of loops with large intensity changes over a 32 MHz change in observing frequency; and apparent motions of hot plasma within coronal loops at velocities V > 2,000 kilometerspersecond.     

美国的战斧巡航导弹

3月19日,美英法三国开始对利比亚实行军事打击。在当天进行的空袭行动中,部署在地中海的美军和英军军舰与潜艇就向利比亚首都的黎波里郊区和东部城市米苏拉塔等地发射了110多枚战斧巡航导弹,袭击了20多处防空设施和民事目标。在随后的几天里,每天又都发射了一批这种导弹。截止到4月1日,美军共发射了221枚、英军共发射了7枚战斧巡航导弹。那么,战斧巡航导弹究竞